Prevalence of ADHD in Mexican schoolchildren through screening with Conners scales 3.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children varies due to the methodology used. In Mexico, the health sector recognizes difficulties in measuring and treating it, so the WHO recommends carrying out screening in populations with a probability of presenting it. The objective was to measure the prevalence of ADHD for screening purposes in second-grade students, their comorbidity, and to describe the experience using version 3 of the Conners scale. METHOD: Descriptive observational study, with the purpose of screening, applying the short versions to parents and teachers of 3,985 schoolchildren in a sample of 55 public schools obtained at random from two delegations in Mexico City, the cases were referred to psychology and psychiatry to corroborate diagnosis and treatment. Results We detected 458 (16%) cases, both informants, the prevalent subtype was hyperactive in both sexes, predominantly male, learning problems and executive functions more frequent in girls with hyperactive and combined subtype, only completed the psychological evaluation 150 schoolchildren and 127 attended with the paidopsiquiatra, who confirmed 72% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence for screening purposes, subtype of ADHD and affected gender is similar to that reported in the literature, the comorbidity identified by both informants is an advantage offered by the Conners scale 3, the limiting factor to corroborate the diagnosis was the resistance of the parents to go with the specialists. It is necessary to guide and inform parents more about the disorder to achieve better participation.

Qualitative aspects of the process of Neonatal Hearing Screening Program in Mexico evaluated from the parental perspective. / Aspectos cualitativos del proceso del Programa de Tamiz Auditivo Neonatal en México evaluados desde la perspectiva parental.

INTRODUCTION: The Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Program in Mexico began in 2010. Its results, published in 2013 by the National Council for the Development and Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities (CONADIS), report low coverage and, currently, there is a dearth of information about its activities. This study describes the process of the program from the epistemological perspective of women whose children participated in the program, evaluating it under the sustenance of the constructivist-respondent model in search of aspects that could help explain its results. METHODS: Descriptive study with a qualitative approach based on the constructivist–respondent paradigm. We elected the 14 women who participated in the study through trial and number until theoretical saturation. After signing an informed consent form and respecting the confidentiality and anonymity, these women underwent semi-structured interviews that were audio-recorded and transcribed as were conducted. The researchers separately analyzed and coded categories and conjointly summarized categories and subcategories. Validity and reliability were obtained through the credibility, transferability and triangulation. RESULTS: From the speeches, we obtained the general profile of the interviewed, evolution of their children in the program process and four categories with 15 subcategories related to the reconstruction of the process: knowledge, needs, feelings and attitudes. One was evaluated as favorable, six without agreement and eight as unfavorable. The latter refer to our own context. CONCLUSIONS: The epistemological perspective of the interviewed women showed aspects that could help explain the low coverage of the program. Attention from public policies could improve this feature. With the establishment of the program, children with deafness are diagnosed and treated at a lower age than before the program.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El Programa de Tamiz Auditivo Neonatal Universal se inició en México en 2010. Sus resultados, publicados en 2013 por el Consejo Nacional para el Desarrollo y la Inclusión de las Personas con Discapacidad, informan baja cobertura. Actualmente hay escasez de información sobre sus actividades. Este estudio describe el proceso del programa desde la perspectiva epistemológica de mujeres cuyos hijos participaron en el mismo, evaluándolo bajo el sustento del modelo constructivista-respondente en busca de aspectos que puedan ayudar a explicar sus resultados. MÉTODOS: Estudio de tipo mixto, con enfoque en el paradigma constructivista respondente. En él participaron 14 mujeres, elegidas por juicio y su número hasta la saturación teórica. A ellas, previa firma de consentimiento informado, respetando la confidencialidad y anonimato; se les aplicaron entrevistas semi estructuradas. Estas fueron audio grabadas y transcritas tal como se expresaron. Las investigadoras analizaron y codificaron categorías por separado; juntas resumieron categorías y subcategorías. La validez y confiabilidad se obtuvieron a través de la credibilidad, transferibilidad y triangulación. RESULTADOS: De los discursos se obtuvieron el perfil general de las entrevistadas, evolución de sus hijos en el proceso del programa y cuatro categorías con 15 subcategorías relacionadas con la reconstrucción del proceso: conocimientos, necesidades, sentimientos y actitudes. Estas categorías se evaluaron como favorable (una), sin acuerdo (seis) y desfavorables (ocho). Estas últimas, son propias de nuestro contexto. CONCLUSIONES: La perspectiva epistemológica de las entrevistadas, mostró aspectos que podrían ayudar a explicar la baja cobertura del programa. Retomarlo desde las políticas públicas puede mejorarlo. Con el establecimiento del programa, los niños con sordera son diagnosticados e intervenidos a menor edad que antes del programa.

Risk Factor Frequency for Learning Disabilities in Low Socioeconomic Level Preschool Children in Mexico City / Frequência de fatores de risco para dificuldade de aprendizagem em pré-escolares com baixo nível socioeconômico, na Cidade do México / Frecuencia de factores de riesgo para problemas de aprendizaje en preescolares de bajo nivel socioeconómico en la Ciudad de México

The objective was to identify the frequency of risk factors for Learning Disabilities (LD) in low socioeconomic level children in Mexico City. We studied children by means of: Wechsler, Bender-Gestalt, and Human drawing tests. Average age of male subjects was 5.6±0.9 years, while that of the female group was 5.4±0.5 years. In male subjects, average Total intelligence quotient (T-IQ) score was 98±12.2 while, in the female group, this was 99±12.2. On the Bender-Gestalt test, male subjects had a mental and visual-motor average age of <1 year under chronological age. Female subjects had a mental and visual-motor age 8-7 months under the norm. On the Human drawing test, in male and female subjects, the most frequent at-risk features comprised: self-isolation in 25 por cento of subjects, shyness in 22.4 por cento, and poor internal controls in 22 por cento. In conclusion, we found a high at-risk factor frequency for LD in children of low socioeconomic strata. We highlight the importance of screening children before they attain school age.

Este estudo objetivou identificar a frequência de fatores de risco para dificuldade de aprendizagem (DA) em crianças com baixo nível socioeconômico, na Cidade do México. A escala de inteligência Wechsler, desenho da figura humana e o teste gestáltico visomotor de Bender foram utilizados. A idade média do grupo masculino foi de 5,6±0,9 anos e do grupo feminino 5,4±0,5 anos. O quociente intelectual total (QI-T) foi de 98±12 no grupo masculino e 99±12,2 no grupo feminino. No teste de Bender, os meninos apresentaram idade mental e visomotora um ano abaixo da idade cronológica, enquanto que as meninas apresentaram idade mental e visomotora 7-8 meses abaixo do normal. As características de alto risco que apresentaram maior frequência, tanto nos meninos como nas meninas, no teste do desenho de figura humana, foram: autoisolamento 25 por cento, timidez 22,4 e controle interno deficiente 22 por cento. Concluindo, alta frequência de fatores de risco para DA foi encontrada em crianças de baixo nível socioeconômico. É importante destacar a importância de se identificar pré-escolares em risco de DA.

Nuestro objetivo fue identificar la frecuencia de factores de riesgo para problemas de aprendizaje (PA) en niños de bajo nivel socioeconómico de la Ciudad de México. Se utilizaron las pruebas de inteligencia de Wechsler, Gestáltica Visuomotora de Bender y del Dibujo de la figura humana. La edad promedio en el grupo masculino fue 5,6±0,9 años, del femenino fue 5,4±0,5. En los hombres, el cociente intelectual total (CI-T) fue 98±12,2, en mujeres fue 99±12,2. En la prueba de Bender, los hombres mostraron una edad mental y visuomotora un año menor que la cronológica, las mujeres tuvieron una edad mental y visuomotora 7-8 meses por debajo de la norma. En la Prueba de la figura humana, los hombres y mujeres mostraron mayor frecuencia de: auto-aislamiento 25 por ciento, timidez 22,4 por ciento y controles internos pobres 22 por ciento. En conclusión encontramos una alta frecuencia de factores de riesgo en preescolares de bajo nivel socioeconómico, destacamos la importancia de identificar a los preescolares propensos a tener problemas de aprendizaje (PA).

Executive dysfunction screening and intelectual coefficient measurement in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a complete Intelligence quotient (IQ) measurement (verbal, performance, and total) and subsequently, to compare executive function (EF) measurements in subgroups of children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with a control group. METHOD: We studied a group of children from 7-12 years of age from public elementary schools. Children were selected by means of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-Revised (DSM-IV-R) parent and teacher questionnaires for ADHD. EFs were screened by Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R) performance intelligence quotient (IQ) determination of the following sub-tests: picture completion; block designs, and object assembly tests. Simultaneously, total (T-), performance (P-), and verbal (V-) IQs were measured for each patient. RESULTS: We studied 26 control subjects, and 35 children with ADHD. Numbers of children in each ADHD sub-type group were as follows: 15 in the combined group (-C), 13 in the inattentive group (-I), and 7 in hyperactivity group (-H). We found significant lower EF scores in picture arrangement (F=3.76, df 3,57, p=0.01), block design (F=4.55, df 3,57, p<0.01), and object assembly (F=4.52, df 3,57, p<0.01). Post-hoc analysis showed that differences were located among ADHD-C, ADHD-I, and ADHD-H groups when compared with controls. We found significantly lower cognitive scores in the ADHD-I group as follows: P-IQ (F=3.57, df 3,57, p=0.02), and T-IQ (F=2.90, df 3,57, p=0.04). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that screening of EF alteration in children with ADHD is easy and rapid by means of certain P-IQ determination sub-scales of the WISC test; moreover, complementary IQ determination can be measured simultaneously. Overall, children with ADHD exhibited an EF alteration. ADHD-I children demonstrated lower P-IQ, and T-IQ scores than control children.

Executive dysfunction screening and intelectual coefficient measurement in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / Tamizaje de la disfunción ejecutiva y medición del coeficiente intelectual en niños con trastorno por déficit de atención-hiperactividad

OBJECTIVE: To perform a complete Intelligence quotient (IQ) measurement (verbal, performance, and total) and subsequently, to compare executive function (EF) measurements in subgroups of children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with a control group. METHOD: We studied a group of children from 7-12 years of age from public elementary schools. Children were selected by means of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-Revised (DSM-IV-R) parent and teacher questionnaires for ADHD. EFs were screened by Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R) performance intelligence quotient (IQ) determination of the following sub-tests: picture completion; block designs, and object assembly tests. Simultaneously, total (T-), performance (P-), and verbal (V-) IQs were measured for each patient. RESULTS: We studied 26 control subjects, and 35 children with ADHD. Numbers of children in each ADHD sub-type group were as follows: 15 in the combined group (-C), 13 in the inattentive group (-I), and 7 in hyperactivity group (-H). We found significant lower EF scores in picture arrangement (F=3.76, df 3,57, p=0.01), block design (F=4.55, df 3,57, p<0.01), and object assembly (F=4.52, df 3,57, p<0.01). Post-hoc analysis showed that differences were located among ADHD-C, ADHD-I, and ADHD-H groups when compared with controls. We found significantly lower cognitive scores in the ADHD-I group as follows: P-IQ (F=3.57, df 3,57, p=0.02), and T-IQ (F=2.90, df 3,57, p=0.04). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that screening of EF alteration in children with ADHD is easy and rapid by means of certain P-IQ determination sub-scales of the WISC test; moreover, complementary IQ determination can be measured simultaneously. Overall, children with ADHD exhibited an EF alteration. ADHD-I children demonstrated lower P-IQ, and T-IQ scores than control children.

OBJETIVO: Realizar una medición global de cociente intelectual (CI) (verbal, ejecutivo y total) y comparar las funciones ejecutivas (FE) en los subgrupos de niños con trastorno por déficit de atención-hiperactividad (TDAH) con un grupo control. MÉTODO: Se estudiaron niños de 7-12 años, provenientes de escuelas oficiales primarias. Se les aplicó el cuestionario de criterios diagnósticos de TDAH del DSM-IV-R para padres y maestros. Las FE se tamizaron mediante las sub-escalas de: ordenación de dibujos, diseño con cubos y composición de objetos del WISC-R. En forma paralela se midieron los CI Verbal (-V), Ejecutivo (-E), Total (-T) de cada paciente. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 26 niños control y 35 con TDAH. La distribución de niños con TDAH en los diferentes subtipos clínicos fue la siguiente: 15 niños con TDAH combinado (-C), 13 con inatención (-I) y 7 con hiperactividad-impulsividad (-H). Se encontraron calificaciones menores en las sub-escalas de: ordenación de dibujos (F=3,76, gl 3,57, p=0,01), diseño con cubos (F=4,55, gl 3,57, p<0,01) y en la composición de objetos (F=4,52, gl 3,57, p<0,01). El análisis post-hoc mostró que las diferencias se produjeron entre los grupos de TDAH-I, TDAH-H y TDAH-C en relación al de control. Encontramos calificaciones menores en el CI del grupo de TDAH-I en la siguiente forma: CI-E (F=3,57, gl 3,57, p=0,02) y CI-T (F=2,90, gl 3,57 p=0,04). CONCLUSIÓN: Nuestros resultados muestran que las alteraciones de las FE pueden ser fácilmente tamizadas por WISC-R, además de medir simultáneamente el CI. Se encontró que los niños con TDAH de los 3 tipos muestran una disfunción de las FE. También se encontró que los niños con TDAH-I muestran menores puntajes del CI-E y CI-T que los controles.

Sensorineural hearing loss in high school teenagers in Mexico City and its relationship with recreational noise / Las alteraciones auditivas de escolares adolescentes en la Ciudad de México pueden estar relacionadas al ruido recreativo

The aim of this study was to measure the frequency of hearing loss in a sample of typical public high-school students exposed to recreational noise, and determine associated risk factors. The sample was made up of 214 teenagers from a high-school in Mexico City; subjects were selected randomly per strata. We applied a questionnaire to identify risk factors for hearing loss and performed a battery of audiologic tests consisting of otoscopy, tympanometry, and pure-tone audiometry. The mean age of the sample was 16 ± 1.07 years; 73 percent were male and 27 percent, female. Hearing loss was found in 21 percent of students. The main hearing loss-related risk factor was exposure to recreational noise: frequent attendance at discotheques and pop-music concerts; use of personal stereos; and noise exposure in school workshops. The high frequency of hearing loss in high school students from one Mexico City school (nearly one fifth of the sample) was found to be related to noise exposure mainly during recreational activities.

El objetivo de este estudio fue medir la frecuencia de alteraciones auditivas en una muestra de escolares de educación media superior expuestos a ruido recreativo y determinar algunos factores de riesgo asociados. La muestra estuvo constituida por 214 adolescentes de una escuela de la Ciudad de México. Los sujetos fueron seleccionados al azar por medio de una computadora. Se aplicaron cuestionarios con el objeto de identificar los factores de riesgo para alteraciones auditivas y se les practicaron diversos estudios audiológicos consistentes en: otoscopía, timpanometría y una audiometría a tonos puros. La edad media de la muestra fue de 16 ± 1,07 años, 73 por ciento fueron del sexo masculino y 27 por ciento femenino. Se encontraron alteraciones auditivas en 21 por ciento de los estudiantes. Los principales factores de riesgo asociados a alteraciones auditivas fueron: exposición al ruido recreativo al asistir a discotecas, conciertos de música popular, el uso de equipos de sonido personales y la exposición al ruido en los talleres escolares. Se halló una alta frecuencia (casi una quinta parte) de alteraciones auditivas en alumnos de educación media superior asociada a la presencia de ruido recreativo excesivo.

Sensorineural hearing loss in high school teenagers in Mexico City and its relationship with recreational noise.

The aim of this study was to measure the frequency of hearing loss in a sample of typical public high-school students exposed to recreational noise, and determine associated risk factors. The sample was made up of 214 teenagers from a high-school in Mexico City; subjects were selected randomly per strata. We applied a questionnaire to identify risk factors for hearing loss and performed a battery of audiologic tests consisting of otoscopy, tympanometry, and pure-tone audiometry. The mean age of the sample was 16 +/- 1.07 years; 73% were male and 27%, female. Hearing loss was found in 21% of students. The main hearing loss-related risk factor was exposure to recreational noise: frequent attendance at discotheques and pop-music concerts; use of personal stereos; and noise exposure in school workshops. The high frequency of hearing loss in high school students from one Mexico City school (nearly one fifth of the sample) was found to be related to noise exposure mainly during recreational activities.

Factores de riesgo de las otitis medias en niños de guarderías de la ciudad de México / Risk factors for otitis media in children attending day care centers in Mexico city

Es muy común que en el primer nivel de atención de salud, no se incluya un examen de oído, como también son comunes las infecciones de vías respiratorias altas que frecuentemente cursan con otitis media. Este padecimiento, es mas frecuente a menor edad, y son múltiples los factores de riesgo que lo favorecen, los cuales pueden ser desde genéticos, anatómicos y funcionales así como los socio-ambientales, siendo todos muy controvertidos. En este trabajo se estudiaron 5,860 niños de 55 guarderías del Distrito Federal, el examen consistió en una otoscopía confirmando los hallazgos de ésta, con una timpanometría, Se buscaron diferencias en las tasas de frecuencia de otitis media en los niños, dependiendo si tienen o no servicio médico permanente en la guardería, dichas tasas fueron semejantes afectando más a los de menor edad (lactantes); también se midió la frecuencia de otitis en las cuatro estaciones del año, cuyo comportamiento fue similar en relación a la edad. A los padres de 2,014 (34 por ciento) de niños se les cuestionó sobre el número de infección de vías respiratorias altas que padecen sus hijos al año y cuántos reciben tratamiento oportuno en estos padecimientos (82 por ciento) y si tuvieron antecedentes de otitis media (19 por ciento) manifestado por otalgia (70 por ciento) u otorrea (30 por ciento). La prevalencia de otitis media en países en vías de desarrollo son mayores que en los desarrollados. Se ha asociado la otitis media a la pobreza ("oído del pobre"). Sin embargo y a pesar de los múltiples factores involucrados en su desarrollo, la identificación médica y su tratamiento oportuno, disminuirán su frecuencia y complicaciones.