A Critical Appraisal of Educational Theory to Examine HBCU and Black Students' Professional Identity Formation.

OBJECTIVES: This article explores educational theories and existing literature that describe the impact of Historically Black College or University (HBCU) educational environments on Black students' personal and professional development. Literature on professional identity formation (PIF) in pharmacy education is also examined to describe the influence of HBCU pharmacy education on Black pharmacy students' PIF. FINDINGS: Tinto's theory of student retention, Arroyo and Gasman's HBCU educational framework, and Bank's theory of multicultural education are described, as key elements of HBCU education that foster PIF in minoritized student populations. Each of the 3 models addresses professional identity traits associated with pharmacists and pharmacy students, and this review examines the role of HBCU education in Black Doctor of Pharmacy students' development of academic competence, leadership, professional communication, and advocacy. SUMMARY: Existing educational frameworks and models of student retention can be applied to promote student growth, psychological safety, and feelings of belonging in minoritized student populations. By engaging these models, pharmacy training environments can support Black students and other minoritized student populations as they develop their own professional identities in the pursuit of fulfilling careers.

Contraceptive Methods.

The prevention of pregnancy remains an important part of the practice of medicine. Contraception can occur at a number of points in the basic reproductive biological process and through a number of contraceptive product options. Pharmacists are health care providers appropriately positioned to assist patients in suitable contraceptive product selection based on their personal situations and lifestyles. This article provides an overview of available products for prevention of pregnancy and associated risks and benefits. Contraceptive products are categorized by their hormonal content and method of action. Hormonal options include oral contraceptive pills, contraceptive patch, implants, injection, intravaginal, and intrauterine devices. Barrier products prevent pregnancy by creating a physical obstacle to the successful fertilization of an egg by sperm. All products and methods are associated with benefits and potential complications that must be considered as patients, and health care providers select the most satisfactory option.