Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS): A Systematic Review and Future Directions.

PURPOSE: To present a systematic review of the current body of literature surrounding spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) and highlight priorities for future research. METHODS: Three major biomedical databases were searched with the following terms: ((neuro ocular) OR ((brain) AND (eye))) AND ((spaceflight) OR (astronaut) OR (microgravity)) AND (ENGLISH[Language]). Once duplicates were removed, 283 papers were left. Articles were excluded if they were not written in English or conference abstracts only. We avoided including review papers which did not provide any new information; however, two reviews on the pathophysiology of SANS were included for completeness. No limitations on date of publication were used. All included entries were then summarized for their contribution to knowledge about SANS. RESULTS: Four main themes among the publications emerged: papers defining the clinical entity of SANS, its pathophysiology, technology used to study SANS, and publications on possible prevention of SANS. The key clinical features of SANS include optic nerve head elevation, hyperopic shifts, globe flattening, choroidal folds, and increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume in optic nerve sheaths. Two main hypotheses are proposed for the pathophysiology of SANS. The first being elevated intracranial pressure and the second compartmentalization of CSF to the globe. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and our understanding of the pathophysiology of SANS is still evolving. The use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) has greatly furthered our knowledge about SANS, and with the deployment of OCT to the International Space Station, we now have ability to collect intraflight data. No effective prevention for SANS has been found, although fortunately, even with persistent anatomic and physiologic neuro-ocular changes, any functional impact has been correctable with spectacles. CONCLUSION: This is the first systematic review of SANS. Despite the limitations of studying a syndrome that can only occur in a small, discrete population, we present a thorough overview of the literature surrounding SANS and several key areas important for future research are identified.

Considerations for the Treatment of Inflammatory Neuro-Ophthalmologic Disorders During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The initiation and continuation of immune-based therapies to treat and prevent complications of inflammatory neuro-ophthalmologic disorders during the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is the subject of considerable debate. In each case, a treatment decision must be reached based on best clinical practices for the disorder, patient comorbidities, the current state of knowledge about the pathogenesis and infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the utilization of hospital and community resources. Unfortunately, the evidence needed to standardize the decision-making process for each neuro-ophthalmologic disorder is currently absent and is likely to require months or years to develop based on the accrual of robust international data sets. In this article, we review the current understanding of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 complications to provide a framework for approaching the treatment of inflammatory neuro-ophthalmic disorders during the COVID-19 viral pandemic.

Empleo de la tomografía de coherencia óptica en el diagnóstico del papiledema / The employment of optic coherence tomography in the diagnosis of papilledema

Fundamento: La tomografía de coherencia óptica constituye una de las herramientas más revolucionarias en el diagnóstico oftalmológico de los últimos años. Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad de la tomografía de coherencia óptica en el diagnóstico del papiledema. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, observacional y analítico realizado en el período de mayo a octubre del 2007, en el Servicio de Neurooftalmología del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer. Se analizaron 27 pacientes que presentaban un papiledema típico en primer episodio de menos de 2 meses de evolución. Resultados: Predominó el sexo femenino con una edad media de 27 años. Los valores promedios del grosor de la capa de fibras nerviosas fueron significativos desde el punto de vista estadístico (p=0.000). Este predominó en orden de frecuencia en sectores inferior, superior, nasal y temporal. Conclusiones: La tomografía de coherencia óptica constituye un instrumento de utilidad en el diagnóstico del papiledema(AU)

The optic coherence tomography constitute one of the most revolucionary tool in the ophtalmic diagnosis in the latest years, and is very useful in the papilledema studies. Objectives: Evaluate the optic coherence tomography useful in papilledema diagnosis. Methods: Prospective, observacional and analytic study made since may to october 2007 in the neuroophtalmology deparment, Ophtalmology Cuban Institute Ramón Pando ferrer. Were studied 27 patients that presented a typical papilledema in the first episode at least with 2 months of duration. Results: The female sex was predominant with 27 of medium age. The medium thickness values of nervous fiber layer were stadistic important betwen the sectors (p=0.000). The nervous fiber layer thickness was predominant in order to frequency in lower, upper, nasal and temporal sectors. Conclusions: The optic coherence tomography constitute an useful instrument to papilledema diagnosis(AU)