Glyphosate excessive use chronically disrupts the shikimate pathway and can affect photosynthesis and yield in citrus trees.

Glyphosate excessive use is reported in Brazilian citrus orchards, whereas there is speculation about its consequences and the published studies are contradictory and inconclusive. This study aimed to describe the possible harmful effects by simulating glyphosate drift directly to the leaves of ∼4-yr-old citrus plants. As major results, glyphosate doses >360 g ae ha-1 increased the shikimate accumulation in leaves (up to 2.3-times above control), which was increased after a second glyphosate application (up to 3.5-times above control), even after a 240-d interval. Interestingly, shikimate accumulation was occasionally related to a dose-response of the herbicide at specific times; however, the doses had their accumulation peak on determined dates. These accumulations were directly correlated to reduced net photosynthesis even months after the glyphosate sprays. Quantum productivity based on electron transport through the photosystem II and apparent electron transport reductions up to 17% were also observed during the entire experiment course. Similarly, quantum productivity based on CO2 assimilation of glyphosate sprayed leaves decreased up to four times compared to the control after the second application. Glyphosate doses >360 g ae ha-1 increased stomatal conductance and transpiration as the carboxylation efficiency decreased, evidencing a carbon drainage in the Calvin-Benson cycle. These metabolic and physiological disturbances suggest possible photooxidative damage and an increase in photorespiration, which may be a mitigation strategy by the citrus plants to glyphosate effects, by the cost of reducing the citrus fruit yield (up to 57%). It is concluded that glyphosate phytotoxicity damages citrus plants over time due to chronic disturbances in the shikimate pathway and photosynthesis, even when there are no symptoms. This study is the first report to demonstrate how glyphosate damages citrus trees beyond the shikimate pathway.

Adenocarcinoma endometrioide de ovário em parede abdominal / Endometrioid adenocarcinoma of ovary in abdominal wall

Introdução: A transformação maligna da endometriose pode ocorrer em 0,7-1% das pacientes e 78,7% desses casos ocorrem nos ovários. Este trabalho relatou o caso de um adenocarcinoma endometrioide de ovário em parede abdominal após dois partos cesarianos. Relato de caso: Paciente de 52 anos apresentava dor bem localizada em região de hipogástrio com presença de tumoração no mesmo local há 1 ano. A referida dor piorava no período menstrual. Relatou, ainda, aumento do número de ciclos menstruais (duas vezes ao mês). A realização de exames de imagem evidenciou formação nodular heterogênea medindo 45 x 45 mm, subjacente à cicatriz cirúrgica na extremidade direita (pfannestiel), com ausência de linfoadenopatias. Foi realizada a exérese do tumor da parede abdominal, que revelou, após exame anatomopatológico, ser um adenocarcinoma endometrioide de ovário. Discussão: A manipulação cirúrgica da cavidade pélvica pode ser considerada um fator de risco no desenvolvimento da endometriose extragonadal. Além disso, o hiperestrogenismo, seja endógeno, seja exógeno, tem sido considerado como um fator de risco no desenvolvimento do câncer originado da endometriose. A malignização extragonadal da endometriose deve ser considerada como um diagnóstico diferencial em qualquer mulher com massa em parede abdominal, dor pélvica e/ou abdominal, uso de terapia de reposição hormonal, histórico de manipulação cirúrgica da cavidade pélvica e sangramentos vaginais.

Introduction: The malignant transformation of endometriosis can occur in 0.7-1% of the patients and 78.7% of these cases occur in the ovaries. This paper reported a case of endometrioid adenocarcinoma of ovary in the abdominal wall after two cesarean deliveries. Case report: A 52-year patient presented well-localized pain at the hypogastrium region where a tumor has been present for 1 year. The related pain worsened during menstruation. She also related increase in the number of menstrual cycles (twice a month). The performance of imaging tests revealed heterogeneous nodular formation measuring 45 x 45 mm, behind the surgical scar on the right end (pfannestiel), with absence of lymphadenopathies. The excision of the tumor from the abdominal wall was performed and revealed, after anatomopathological examination, to be an endometriod adenocarcinoma of ovary. Discussion: The surgical manipulation of the pelvic cavity can be considered a risk factor in the development of extra-gonadal endometriosis. Moreover, the hyper-estrogenic, either endogenous or exogenous, has been considered a risk factor in cancer development originated from endometriosis. The extra-gonadal malignancy of endometriosis should be considered as a differential diagnostic in any woman with mass in the abdominal wall, with pelvic and/or abdominal pain, hormonal replacement therapy, history of surgical manipulation of the pelvic cavity and vaginal bleeding.

Fístula colecistocutânea espontânea:uma rara complicação da doença calculosa da vesícula biliar / Spontaneous cholecystocutaneous fistula: a rare complication of gallbladder disease

Introdução: As fístulas colecistocutâneas são complicações infrequentes decorrentes de processos inflamatórios ou infecciosos que ocorrem envolvendo a vesícula biliar ou vias biliares incluindo colédoco e ducto cístico. O primeiro relato data de 1640 por Thilesus, e sua incidência vem diminuindo provavelmente devido à melhora dos métodos diagnósticos de imagem e tratamentos medicamentosos. Relato de caso: Relatamos aqui um caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, de 63 anos de idade, que apresentou como queixa inicial uma dor em hipocôndrio direito do tipo cólica, há cerca de quatro meses, que evoluiu com abscesso local, drenado em outro serviço. Seguiu-se à drenagem débito bilioso persistente. O paciente foi submetido à colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica com retirada de múltiplos cálculos do colédoco. Após 30 dias o paciente foi operado, sendo realizada colecistectomia com exploração radiológica das vias biliares que evidenciou normalidade das vias biliares intra e extra-hepáticas, obstrução do ducto cístico, estenose de colédoco proximal de cerca de dois centímetros e ausência de cálculos biliares. Realizou-se ainda a ressecção da porção estenosada do colédoco com anastomose primária término-terminal e drenagem a Kher. O paciente evoluiu com fístula biliar pós-operatória orientada por dreno cavitário, evoluindo com baixo débito de cerca de 150 mililitros até o 15º pós-operatório. Discussão: As fístulas colecistocutâneas são uma complicação cada vez mais rara de processos inflamatórios ou infecciosos do trato colecistobiliar, os quais exigem tratamento cirúrgico efetivo envolvendo a colecistectomia com reestabelecimento do trajeto fisiológico de drenagem biliar.

Introduction: The cholecystocutaneous fistulae are unusual complications resulting from infectious or inflammatory processes that occur involving the gallbladder or biliary tract, including choledochal and cystic duct. The first report dates from 1640 by Thilesus, and its incidence has decreased due to improved diagnostic methods for image and drug treatments. Case report: We report a case of a 63 years old male patient who presented an initial complaint of pain in the right hypochondrium, type colic, for about four months, who developed local abscess, drained in another service. Following, there was persistent bilious drainage flow. The patient underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with the withdrawal of multiple choledochal gallbladder. After 30 days the patient was operated with cholecystectomy performed, with the usage of radiological exploration of the biliary tract, which showed normal intra and extra-hepatic bile ducts, obstruction of the cystic duct, stenosis of proximal choledochal of about two centimeters and absence of gallstones. There was also the resection of the portion of choledochal stenosis with primary end-to-end anastomosis and drainage to Khera. The patient evolved with postoperative biliary fistula guided by drain cavity, evolving with low debt of about 150 milliliters to 15 postoperatively. Discussion: The cholecystocutaneous fistula is an increasingly rare complication of infectious or inflammatory processes of biliary tract, which require surgical treatment with cholecystectomy involving the effective re-establishment of the physiological pathway of bile drainage.