Identification of a rare copy number polymorphic gain at 3q12.2 with candidate genes for familial endometriosis.

Endometriosis is a complex disease that affects 10-15% of women of reproductive age. Familial studies show that relatives of affected patients have a higher risk of developing the disease, implicating a genetic role for this disorder. Little is known about the impact of germline genomic copy number variant (CNV) polymorphisms on the heredity of the disease. In this study, we describe a rare CNV identified in two sisters with familial endometriosis, which contain genes that may increase the susceptibility and progression of this disease. We investigated the presence of CNVs from the endometrium and blood of the sisters with endometriosis and normal endometrium of five women as controls without the disease using array-CGH through the Agilent 2x400K platform. We excluded common CNVs that were present in the database of genomic variation. We identified, in both sisters, a rare CNV gain affecting 113kb at band 3q12.2 involving two candidate genes: ADGRG7 and TFG. The CNV gain was validated by qPCR. ADGRG7 is located at 3q12.2 and encodes a G protein-coupled receptor influencing the NF-kappaß pathway. TFG participates in chromosomal translocations associated with hematologic tumor and soft tissue sarcomas, and is also involved in the NF-kappa B pathway. The CNV gain in this family provides a new candidate genetic marker for future familial endometriosis studies. Additional longitudinal studies of affected families must confirm any associations between this rare CNV gain and genes involved in the NF-kappaß pathway in predisposition to endometriosis.

Xp22.33p22.13 Duplication in a Male Patient Carrying a Recombinant X Chromosome Derived from an Inherited Intrachromosomal Insertion.

Intrachromosomal insertions are complex structural rearrangements that are challenging to interpret using classical cytogenetic methods. We report a male patient carrying a recombinant X chromosome derived from a maternally inherited intrachromosomal insertion. The patient exhibited developmental delay, intellectual disability, behavioral disorder, and dysmorphic facial features. To accurately identify the rearrangements in the abnormal X chromosome, additional cytogenetic studies were conducted, including fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), multicolor-banding FISH, and array comparative genomic hybridization. The results showed a recombinant X chromosome, resulting in a 13.05 Mb interstitial duplication of segment Xp22.33-Xp22.13, which was inserted at cytoband Xq26.1. The duplicated region encompasses 99 genes, some of which are associated with the patient's clinical manifestations. We propose that the combined effects of the Xp-duplicated genes may contribute to the patient's phenotype.

Novel pathogenic variants and quantitative phenotypic analyses of Robinow syndrome: WNT signaling perturbation and phenotypic variability.

Robinow syndrome (RS) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder with six genes that converge on the WNT/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway implicated (DVL1, DVL3, FZD2, NXN, ROR2, and WNT5A). RS is characterized by skeletal dysplasia and distinctive facial and physical characteristics. To further explore the genetic heterogeneity, paralog contribution, and phenotypic variability of RS, we investigated a cohort of 22 individuals clinically diagnosed with RS from 18 unrelated families. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in genes associated with RS or RS phenocopies were identified in all 22 individuals, including the first variant to be reported in DVL2. We retrospectively collected medical records of 16 individuals from this cohort and extracted clinical descriptions from 52 previously published cases. We performed Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) based quantitative phenotypic analyses to dissect allele-specific phenotypic differences. Individuals with FZD2 variants clustered into two groups with demonstrable phenotypic differences between those with missense and truncating alleles. Probands with biallelic NXN variants clustered together with the majority of probands carrying DVL1, DVL2, and DVL3 variants, demonstrating no phenotypic distinction between the NXN-autosomal recessive and dominant forms of RS. While phenotypically similar diseases on the RS differential matched through HPO analysis, clustering using phenotype similarity score placed RS-associated phenotypes in a unique cluster containing WNT5A, FZD2, and ROR2 apart from non-RS-associated paralogs. Through human phenotype analyses of this RS cohort and OMIM clinical synopses of Mendelian disease, this study begins to tease apart specific biologic roles for non-canonical WNT-pathway proteins.

Partial Monosomy 4p and Trisomy 12q due to a t(4;12)(p16.3;q24.31) Familial Translocation in Two Cousins.

Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is caused by a distal 4p monosomy usually involving the region of the WHSC1 and WHSC2 genes. About 40-45% of WHS patients show an unbalanced translocation leading to both 4p monosomy and partial trisomy of another chromosome arm. In this case report, we describe 2 female cousins (P1 and P2) with a derivative chromosome leading to a 4p16.3pter deletion and 12q24.31qter duplication. Conventional karyotyping and genomic analyses showed that they both had the same rearrangement derived from a balanced parental translocation involving chromosomes 4 and 12, t(4;12)(p16.3;q24.31). The rearrangements occurred between 4p16.3pter and 12q24.31qter detected by array-CGH analysis, with a 2.7-Mb loss at 4p and a large 12.4-Mb gain at 12q. Both affected patients shared global developmental delay and craniofacial dysmorphisms with some distinct phenotypic findings associated with both WHS and 12qter trisomy. P2 was more severely impaired than P1, and she showed severe intellectual disability, seizures, midface hypoplasia, unilateral microtia, and deafness which were absent in P1. Previous studies of distal 4p monosomies have found phenotypic variability in WHS which does not correlate with haploinsufficiency of specific genes. Features of 12q trisomies are diverse with developmental and growth delay, intellectual disability, behavioral problems, and facial abnormalities. Collectively, our analysis of the literature of 3 similar translocations involving 4p and 12q, together with the clinical features of the affected cousins in this familial translocation, permits an evaluation of genes closely linked to WHSC1 and WHSC2 in the context of WHS and the genes involved in 12q trisomy.

Non-mosaic partial duplication 12p in a patient with dysmorphic characteristics and developmental delay.

Duplication of the short arm of chromosome 12 is a rare chromosomal abnormality that may arise de novo or result from malsegregation of a balanced parental translocation. This study comprises the clinical description, cytogenetic and cytogenomic analyses and genotype-phenotype correlation in a patient with facial dysmorphism, developmental delay and intellectual impairment caused by non-mosaic partial duplication and a paracentric inversion 12p. The patient's GTG-banded karyotype was 46,XX,invdup(12)(pter → p13.32::p11.1 → p13.31::p13.31 → qter). A genetic gain of approximately 28 Mb was detected in the chromosomal region arr[GRCh37]12p13.31-p11.1(6914072_34756209)x3. The chromosomal alteration seen in our patient is described as "pure" partial duplication 12p. In most cases, duplication 12p phenotype is characterized by dysmorphic features, multiple congenital anomalies and intellectual disability. A small number of cases in literature have described genes associated with neurodevelopmental disease, such as ING4, CHD4, MFAP5, GRIN2B, SOX5, SCN8A and PIANP. In our patient the duplication 12p was de novo. This study should contribute to the genotype-phenotype correlation in partial duplication 12p cases.

Complex Mosaic Ring Chromosome 11 Associated with Hemizygous Loss of 8.6 Mb of 11q24.2qter in Atypical Jacobsen Syndrome.

Jacobsen syndrome (JBS) is a contiguous gene deletion syndrome involving terminal chromosome 11q. The haploinsufficiency of multiple genes contributes to the overall clinical phenotype, which can include the variant Paris-Trousseau syndrome, a transient thrombocytopenia related to FLI1 hemizygous deletion. We investigated a boy with features of JBS using classic cytogenetic methods, FISH and high-resolution array CGH. The proband was found to have a mosaic ring chromosome 11 resulting in a hemizygous 11q terminal deletion of 8.6 Mb, leading to a copy number loss of 52 genes. The patient had a hemizygous deletion in the FLI1 gene region without apparent thrombocytopenia, and he developed diabetes mellitus type I, which has not previously been described in the spectrum of disorders associated with JBS. The relationship of some of the genes within the context of the phenotype caused by a partial deletion of 11q has provided insights concerning the developmental anomalies presented in this patient with atypical features of JBS.

Erratum to: Familial chromosomal translocation X; 22 associated with infertility and recurrent X mosaicism.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13039-016-0249-5.].

Familial chromosomal translocation X; 22 associated with infertility and recurrent X mosaicism.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with apparently balanced translocations, often, show no clinical findings. However, in meiosis, translocations tend to cause errors on chromosome disjunction and the ones involving sex chromosomes have particular implications for the phenotype. Male carriers of balanced X-autosome translocations are almost invariably infertile due to interruption of the spermatogenesis, but the mechanism is not fully understood. CASE PRESENTATION: In this case report, we performed a combination of classical cytogenetics (G-banding), molecular cytogenetics (fluorescence in situ hybridization and X-chromosome inactivation study), and cytogenomics (microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization) techniques for characterization of an inherited (X;22) translocation in a family originally referred for infertility investigation. Both proband and his sister are infertile and present the maternally inherited translocation. Interestingly, the maternal grandmother was mosaic for X chromosome monosomy suggesting that the t(X;22) in the proband's mother arose by errors at oogenesis. The presence of the same mosaicism of the X chromosome in the proband's aunt is consistent with this consideration. Array- CGH analysis showed no constitutional pathogenic gains or losses in the translocation carriers. The X-chromosome inactivation studies revealed that the translocated X;22 was active in 99.3% of cells in the mother and in 88% of cells in the daughter. We suggest that incomplete skewing of X inactivation (>97 %) of the daughter could justify the infertility. This study is the first description of recurrent mosaicism of the X chromosome associated with a familial X-autosome translocation. CONCLUSIONS: The phenotype of infertility was probably caused by disruption of spermatogenesis due to gametogenesis specific errors resulted from meiotic pairing and segregation anomalies on the translocated chromosomes.

Smoking-induced chromosomal segregation anomalies identified by FISH analysis of sperm.

BACKGROUND: Numerical chromosome aberrations in gametes are directly related to infertility and aneuploid embryos. Previous studies have shown that toxic substances from cigarette smoke induce structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations in vitro and could potentially increase levels of aneusomy in sperm. Moreover, increased levels of aneusomy in sperm are correlated with low implantation rates, spontaneous abortions and fetal losses. Studies of chromosome 3 in sperm suggest it may be more prone to segregation anomalies than other autosomes, but there has been no systematic investigation of the incidence of disomy for chromosome 3 in sperm derived from donor male smokers. The objective of this study was to use FISH to evaluate the influence of smoking on the levels of disomy for chromosomes X and Y, and to determine whether disomy levels for chromosome 3 were elevated in sperm derived from male smokers. RESULTS: FISH analysis was used to evaluate the frequency of disomies of chromosomes 3, X, and Y in sperm of 10 smokers, compared to a control group of 7 non-smoking fertile men. All the subjects presented a normal somatic karyotype. There was a significant increase in the overall frequency of disomies in sperm derived from the smoking group (P< 0.0001). When each chromosome pair was analyzed individually, disomy of chromosome 3 in smokers was found to be more than twice that observed in the matched non-smoker control group. In addition we observed a higher frequencies of disomy of the X and Y chromosomes, indicating elevated levels of diploidy in the sperm from the smoking group. CONCLUSIONS: In this study we have shown that chromosome 3 may be susceptible to smoking-related segregation anomalies. Our results also suggest that errors can occur in both meiosis I and II, confirming the emerging literature that the male meiotic process may generally be affected by the genotoxic damage from tobacco use. Collectively, these findings provide additional evidence for enhancing tobacco control measures, and suggest that FISH analysis of chromosome 3 in sperm may be useful for monitoring smoking-induced segregation damage as part of the evaluation of infertile males.

Messenger RNAs in metaphase II oocytes correlate with successful embryo development to the blastocyst stage.

The mRNAs accumulated in oocytes provide support for embryo development until embryo genomic activation. We hypothesized that the maternal mRNA stock present in bovine oocytes is associated with embryo development until the blastocyst stage. To test our hypothesis, we analyzed the transcriptome of the oocyte and correlated the results with the embryo development. Our goal was to identify genes expressed in the oocyte that correlate with its ability to develop to the blastocyst stage. A fraction of oocyte cytoplasm was biopsied using micro-aspiration and stored for further expression analysis. Oocytes were activated chemically, cultured individually and classified according to their capacity to develop in vitro to the blastocyst stage. Microarray analysis was performed on mRNA extracted from the oocyte cytoplasm fractions and correlated with its ability to develop to the blastocyst stage (good quality oocyte) or arrest at the 8-16-cell stage (bad quality oocyte). The expression of 4320 annotated genes was detected in the fractions of cytoplasm that had been collected from oocytes matured in vitro. Gene ontology classification revealed that enriched gene expression of genes was associated with certain biological processes: 'RNA processing', 'translation' and 'mRNA metabolic process'. Genes that are important to the molecular functions of 'RNA binding' and 'translation factor activity, RNA binding' were also enriched in oocytes. We identified 29 genes with differential expression between the two groups of oocytes compared (good versus bad quality). The content of mRNAs expressed in metaphase II oocytes influences the activation of the embryonic genome and enables further develop to the blastocyst stage.

Karyotype/phenotype correlation in partial trisomies of the long arm of chromosome 16: case report and review of literature.

Trisomy 16q is a clinically recognizable entity presenting with a wide spectrum of abnormalities. Only five infants with a diagnosis of partial trisomy 16q13 → qter have been previously reported, and all died during the first year of life. We report the clinical and molecular cytogenetic findings in a patient with trisomy 16q13 → qter due to the presence of a supernumerary marker chromosome (SMC). The child presented with microcephaly, ambiguous genitalia, cardiac malformations and dysmorphic features. Cytogenetic investigation using GTG-banding, spectral karyotyping (SKY) and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses revealed an SMC of maternal origin with karyotype der(15)t(15;16)(q13;q13). Specific genotype-phenotype correlations among different segments of the 16q region cannot yet be defined. We suggest that the involvement of the entire region spanning from 16q11 to 16q22 is necessary for the characteristic phenotype of the trisomy 16q.

MUC1 gene polymorphism in three Nelore lines selected for growth and its association with growth and carcass traits.

The objective of this study was to describe the VNTR polymorphism of the mucin 1 gene (MUC1) in three Nelore lines selected for yearling weight to determine whether allele and genotype frequencies of this polymorphism were affected by selection for growth. In addition, the effects of the polymorphism on growth and carcass traits were evaluated. Birth, weaning and yearling weights, rump height, Longissimus muscle area, backfat thickness, and rump fat thickness, were analyzed. A total of 295 Nelore heifers from the Beef Cattle Research Center, Instituto de Zootecnia de Sertãozinho, were used, including 41 of the control line, 102 of the selection line and 152 of the traditional. The selection and traditional lines comprise animals selected for higher yearling weight, whereas control line animals are selected for yearling weight close to the average. Five alleles were identified, with allele 1 being the most frequent in the three lines, especially in the lines selected for higher means for yearling weight. Heterozygosity was significantly higher in the control line. Association analyses showed significant effects of allele 1 on birth weight and weaning weight while the allele 3 exert significant effects on yearling weight and back fat thickness. Despite these findings, application of this marker to marker-assisted selection requires more consistent results based on the genotyping of a larger number of animals in order to increase the accuracy of the statistical analyses.

Deregulation of LOXL1 and HTRA1 gene expression in endometriosis.

Endometriosis is a gynecologic disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. Although 15% of the female population in reproductive age is affected by endometriosis, its pathogenesis remains unclear. According to the most accepted pathogenesis hypothesis, endometrial fragments from the menstrual phase are transported through the uterine tubes to the peritoneal cavity, where they undergo implantation and growth, invading adjacent tissues. However, the establishment of the disease requires that endometrial cells present molecular characteristics favoring the onset and progression of ectopic implantation. In this investigation, we analyzed the differential gene expression profiles of peritoneal and ovarian endometriotic lesions compared to the endometrial tissue of nonaffected women using rapid subtraction hybridization (RaSH). In our study, this method was applied to samples of endometriotic lesions from affected women and to biopsies of endometrium of healthy women without endometriosis, where we could identify 126 deregulated genes. To evaluate the expression of genes found by RaSH method, we measured LOXL1, HTRA1, and SPARC genes by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Significant different expression was obtained for HTRA1 and LOXL1, upregulated in the ectopic endometrium, suggesting that these genes are involved in the physiopathology of endometriosis and may favor the viability of endometrial cells at ectopic sites.

Messenger RNA expression of Pabpnl1 and Mbd3l2 genes in oocytes and cleavage embryos.

OBJECTIVE: To identify genes specifically expressed in mammalian oocytes using an in silico subtraction, and to characterize the mRNA patterns of selected genes in oocytes, embryos, and adult tissues. DESIGN: Comparison between oocyte groups and between early embryo stages. SETTING: Laboratories of embryo manipulation and molecular biology from Departamento de Genética (FMRP) and Departamento de Ciências Básicas (FZEA)--University of São Paulo. SAMPLE(S): Oocytes were collected from slaughtered cows for measurements, in vitro fertilization, and in vitro embryo culture. Somatic tissue, excluding gonad and uterus tissue, was collected from male and female cattle. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Messenger RNA levels of poly(A)-binding protein nuclear-like 1 (Pabpnl1) and methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 3-like 2 (Mbd3l2). RESULT(S): Pabpnl1 mRNA was found to be expressed in oocytes, and Mbd3l2 transcripts were present in embryos. Quantification of Pabpnl1 transcripts showed no difference in levels between good- and bad-quality oocytes before in vitro maturation (IVM) or between good-quality oocytes before and after IVM. However, Pabpnl1 transcripts were not detected in bad-quality oocytes after IVM. Transcripts of the Mbd3l2 gene were found in 4-cell, 8-cell, and morula-stage embryos, with the highest level observed in 8-cell embryos. CONCLUSION(S): Pabpnl1 gene expression is restricted to oocytes and Mbd3l2 to embryos. Different Pabpnl1 mRNA levels in oocytes of varying viability suggest an important role in fertility involving the oocyte potential for embryo development.

Association between MUC1 gene polymorphism and expected progeny differences in Nelore cattle (Bos primigenius indicus).

MUC1 is a heavily glycosylated mammalian transmembrane protein expressed by mucosal secretory tissues for both protection against microbial infection and lubrication. An important characteristic of MUC1 is its variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) containing several sites for O-glycosylation. VNTR length has been associated with many human diseases and with certain economically important traits in domestic ruminants. The aim of the present study was to correlate the length of MUC1 gene VNTR with expected progeny differences (EPDs) obtained for growth, fertility and carcass traits. Five alleles were identified, with alleles containing short VNTRs being more frequent than those with long, thereby demonstrating that Brazilian Nelore cattle are characterized by high frequencies in short MUC1 VNTRs. Statistical analyses revealed there to be no significant association between VNTR length and EPDs for weight at 120 days (W(120) ), scrotal circumference at 365 (SC (365) ) and 450 (SC (450) ) days, age at first calving (AFC), and rib eye area (REA).

Differentially expressed genes in eutopic and ectopic endometrium of women with endometriosis.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the potential mechanisms involved in the physiopathology of endometriosis. We analyzed the differential gene expression profiles of eutopic and ectopic tissues from women with endometriosis. DESIGN: Prospective laboratory study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENT(S): Seventeen patients in whom endometriosis was diagnosed and 11 healthy fertile women. INTERVENTION(S): Endometrial biopsy specimens from the endometrium of healthy women without endometriosis and from the eutopic and ectopic endometrium tissues of patients with endometriosis were obtained in the early proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Six paired samples of eutopic and ectopic tissue were analyzed by subtractive hybridization. To evaluate the expression of genes found by rapid subtraction hybridization methods, we measured CTGF, SPARC, MYC, MMP, and IGFBP1 genes by real-time polymerase chain reaction in all samples. RESULT(S): This study identified 291 deregulated genes in the endometriotic lesions. Significant expression differences were obtained for SPARC, MYC, and IGFBP1 in the peritoneal lesions and for MMP3 in the ovarian endometriomas. Additionally, significant differences were obtained for SPARC and IGFBP1 between the peritoneal and ovarian lesions. No significant differences were found for the studied genes between the control and the eutopic endometrium. CONCLUSION(S): This study identified 291 genes with differential expression in endometriotic lesions. The deregulation of the SPARC, MYC, MMP3, and IGFBPI genes may be responsible for the loss of cellular homeostasis in endometriotic lesions.

Association between MUC1 gene polymorphism and expected progeny differences in Nelore cattle (Bos primigenius indicus)

MUC1 is a heavily glycosylated mammalian transmembrane protein expressed by mucosal secretory tissues for both protection against microbial infection and lubrication. An important characteristic of MUC1 is its variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) containing several sites for O-glycosylation. VNTR length has been associated with many human diseases and with certain economically important traits in domestic ruminants. The aim of the present study was to correlate the length of MUC1 gene VNTR with expected progeny differences (EPDs) obtained for growth, fertility and carcass traits. Five alleles were identified, with alleles containing short VNTRs being more frequent than those with long, thereby demonstrating that Brazilian Nelore cattle are characterized by high frequencies in short MUC1 VNTRs. Statistical analyses revealed there to be no significant association between VNTR length and EPDs for weight at 120 days (W120), scrotal circumference at 365 (SC365) and 450 (SC450) days, age at first calving (AFC), and rib eye area (REA).

Meiotic segregation and interchromosomal effect in the sperm of a double translocation carrier: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Infertility is a natural mechanism of selection intended to prevent the delivery of a child with malformations or mental retardation. Male infertility is closely related to chromosomal abnormalities. This study was focused on the analysis of meiotic segregation involving a Robertsonian translocation, 45,XY,der(13;13) [56]/45,XY,der(13;14) [44] and the evaluation of possible interchromosomal effects. RESULTS: Hybridisation with LSI 13q14 and subtelomere 14q probes and WCP13 SpectrumGreen and WCP14 SpectrumOrange probes showed a high proportion of unbalanced gametes, corresponding to 71.2% of the spermatozoa. The disomic frequencies of the sexual chromosomes and chromosome 18 of the patient were higher (5.28% and 2.55%, respectively) than those of the control (0.6% and 0.59%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Meiotic segregation studies in sperm are an important tool for genetic counselling of chromosomal aberrations, allowing for a prediction of the risks and consequent implications for the reproductive life. The patient with this rare translocation exhibited meiotic segregation fidelity, and a high rate of unbalanced gametes with disomic spermatozoa.

A retrospective model of oocyte competence: global mRNA and housekeeping transcripts are not associated with in vitro developmental outcome.

SummaryOocyte developmental competence depends on maternal stores that support development throughout a transcriptionally silent period during early embryogenesis. Previous attempts to investigate transcripts associated with oocyte competence have relied on prospective models, which are mostly based on morphological criteria. Using a retrospective model, we quantitatively compared mRNA among oocytes with different embryo development competence. A cytoplasm biopsy was removed from in vitro matured oocytes to perform comparative analysis of amounts of global polyadenylated (polyA) mRNA and housekeeping gene transcripts. After parthenogenetic activation of biopsied oocytes, presumptive zygotes were cultured individually in vitro and oocytes were classified according to embryo development: (i) blocked before the 8-cell stage; (ii) blocked between the 8-cell and morulae stages; or (iii) developed to the blastocyst stage. Sham-manipulated controls confirmed that biopsies did not alter development outcome. Total polyA mRNA amounts correlate with oocyte diameter but not with the ability to develop to the 8-cell and blastocyst stages. The last was also confirmed by relative quantification of GAPDH, H2A and Hprt1 transcripts. In conclusion, we describe a novel retrospective model to identify putative markers of development competence in single oocytes and demonstrate that global mRNA amounts at the metaphase II stage do not correlate with embryo development in vitro.

Glycodelin expression in the endometrium of healthy women and in the eutopic and ectopic endometrium of women with endometriosis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the expression of the glycodelin gene to better understand the molecular environment of endometriotic lesions and to elucidate the potential mechanisms that underlie the complex physiopathology of endometriosis. DESIGN: Prospective laboratory study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENT(S): Eleven healthy fertile women and 17 patients with endometriosis in the early proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. INTERVENTION(S): Endometrial biopsy specimens were obtained from the endometrium of healthy women without endometriosis (controls) and from eutopic and ectopic endometrium tissues (pelvic and ovarian endometriotic implants) of endometriosis patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The glycodelin relative expression level by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. RESULT(S): The glycodelin down-regulation found in the endometriotic lesions was 332.26 and 123.17-fold lower, respectively, when compared with the eutopic tissue and the control endometrium. CONCLUSION(S): Glycodelin may be one of the molecules that contributes to the loss of cellular homeostasis in endometriotic lesions.