School refusal profiles maintained by negative reinforcement and their relationship with self-perceived health.

Health alterations and school refusal behavior may significantly affect student evolution in all areas of student lives. The objective of this study was to use latent profile analysis to identify school refusal profiles sustained by negative reinforcement and to determine their relationship with distinct self-perceived health variables (Satisfaction, Well-being, Resilience, Performance, and Risk-Taking). The School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised (SRAS-R) and the Child Health and Illness Profile (CHIP-CE/CRF) were administered to 737 students (60.9% male) aged between 8 and 10 (M = 8.76, SD = 0.74). Three profiles of school refusal maintained by negative reinforcement were obtained: no risk, moderate risk, and high risk. It was confirmed that school refusal through negative reinforcement correlates negatively with health dimensions, also finding that a higher risk profile for school refusal is associated with lower levels of self-perceived health. Similarly, it was determined that the high-risk profile is the most maladaptive, with significantly lower data in four of the five self-perceived health dimensions that were evaluated. In conclusion, remaining in situations with no or moderate risk of school refusal due to negative reinforcement encourages higher levels of self-perceived health, while being at high risk of school refusal due to negative reinforcement is associated with worse self-perceived health.

Deficiencia de ferritina en gestantes colombianas y factores sociodemográficos asociados / Ferritin deficiency in colombian pregnant women and associated sociodemographic factors / Deficiencia de ferritina en gestantes colombianas y factores sociodemográficos asociados

Objetivo: la ferritina es importante en el almacenamiento de hierro intracelular, en una forma soluble no tóxica. Sus niveles en la gestación se la relacionan con la salud de la madre y con su descendencia. El objetivo es escribir los niveles séricos de ferritina y prevalencia de déficit de ferritina, así como los factores sociodemográficos asociados en gestantes de Colombia. Metodología: estudio transversal; análisis secundario de la Encuesta de Situación Nutricional de Colombia, 2015. Se evaluaron en 1.234 embarazadas con edades entre 12 y 48 años: sus características sociodemográficas y antropométricas, la distribución de los niveles séricos y la prevalencia de déficit de ferritina. Para estimar la asociación entre las diferentes variables sociodemográficas y los niveles séricos, o la prevalencia de déficit de ferritina, se utilizaron modelos de regresión multivariables. Resultados: la prevalencia de deficiencia de ferritina fue de 44.5 % (IC 95 % 40.1 % a 49.0 %), los niveles séricos de ferritina oscilaron entre 4 µg/L y 295,7 µg/L, con un promedio de 29.3 µg/L (IC 95 % 26,5 µg/L-32.2 µg/L). Las gestantes del segundo (OR (OR 2.19 IC 95 % 1.50 a 3.19) y tercer trimestre (OR 3.84 IC 95 % 2.68 a 5.50), aquellas que residen en la región Atlántica (OR 2.18 IC 95 % 1.25 a 3.82) y en la región Orinoquia (OR 2.41 IC 95 %1.19 a 4.88), mostraron asociación con el déficit de ferritina. Conclusión: se halló alta prevalencia en el déficit de ferritina en gestantes colombianas.

Introduction: Ferritin is important in the storage of intracellular iron, in a non-toxic soluble form. Its levels during pregnancy are related to the health of the mother and her offspring. Objective: To describe the serum ferritin levels and the prevalence of ferritin deficiency, and the associated sociodemographic factors in pregnant women in Colombia. Methodology: Cross-sectional study; secondary analysis of the Nutritional Situation Survey of Colombia, 2015. The following were evaluated in 1,234 pregnant women aged between 12 and 48 years: their sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, the distribution of serum levels, and the prevalence of ferritin deficiency. To estimate the association between the different sociodemographic variables and serum levels, or the prevalence of ferritin deficiency, multivariate regression models were used. Results: The prevalence of ferritin deficiency was 44.5% (95% CI 40.1% to 49.0%), serum ferritin levels ranged from 4 µg/L to 295.7 µg/L, with a average of 29.3 µg/L (95% CI 26.5 µg/L - 32.2 µg/L). Pregnant women in the second (OR (OR 2.19 95% CI 1.50 to 3.19) and third trimester (OR 3.84 95% CI 2.68 to 5.50), those residing in the Atlantic region ( OR 2.18 95% CI 1.25 to 3.82) and in the Orinoquia region (OR 2.41 95% CI 1.19 to 4.88), showed an association with ferritin deficiency. Conclusion: A high prevalence of ferritin deficiency was found in Colombian pregnant women.

Proof of concept of the potential of a machine learning algorithm to extract new information from conventional SARS-CoV-2 rRT-PCR results.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been and remains one of the major challenges modern society has faced thus far. Over the past few months, large amounts of information have been collected that are only now beginning to be assimilated. In the present work, the existence of residual information in the massive numbers of rRT-PCRs that tested positive out of the almost half a million tests that were performed during the pandemic is investigated. This residual information is believed to be highly related to a pattern in the number of cycles that are necessary to detect positive samples as such. Thus, a database of more than 20,000 positive samples was collected, and two supervised classification algorithms (a support vector machine and a neural network) were trained to temporally locate each sample based solely and exclusively on the number of cycles determined in the rRT-PCR of each individual. Overall, this study suggests that there is valuable residual information in the rRT-PCR positive samples that can be used to identify patterns in the development of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The successful application of supervised classification algorithms to detect these patterns demonstrates the potential of machine learning techniques to aid in understanding the spread of the virus and its variants.

Validez de constructo y la confiabilidad del cuestionario MOS de apoyo social en estudiantes universitarios

El apoyo social ha sido definido como "un intercambio de recursos entre al menos dos personas, percibidas por el proveedor o el receptor con el objetivo de mejorar el bienestar del receptor". Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal, con una muestra de 542 individuos universitarios, mayores de 18 años, seleccionados a conveniencia. Se evaluaron características sociodemográficas, y se aplicó el cuestionario Medical Outcomes Study-Social Support Survey. Para evaluar la estructura jerárquica se utilizó la técnica "análisis factorial exploratorio por medio del método de componentes principales", con rotación varimax, según el grado de correlación existente entre ellos. Por intermedio de la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett se determinó el determinante de la matriz de correlaciones y la prueba de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (válido con valores por encima de 0.5). Para estimar "confiabilidad" se usó el coeficiente omega, posterior a la consolidación de los factores. Resultados: Se obtuvo información de 510 individuos, de los cuales 263 fueron mujeres (51,6 %); la edad promedio fue 24,8, con una desviación estándar de 2,6. Se estimaron 3 factores para el análisis factorial exploratorio que explicaban el 63.559 % de la varianza. Las cargas factoriales de los ítems que componen el instrumento oscilaron entre 0,442 a 0,784. La consistencia interna por factor presentó puntajes de coeficiente, omega que fluctuaban entre 0,850 y 0,940 y un omega general de 0,920. Conclusión: La validez de constructo y la confiabilidad del cuestionario en estudiantes universitarios muestran valores aceptables; no obstante, esos resultados deben ser usados con cautela, pues es necesario desarrollar otros estudios que corroboren los resultados de nuestro estudio.

Social support is defined as "an exchange of resources between at least two people, from the provider's or the recipient's perspective aiming to improve the recipient's well-being condition». Methodology: It is a descriptive cross-sectional study which included 542 university students over 18 years of age, sampled at convenience; sociodemographic characteristics were evaluated, and we applied the Medical Outcomes Study-Social Support Survey questionnaire. To evaluate the hierarchical structure, the technique "exploratory factor analysis by means of the principal components method" was used, whit varimax rotation, according to the degree of correlation between them. The correlation matrix's determinant and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test (valid with values above 0.5) were established through Bartlett's sphericity test. To estimate reliability, Omega coefficient was used after factors' consolidation. Results: Information was obtained from 510 individuals, of which 263 were female (51.6 %); the average age was 24.8 with a standard deviation of S.D 2.6. Three factors were estimated for the exploratory factor analysis, explaining 63.559 % of the variance. The internal consistency by factor presented omega coefficient values ranged from 0.850 to 0.940 and an overall general omega of 0.920. Conclusion: Construct validity and reliability of the questionnaire in university students show acceptable values; However, these results should be used with caution, as further analyses should be developed corroborate our study's results.

Estimating mobility of tourists. New Twitter-based procedure.

Twitter has been actively researched as a human mobility proxy. Tweets can contain two classes of geographical metadata: the location from which a tweet was published, and the place where the tweet is estimated to have been published. Nevertheless, Twitter also presents tweets without any geographical metadata when querying for tweets on a specific location. This study presents a methodology which includes an algorithm for estimating the geographical coordinates to tweets for which Twitter doesn't assign any. Our objective is to determine the origin and the route that a tourist followed, even if Twitter doesn't return geographically identified data. This is carried out through geographical searches of tweets inside a defined area. Once a tweet is found inside an area, but its metadata contains no explicit geographical coordinates, its coordinates are estimated by iteratively performing geographical searches, with a decreasing geographical searching radius. This algorithm was tested in two touristic villages of Madrid (Spain) and a major city in Canada. A set of tweets without geographical coordinates in these areas were found and processed. The coordinates of a subset of them were successfully estimated.

Síndrome de caídas y factores asociados en personas mayores indígenas de nariño, colombia

Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados al síndrome de caída en un grupo de personas mayores indígenas. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal, realizado con 518 indígenas mayores de 60 años, que estimó la prevalencia del síndrome de caída durante el año 2019. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron entrevista demográfica y antecedentes médicos, Evaluación Mini Nutricional (MNA por su sigla en inglés) para evaluar estado nutricional, Mini Examen del Estado Mental (MMSE por su sigla en inglés) y The Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) para determinar nivel cognitivo; la sintomatología depresiva se evaluó con la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica de Yesavage; el nivel funcional se valoró con la escala de Actividades Instrumentales de la Vida Diaria IADL. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística multivariable para examinar la asociación entre las variables sociodemográficas y la presencia de morbilidades. Se construyeron perfiles de riesgo entre individuos para estimar la probabilidad de caer a través del análisis de clases latentes. Resultados: 35,9% de los participantes presentó al menos una caída. Hombres (OR 0,55 IC del 95%: 0,38-0,80), personas con hipertensión arterial (OR 3,4 IC del 95%: 1,4-8,2), enfermedad coronaria (OR 2,5 IC del 95%: 1,3 -5,0), artritis o artrosis (OR 1,5 IC del 95%: 1,0-2,0), personas con quejas de memoria (OR 1,6 95% CI 1,1-2,5) y dependencia funcional (OR 1,6 95% CI 1,1-2,2), mostraron una asociación con este síndrome. El perfil de riesgo mostró que los sujetos con mayor número de comorbilidades tenían mayor probabilidad de caídas (0,163). Conclusiones: La prevalencia del síndrome de caídas es similar a la reportada en estudios previos. Comorbilidades propias de la vejez mostraron relación con un mayor riesgo de caídas. Se observa una relación directamente proporcional entre la cantidad de comorbilidades y mayor riesgo de caídas.

Objective: To determine the factors associated with the fall syndrome in a group of indigenous older adults. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study carried out with 518 indigenous people over 60 years of age that estimated the prevalence of the fall syndrome during the year 2019. Research instruments included demographic interview and medical history, Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) to assess nutritional status, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and RUDAS to determine cognitive performance; depressive symptomatology was assessed with the Geriatric Depression Scale by Yesavage; functional level was assessed using Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale (IADL). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the association between sociodemographic variables and the presence of morbidities. Between-individual risk profiles were set up to estimate the probability of falling, using latent class analysis. Results: 35.9% of participants had at least suffered one fall. Men (OR 0.55 95% CI 0.38-0.80), people with high blood pressure (OR 3.4 95% CI 1.4-8.2), coronary heart disease (OR 2.5 95% CI 1.3 -5.0), arthritis or osteoarthritis (OR 1.5 95% CI 1.0-2.0), people with memory complaints (OR 1.6 95% CI 1.1-2.5) and functional dependency (OR 1.5 95% CI 1.0-2.2), showed an association with this syndrome. The risk profile showed that subjects with a greater number of comorbidities were more likely to suffer a fall (0.163). Conclusions: The prevalence of the falls syndrome is similar to that reported in previous studies. Comorbidities associated with old age showed a relationship with a higher risk of falls. A directly proportional relationship was observed between the number of comorbidities and the increased risk of falls.

Objetivo: Determinar os fatores associados à síndrome de queda em um grupo de idosos indígenas. Material e Métodos: Estudo descritivo transversal, realizado com 518 indígenas com mais de 60 anos de idade, que estimou a prevalência da síndrome de quedas durante o ano de 2019. Os instrumentos utilizados incluíram entrevista demográfica e histórico médico, Mini Avaliação Nutricional (MNA sigla em inglês) para avaliar o estado nutricional, Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MMSE sigla em inglês) e RUDAS para determinar o nível cognitivo; a sintomatologia depressiva foi avaliada com a escala de Depressão Geriátrica de Yesavage; o nível funcional foi avaliado com a escala Atividades Instrumentais de Vida Diária (AIVD). Modelos de regressão logística multivariada foram usados para examinar a associação entre variáveis sociodemográficas e a presença de morbidades. Perfis de risco entre indivíduos foram construídos para estimar a probabilidade de queda, por meio de análise de classe latente. Resultados: 35,9% dos participantes sofreram pelo menos uma queda. Homens (OR 0,55 IC 95% 0,38-0,80), pessoas com hipertensão arterial (OR 3,4 IC 95% 1,4-8,2), doença coronariana (OR 2,5 IC 95% 1,3-5,0), artrite ou osteoartrite (OR 1,5 IC 95% 1,0-2,0), pessoas com queixas de memória (OR 1,6 IC 95% 1,1-2,5) e dependência funcional (OR 1,5 IC 95% 1,0-2,2) apresentaram associação com essa síndrome. O perfil de risco mostrou que indivíduos com um número maior de comorbidades tinham maior probabilidade de cair (0,163). Conclusões: A prevalência da síndrome de quedas é semelhante à descrita em estudos anteriores. As comorbidades características da idade avançada mostraram uma relação com o aumento do risco de quedas. Observa-se uma relação diretamente proporcional entre o número de comorbidades e o aumento do risco de quedas.

Prevalence of the Consumption of Tranquilizers without a Medical Prescription and Associated Factors in School-Based Adolescents in Colombia / Prevalencia del consumo de tranquilizantes sin prescripción médica y factores asociados en adolescentes escolarizados de Colombia / Prevalência do uso de tranquilizantes sem prescrição médica e fatores associados em adolescentes em idade escolar na Colômbia

Introduction: Non-prescription tranquilizers are a specific group of benzodiazepines, used as drugs that act on the central nervous system and have an extensive effect in patients with anxiety disorders and problems in sleep stages. Objective: To determine the prevalence of the year and month of consumption of tranquilizers without a medical prescription and the associated factors, in adolescents in school in Colombia. Methods: It is a cross-sec-tional study with an analytical scope. The universe of the study consisted of 3,243,377 students, from grades 7 to 11 (aged between 12 and 18 years), the valid surveys were 80,018. The adolescent who declared having used tranquilizers during the last 30 days and the last 12 months was considered a consumer. All variables were self-re-ported by adolescents. Results: The prevalence of tranquilizer use without medical prescription was 1.02% and 1.97% (month and year, respectively). Adolescents who presented disciplinary problems are the most predisposed to use during the last month with an OR 2.79 (95% CI: 2.20­3.53) and last year an OR of 2.77 (95 % CI: 2.34­3.27). Conclusions: There is a higher prevalence of the consumption of tranquilizers without medical prescription in women between 14 and 17 years of age, from mixed schools and it is associated with academic and disciplinary performance problems, in the last year. In addition, as age increases, the consumption of substances without a medical prescription increases

Introducción: Los tranquilizantes sin prescripción médica son un grupo específico de benzodiacepinas, usados como medicamentos que actúan sobre el sistema nervioso central y cuentan con un extenso efecto en pacientes con trastornos de ansiedad y problemas en las etapas del sueño. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de año y mes de consumo de tranquilizantes sin prescripción médica y los factores asociados en adolescentes escolarizados de Colombia. Métodos: Estudio transversal con alcance analítico. El universo del estudio estuvo constituido por 3 243 377 estudiantes de los gados 7.º a 11.º (con edades entre 12 y 18 años). Las encuestas válidas fueron 80 018. Se consideró consumidor al adolescente que declaró haber consumido tranquilizantes durante los últimos 30 días y los últimos 12 meses. Todas las variables fueron autorreportadas por los adolescentes. Resultados: La prevalencia de consumo de tranquilizantes sin prescripción médica fue del 1,02 % y del 1,97 % (mes y año, respectivamente). Los adolescentes que presentaron problemas disciplinarios son los más predispuestos al consumo durante el último mes con un OR de 2,79 (IC95 %: 2,20-3,53) y último año un OR de 2,77 (IC95 %: 2,34-3,27). Conclusiones: Existe mayor prevalencia de consumo de tranquilizantes sin prescripción médica en mujeres entre los 14 y los 17 años, de colegios mixtos, y se encuentra asociada con problemas de rendimiento académico y disciplinarios, en el último año. Además, a medida que aumenta la edad, se incrementa el consumo de sustancias sin prescripción médica

Introdução: Os tranquilizantes isentos de prescrição são um grupo específico de benzodiazepínicos, usados como medicamentos que atuam no sistema nervoso central e têm um efeito extenso em pa-cientes com transtornos de ansiedade e problemas no estágio do sono. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência anual e mensal do uso de tranquilizantes sem prescrição médica e os fatores associados em adolescentes em idade escolar na Colômbia. Métodos: Estudo transversal com escopo analítico. O universo do estudo consistiu em 3243377 alunos da 7ª à 11ª série (com idades entre 12 e 18 anos). Foram realizadas 80018 pesquisas válidas. Um adolescente foi considerado usuário, o qual relatou ter usado tranquilizantes nos últimos 30 dias e nos últimos 12 meses. Todas as variáveis foram autorrelatadas pelos adolescentes. Resultados: A prevalência do uso de tranquilizantes sem prescrição médica foi de 1,02% e 1,97% (mês e ano, respectivamente). Os adolescentes com problemas disciplinares apresentaram maior pro-babilidade de uso no último mês, com um OR de 2,79 (IC95%: 2,20-3,53) e no último ano, com um OR de 2,77 (IC95%: 2,34-3,27). Conclusões: Há uma maior prevalência de uso de tranquilizantes sem prescrição médica em mulheres de 14 a 17 anos, de escolas mistas, e isso está associado a problemas de desempenho acadêmico e disciplinar no último ano. Além disso, com o aumento da idade, aumenta o uso de substâncias sem prescrição médica.

Normative values for handgrip strength in Colombian children and adolescents from 6 to 17 years of age: estimation using quantile regression

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study is twofold: i) to estimate the normative values for handgrip strength and relative handgrip strength, specific to sex and age, for Colombian children and adolescents from 6 to 17 years of age using quantile regression models and ii) to compare the normative values for handgrip strength and relative handgrip strength in Colombian children and adolescents with those in children and adolescents in different countries. Method: This was a cross-sectional analysis of a sample of 2647 youngsters. Handgrip strength was evaluated with a TKK 5101 digital dynamometer (Takei Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The relative handgrip strength was estimated according to weight in kilograms. The normative values were estimated to handgrip strength and relative handgrip strength through quantile regression models for the percentiles P5, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90, and P95 developed independently for each sex. All analyses were adjusted for the expansion factor. Results: The values for handgrip strength were considerably higher in males than in females in all age ranges. Additionally, as age increased for both sexes, the values for handgrip strength increased. The percentiles by sex and age for relative handgrip strength show for males a proportional increase according to age; for females, this did not occur. Conclusions: When making comparisons with international studies, variability is observed in the methodologies used to evaluate handgrip strength and estimation methods, which could influence the discrepancies between the different reports.

Predominio del subtipo molecular Luminal B en un grupo de mujeres con cáncer de mama infiltrante del Eje Cafetero de Colombia: Análisis por técnica de inmunohistoquímica / Predominance of the Luminal B molecular subtype in a group of women with infiltrating breast cancer from the Coffee Region of Colombia: Analysis by immunohistochemistry

Resumen El cáncer de mama es el cáncer más frecuente en las mujeres y constituye un problema de salud pública debido a sus altas tasas de morbimortalidad. El diagnóstico se hace a través de estudios rutinarios de histopatología que se complementan con estudios de expresión de receptores hormonales (Receptores de Estrógenos y Progesterona), del factor de crecimiento epidérmico humano 2 (HER2) e índice de proliferación celular (Ki67) para su subtipificación en grupos moleculares (Luminal A, Luminal B, Her2 y triple negativo), los cuales tienen implicaciones pronósticas y terapéuticas diferentes. Globalmente, se ha reportado una alta prevalencia del subtipo Luminal A, predominantemente en Norteamérica, Europa y algunos países latinoamericanos, sin embargo, los reportes en la población colombiana son heterogéneos. El objetivo de esta investigación es establecer un perfil de incidencia de dichos subtipos moleculares en una población del eje cafetero en Colombia. Retrospectivamente se analizaron muestras de 377 pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama infiltrante, entre los años 2015 a 2018. Los diagnósticos histológicos incluyeron: Carcinomas Ductal infiltrante NOS (339 casos; 89.9 %), lobulillar infiltrante (23 casos; 6.1 %), mucinoso infiltrante (6 casos; 1.5 %), papilar infiltrante (1 caso; 0.2 %) y patrones mixtos: ductal-lobulillar (3 casos; 0.7 %) y ductal con componente mucinoso (5 casos; 1.3 %), de los cuales 56.2 % (212 casos) corresponden a luminal B, 22.2 % (84 casos) a Luminal A, 14.8 % (56 casos) a triple negativo y 6.6 % (25 casos) a HER2. Estos hallazgos contrastan con la prevalencia reportada a nivel mundial. Por lo tanto, en la población del eje cafetero colombiano, se debe considerar este predominio del patrón luminal B al momento de establecer pronóstico y tratamiento por parte del personal médico tratante.

Abstract Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and constitutes a public health problem due to its high rates of morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis is made through routine histopathology studies that are complemented by expression studies of hormone receptors (Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors), human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) and cell proliferation index (Ki67) for their subtyping into molecular groups (Luminal A, Luminal B, Her2 and triple negative), which have different prognostic and therapeutic implications. Globally, a high prevalence of the Luminal A subtype has been reported, predominantly in North America, Europe, and some Latin American countries; however, the reports in the Colombian population are heterogeneous. The objective of this research is to establish an incidence profile of these molecular subtypes in a population of the coffee region in Colombia. In retrospect, samples of 377 patients with a diagnosis of infiltrating breast cancer were analyzed, between the years 2015 and 2018. The histological diagnoses included: NOS infiltrating ductal carcinomas (339 cases; 89.9 %), infiltrating lobular (23 cases; 6.1%), infiltrating mucinous (6 cases; 1.5%), infiltrating papillary (1 case; 0.2%) and mixed patterns: ductal - lobular (3 cases; 0.7%) and ductal with mucinous component (5 cases; 1.3%), of which 56.2% (212 cases) correspond to luminal B, 22.2% (84 cases) to Luminal A, 14.8% (56 cases) to triple negative and 6.6% (25 cases) to HER2. These findings contrast with the prevalence reported worldwide. Therefore, in the population of the Colombian coffee region, this predominance of the luminal pattern B should be considered when establishing prognosis and treatment from medical staff.

Prevalencia y factores asociados al consumo de marihuana en adolescentes escolarizados de Colombia, en el 2016 / Prevalence and factors associated with marijuana use in school adolescents in Colombia, in 2016

Resumen Introducción: La marihuana es concebida como una droga de bajo riesgo, considerada ilegal en Colombia, si bien es la más consumida por los adolescentes. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia y examinar los factores asociados al consumo de marihuana durante los últimos 30 días por adolescentes escolarizados de Colombia. Método: Estudio transversal analítico. Muestra constituida por 80.018 adolescentes escolarizados entre 12 y 18 años. Se considera "adolescente consumidor de marihuana", a aquél que declaró haberla consumido durante los últimos treinta días. Se tuvieron en cuenta variables de interés, el sexo, la edad, el tipo de colegio, los episodios de ideación suicida y autolesión deliberada, la existencia de problemas de rendimiento académico y disciplinarios. Se realizó una descripción de la prevalencia de marihuana por cada una de las variables de interés. Se estimaron asociaciones por medio de modelos lineales generalizados, todos los análisis fueron ajustados por el factor de expansión. Resultados: La prevalencia de consumo de marihuana en los últimos 30 días fue del 4,3 % (IC 95 % 4,1 %- 4,6 %). Las mayores prevalencias de consumo se registraron en adolescentes que habían reportado 3 o más veces de ideación suicida en los últimos 12 meses, y en aquellos que acusaron 3 o más veces de autolesión deliberada en los últimos 12 meses (10,4 % y 10,0 %, respectivamente). Se encontró una asociación con todas las variables estudiadas. Conclusiones: Se evidenció una fuerte asociación entre el consumo de marihuana y presencia de episodios de autolesiones deliberadas y episodios de ideación suicida en adolescentes escolarizados.

Summary Introduction: Marijuana is conceived as a low-risk drug, considered illegal in Colombia, and the most consumed by adolescents. Objective: To describe the prevalence and examine the factors associated with marijuana use during the last 30 days by adolescents in school in Colombia. Method: Cross-sectional analytical study. Sample is 80,018 adolescents in school between 12 and 18 years of age. An "adolescent user of marijuana" is one who declared having used it during the last thirty days. Variables of interest were considered: sex, age, type of school, episodes of suicidal ideation and deliberate self-harm, the existence of academic and disciplinary performance problems. A description of the prevalence of marijuana was made for each of the variables of interest. Associations were estimated using generalized linear models, all analyzes were adjusted for the expansion factor. Results: The prevalence of marijuana use in the last 30 days was 4.3% (95% CI 4.1%-4.6%). The highest prevalence of consumption was recorded in adolescents who had reported 3 or more times of suicidal ideation in the last 12 months, and in those who accused 3 or more times of deliberate self-harm in the last 12 months (10.4% and 10. 0%, respectively). An association was found with all the variables studied. Conclusions: A strong association was found between marijuana use and the presence of episodes of deliberate self-harm and episodes of suicidal ideation in school adolescents.

Prevalencia y factores asociados al consumo de marihuana en universitarios de Colombia en el año 2016

Introducción: El consumo de marihuana toma un singular interés en el contexto de la universidad y en los universitarios, pues su uso podría ser parte de las relaciones sociales con sus pares. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia y examinar los factores asociados al consumo de marihuana durante los últimos treinta días en estudiantes universitarios de Colombia durante 2016. Método: Estudio transversal analítico. Se realizó un análisis con 9555 universitarios colombianos. Fue considerado como consumidor de marihuana el universitario que manifestó haberla consumido durante los últimos treinta días. Se tomaron como variables de interés el sexo, la edad, la percepción de la situación económica, los problemas académicos y disciplinarios en la secundaria y las características de control parental. Para el análisis se reportó la prevalencia de la marihuana por cada una de las características estudiadas. Las asociaciones fueron estimadas a través de modelos lineales generalizados, tales análisis se ajustaron por el factor de expansión. Resultados: Se halló que el 9,7 % (IC 95 % 9,1 %- 10,4 %) había consumido marihuana en los últimos treinta días; los hombres (OR 2,23 IC95 % 1,92 - 2,59), aquellos que acusaron no tener control parental sobre los amigos (OR 2,32 IC95 % 1,58- 3,41) y que confesaron haber tenido problemas disciplinarios en la secundaria (OR 3,35 IC95 % 2,67-4,19), mostraron asociación con el consumo de marihuana. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de consumo de marihuana en estudiantes universitarios es elevada con respecto a otros países de la región. Destacan características como la presencia de problemas académicos o disciplinarios en la secundaria, así como un pobre control parental; ellas mostraron que tenían mayor relación con el consumo de marihuana entre los universitarios indagados.

Introduction: The consumption of marijuana takes on a singular interest in the context of the university and university students, because its use could be a part of relationships with their peers. Objective: To describe the prevalence and examine the factors associated with marijuana use during the last thirty days, in university students in Colombia, during the year 2016. Method: Cross-sectional analytical study. An analysis was carried out with 9555 Colombian university students. The university student who stated that he had used it during the last thirty (30) days was considered a marijuana user. The studied variables were sex, age, perception of the economic situation, academic and disciplinary problems in high school, and the characteristics of parental control. For analysis, the prevalence of marijuana was reported for each of the characteristics studied. The associations were estimated through generalized linear models; all analyzes were adjusted by the expansion factor. Results: It was found that 9.7% (95% CI 9.1%-10.4%) had used marijuana in the last thirty days; men (OR 2.23 CI95% 1.92 - 2.59), those who reported not having parental control over friends (OR 2.32 CI95% 1.58-3.41) and who confessed to having had disciplinary problems in high school (OR 3.35 CI95% 2.67-4.19) were associated with marijuana use. Conclusions: The prevalence of marijuana use in university students is high, compared to other countries in the region. They highlight characteristics such as the presence of academic or disciplinary problems in high school, as well as poor parental control; they showed that they had a greater relationship with the use of marijuana among the university students surveyed.

Prevalencia de la deficiencia e insuficiencia de vitamina D y factores asociados en mujeres colombianas en 2015 / Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency and associated factors in Colombian women in 2015

Introducción: la vitamina D es una biomolécula fundamental para múltiples procesos biológicos de la mujer en edad fértil; es también uno de los biomarcadores más importantes para la reproducción. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de la deficiencia e insuficiencia de vitamina D y los factores asociados en mujeres colombianas de 18 a 49 años de edad. Metodología: estudio transversal-analítico; se trata de un análisis secundario de la Encuesta de Situación Nutricional de Colombia, del año 2015. Se evaluaron 7181 mujeres de entre 18 y 49 años, en edad fértil, que no estuvieran en embarazo. La vitamina D se estimó a través de quimiolumiscencia por inmunoensayo. Se evaluaron características sociodemográficas, antropométricas y de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Se realizó la descripción de la prevalencia de la insuficiencia y deficiencia de vitamina D general y por cada una de las variables de interés a través de frecuencias absolutas y porcentuales. Para estimar la asociación entre las diferentes características de interés y la insuficiencia y la deficiencia de vitamina D se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística multinomial y binomial multivariados. Resultados: la prevalencia de la deficiencia de vitamina D fue del 23,8 % y la insuficiencia del 46,8 %; entre insuficiencia y deficiencia, el resultado fue del 70,6 %; el cuartil IV de riqueza (OR: 3,21; IC 95 %: 2,16-4,77), la obesidad abdominal (OR: 1,43; IC 95 %: 1,15-1,78), y la región de Bogotá (OR: 3,98; IC 95 %: 2,48-6,38) mostraron asociación con la insuficiencia y la deficiencia de vitamina D. Conclusión: se identificó una alta prevalencia de insuficiencia y de deficiencia de vitamina D, por lo que se recomiendan intervenciones integrales en las que estén involucrados los componentes nutricional y educativo (AU)

Introduction: vitamin D is a fundamental biomolecule for multiple biological processes in women of childbearing age; it is also one of the most important biomarkers in reproduction. Objective: to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency and associated factors in Colombian women between 18 and 49 years of age. Methodology: an analytical cross-sectional study; it is a secondary analysis of the Encuesta de Situación Nutricional de Colombia, of 2015. A total of 7181 women between 18 and 49 years old, of childbearing age, who were not pregnant were evaluated. Vitamin D levels were estimated through chemiluminescence immunoassay. Sociodemographic, anthropometric and frequency-of-food-consumption characteristics were evaluated. A general description of the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was made for each of the variables of interest through absolute and percentage frequencies. To estimate the association between the different characteristics of interest and vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, multivariate binomial and multinomial logistic regression models were used. Results: the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 23.8 % and that of insufficiency was 46.8 %; for insufficiency and deficiency the result was 70.6 %. Quartile IV of wealth (OR: 3.21; 95% CI: 2.16-4.77); abdominal obesity (OR: 1.43; IC 95 %: 1.15-1.78), and the Bogotá region (OR: 3.98; 95 % CI: 2.48-6.38) showed an association with vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency. Conclusion: a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was identified. Therefore, comprehensive interventions involving nutritional and educational components are recommended (AU)

Autolesiones deliberadas y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en adolescentes escolarizados de Colombia 2016 / Deliberate self-harm and psychoactive substance use in colombian school adolescents

BACKGROUND: Deliberate self-harm and the consumption of psy- choactive substances are important public health problems among adolescents. AIM: To determine the association of deliberate self-harm with the consumption of psychoactive substances, in school adolescents in Colombia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A survey about deliberate self harm and psychoactive substance use during the last 12 months was answered by 80 018 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years. RESULTS: The prevalence of deliberate self-harm in the last 12 months was 14.1%. The use of psychoactive drugs was associated with deliberate self-harm. The greatest association was observed with the use of non-prescription tranquilizers (Odds ratio 4.05 95% confidence intervals 3.42-4.81). CONCLUSIONS: We observed an association between deliberate self-harm and the consumption of different psychoactive substances.

[Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency and associated factors in Colombian women in 2015]. / Prevalencia de la deficiencia e insuficiencia de vitamina D y factores asociados en mujeres colombianas en el 2015.

Introduction: Introduction: vitamin D is a fundamental biomolecule for multiple biological processes in women of childbearing age; it is also one of the most important biomarkers in reproduction. Objective: to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency and associated factors in Colombian women between 18 and 49 years of age. Methodology: an analytical cross-sectional study; it is a secondary analysis of the Encuesta de Situación Nutricional de Colombia, of 2015. A total of 7181 women between 18 and 49 years old, of childbearing age, who were not pregnant were evaluated. Vitamin D levels were estimated through chemiluminescence immunoassay. Sociodemographic, anthropometric and frequency-of-food-consumption characteristics were evaluated. A general description of the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was made for each of the variables of interest through absolute and percentage frequencies. To estimate the association between the different characteristics of interest and vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, multivariate binomial and multinomial logistic regression models were used. Results: the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 23.8 % and that of insufficiency was 46.8 %; for insufficiency and deficiency the result was 70.6 %. Quartile IV of wealth (OR: 3.21; 95% CI: 2.16-4.77); abdominal obesity (OR: 1.43; IC 95 %: 1.15-1.78), and the Bogotá region (OR: 3.98; 95 % CI: 2.48-6.38) showed an association with vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency. Conclusion: a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was identified. Therefore, comprehensive interventions involving nutritional and educational components are recommended.

Introducción: Introducción: la vitamina D es una biomolécula fundamental para múltiples procesos biológicos de la mujer en edad fértil; es también uno de los biomarcadores más importantes para la reproducción. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de la deficiencia e insuficiencia de vitamina D y los factores asociados en mujeres colombianas de 18 a 49 años de edad. Metodología: estudio transversal-analítico; se trata de un análisis secundario de la Encuesta de Situación Nutricional de Colombia, del año 2015. Se evaluaron 7181 mujeres de entre 18 y 49 años, en edad fértil, que no estuvieran en embarazo. La vitamina D se estimó a través de quimiolumiscencia por inmunoensayo. Se evaluaron características sociodemográficas, antropométricas y de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Se realizó la descripción de la prevalencia de la insuficiencia y deficiencia de vitamina D general y por cada una de las variables de interés a través de frecuencias absolutas y porcentuales. Para estimar la asociación entre las diferentes características de interés y la insuficiencia y la deficiencia de vitamina D se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística multinomial y binomial multivariados. Resultados: la prevalencia de la deficiencia de vitamina D fue del 23,8 % y la insuficiencia del 46,8 %; entre insuficiencia y deficiencia, el resultado fue del 70,6 %; el cuartil IV de riqueza (OR: 3,21; IC 95 %: 2,16-4,77), la obesidad abdominal (OR: 1,43; IC 95 %: 1,15-1,78), y la región de Bogotá (OR: 3,98; IC 95 %: 2,48-6,38) mostraron asociación con la insuficiencia y la deficiencia de vitamina D. Conclusión: se identificó una alta prevalencia de insuficiencia y de deficiencia de vitamina D, por lo que se recomiendan intervenciones integrales en las que estén involucrados los componentes nutricional y educativo.

Normative values for handgrip strength in Colombian children and adolescents from 6 to 17 years of age: estimation using quantile regression.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is twofold: i) to estimate the normative values for handgrip strength and relative handgrip strength, specific to sex and age, for Colombian children and adolescents from 6 to 17 years of age using quantile regression models and ii) to compare the normative values for handgrip strength and relative handgrip strength in Colombian children and adolescents with those in children and adolescents in different countries. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional analysis of a sample of 2647 youngsters. Handgrip strength was evaluated with a TKK 5101 digital dynamometer (Takei Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The relative handgrip strength was estimated according to weight in kilograms. The normative values were estimated to handgrip strength and relative handgrip strength through quantile regression models for the percentiles P5, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90, and P95 developed independently for each sex. All analyses were adjusted for the expansion factor. RESULTS: The values for handgrip strength were considerably higher in males than in females in all age ranges. Additionally, as age increased for both sexes, the values for handgrip strength increased. The percentiles by sex and age for relative handgrip strength show for males a proportional increase according to age; for females, this did not occur. CONCLUSIONS: When making comparisons with international studies, variability is observed in the methodologies used to evaluate handgrip strength and estimation methods, which could influence the discrepancies between the different reports.

Prediction Model for Physical Activity Level in Primary School Students.

The aim of this study was to provide an explanatory prediction model for physical activity level in children, involving a number of influencing variables. In total, 1971 people participated in the study: 657 primary school students and their respective fathers and mothers from 15 schools of Galicia (Spain). The International Questionnaire on Physical Education, Health and Lifestyle was administered. The findings revealed that school year, sex, physical perceived competence and sport practice with friends had a statistically significant relationship on physical activity index. By contrast, the association between the weekly participation of fathers or mothers in sports in the practice of children could not be confirmed. Sport practice with friends was the main predicting variable for physical activity level. Physical perceived competence showed great relevance as well. This knowledge could be of interest to help increase adherence to practice and preventing withdrawal, helping students to stay active and acquire healthy habits for the future.

[Deliberate self-harm and psychoactive substance use in colombian school adolescents]. / Autolesiones deliberadas y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en adolescentes escolarizados de Colombia 2016.

BACKGROUND: Deliberate self-harm and the consumption of psy- choactive substances are important public health problems among adolescents. AIM: To determine the association of deliberate self-harm with the consumption of psychoactive substances, in school adolescents in Colombia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A survey about deliberate self harm and psychoactive substance use during the last 12 months was answered by 80 018 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years. RESULTS: The prevalence of deliberate self-harm in the last 12 months was 14.1%. The use of psychoactive drugs was associated with deliberate self-harm. The greatest association was observed with the use of non-prescription tranquilizers (Odds ratio 4.05 95% confidence intervals 3.42-4.81). CONCLUSIONS: We observed an association between deliberate self-harm and the consumption of different psychoactive substances.

[Anthropometric and body composition characteristics associated with handgrip strength in children and adolescents. A scoping review]. / Características antropométricas y de composición corporal asociadas a la fuerza prensil manual en niños y adolescentes. Una Revisión Sistemática Exploratoria.

Handgrip strength is a robust indicator of the biological health of children and adolescents. Objecti ves: to identify the anthropometric characteristics and body composition related to handgrip stren gth, and to describe the main characteristics of the protocols used for its evaluation. METHODOLOGY: A scoping review was developed; the search was carried out in 1.) Medline; 2.) Web of Science; 3.) Science Direct; 4.) Scielo; and 5.) EBSCO's Sportdiscus. Original investigations were included if they have handgrip strength data, anthropometric characteristics, and body composition. RESULTS: 59 reports published between 2005 and 2020 were selected. Among them, nutritional classification was the most studied characteristic (n = 25; 42.3%), followed by body mass index (n = 23; 38.9%). In 47.5% (28 reports), the number of tests performed on each individual to estimate the handgrip strength value was not clear. The dynamometer brand Takei Scientific Instrument Co. Ltd. was the most used, with 49.2 %. The most widely used indicator was absolute handgrip (86.4%, 51 reports). CONCLUSIONS: There is a wide variety of protocols used for handgrip strength assessment with va riations in body position, arm and hand selection, number of repetitions, and intervals between measurements. A proportional pattern of values was found between absolute handgrip strength and body mass index, Σ skinfolds, however, when adjusted by mass (relative handgrip strength), the relationship is inverse.

Impact of New Systemic Therapies in Overall Survival in Non-Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

There was a high medical need for patients with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) when several next-generation anti-androgens (apalutamide, enzalutamide, and darolutamide) demonstrated clinically relevant delays in metastasis onset. However, to date, few publications have assessed the pooled effect of these treatments on overall survival (OS). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of all randomized, placebo-controlled studies investigating a systemic treatment in nmCRPC. Publications were identified by searching several databases on April 7, 2021. The primary objective of this analysis was to determine the OS benefit. Secondary outcomes included the relative risk (RR) of adverse events (AEs) and grade 3-4 AEs. A sensitivity analysis with simulated data was also conducted to examine the influence of the study designs on the results. Three randomized controlled studies (SPARTAN, PROSPER, ARAMIS) met our inclusion criteria. Pooled meta-analyses showed a significant benefit in OS with the active agents versus placebo (hazard ratio [HR] 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65-0.83), as well as increased risk of any grade (RR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01-1.17) and grade 3-4 AEs (RR 1.50, 95% CI 1.23-1.83). The sensitivity analysis with SPARTAN-like simulated populations demonstrated that when using ARAMIS statistical design, OS would be statistically significant in 98.1% of the cases, at a shorter follow-up and with lower number of events. First-line treatment of nmCRPC patients with anti-androgens increased OS with an acceptable safety profile. In light of the different study designs and follow-up, results should be interpreted separately.

Relación de problemas disciplinarios y de rendimiento académico con el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en escolares colombianos / Disciplinary and Academic Issues Related with Psychoactive Substances Consumption, in Colombian Scholars / Relação entre problemas disciplinares e desempenho académico e o uso de substâncias psicoativas em crianças colombianas em idade escolar

Introducción: El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en jóvenes colombianos es considerado un problema de salud pública, debido a su prevalencia ascendente. Los estudios al respecto han indicado la existencia de una asociación con patrones conductuales que llevan a la alteración del rendimiento académico y el surgimiento de problemas disciplinarios. Objetivos: Identificar la asociación entre el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y la presencia de problemas disciplinarios y de rendimiento académico en adolescentes colombianos. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico. Se incluyeron 80.018 adolescentes escolares. Se indagó sobre la presencia de problemas disciplinarios y de rendimiento académico, así como consumo de sustancias psicoactivas durante los últimos 12 meses. Se describieron las frecuencias de los problemas académicos o disciplinarios con el consumo de cada una de las sustancias psicoactivas. Se estimaron asociaciones por medio de modelos de regresión logística binaria, y todos los análisis fueron ajustados por el factor de expansión. Resultados: Se registró que el 44% de los adolescentes reportaron problemas académicos, y el 20%, problemas disciplinarios. Entre las sustancias con mayor fuerza de asociación, frente a problemas disciplinarios, se mencionaron: cocaína (OR=3,18; IC95%=2,75- 3,69); marihuana (OR=2,93; IC95%=2,68-3,20); inhalables (OR=2,80; IC95%=2,40-3,28). Frente a problemas académicos, mostraron asociación la marihuana (OR=2,39; IC95%=2,18-2,61), el dick (OR=2,24; IC95%=1,88- 2,66) y los inhalables (OR=2,11; IC95%=1,80-2,48). Conclusiones: El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas estuvo relacionado con la presencia de problemas académicos y disciplinarios.

Introduction: The consumption of psychoactive substances in Colombian youth is considered a public health problem, due to its prevalence and rising characteristics. Studies of the prevalence of drug use in this population indicate the presence of an association with behavioral patterns that lead to an alteration in academic performance and disciplinary problems. Objective: To identify the association between the consumption of psychoactive substances and the presence of academic or disciplinary problems in Colombian adolescents. Materials and methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study. 80,018 adolescents enrolled in school were included. It was investigated whether the adolescent had academic or disciplinary per- formance problems, as well as consumption of psychoactive substances during the last 12 months. A description was made of the frequencies of academic or disciplinary problems with the consumption of each of these psychoactive substances. Associations were estimated using binary logistic regression models, and all analyzes were adjusted for the expansion factor. Results: There was a prevalence of 44% for academic problems and 20% for disciplinary problems. Among the substances with the greatest strength of association with disciplinary problems was cocaine (OR=3,18; IC95%=2.75-3.69), marihuana (OR=2,93; IC95%=2.68-3.20) and inhalants (OR=2,80; IC95%=2,40-3.28) and related to academic problems was marijuana (OR=2,39; IC95=2,18-2.61). dick (OR=2,24; IC95%=1.88-2.66) e inhalants (OR=2,11; IC95%=1,80-2.48). Conclusions: The use of psychoactive substances is related to the presence of academic and disciplinary problems.

Introdução: O uso de substâncias psicoativas em jovens colombianos é considerado um problema de saúde pública, devido à sua crescente prevalência. Estudos indicaram a existência de uma associação com padrões de comportamento que levam à alteração do desempenho académico e ao surgimento de problemas disciplinares. Objetivos: Identificar a associação entre o consumo de substâncias psicoativas e a presença de problemas disciplinares e de desempenho académico em adolescentes colombianos. Materiais e métodos: Estudo analítico de corte transversal. Foi incluído um total de 80.018 adolescentes em idade escolar. Inquirimos sobre a presença de problemas disciplinares e de desempenho académico, bem como o consumo de substâncias psicoativas durante os últimos 12 meses. Foram descritas as frequências dos problemas académicos ou disciplinares com a utilização de cada uma das substâncias psicoativas. As associações foram estimadas utilizando modelos de regressão logística binária, e todas as análises foram ajustadas para o fator de expansão. Resultados: 44% dos adolescentes relataram problemas académicos e 20% relataram problemas dis ciplinares. Entre as substâncias com maior associação a problemas disciplinares estavam: cocaína (OR= 3,18; IC95% = 2,75-3,69); canábis (OR = 2,93; IC95% = 2,68-3,20); inalantes (OR = 2,80; IC95%CI= 2,40-3,28). Para problemas académicos, o canábis (OR = 2,39, IC95% = 2,18-2,61), o Dick (OR =2,24, IC95% = 1,88-2,66) e inalantes (OR = 2,11, IC95% = 1,80-2,48) foram associados. Conclusões: O uso de substâncias psicoativas estava relacionado com a presença de problemas académicos e disciplinares.