Clinical description, molecular delineation and genotype-phenotype correlation in 340 patients with KBG syndrome: addition of 67 new patients.

BACKGROUND: KBG syndrome is a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder and clinical diagnostic criteria have changed as new patients have been reported. Both loss-of-function sequence variants and large deletions (copy number variations, CNVs) involving ANKRD11 cause KBG syndrome, but no genotype-phenotype correlation has been reported. METHODS: 67 patients with KBG syndrome were assessed using a custom phenotypical questionnaire. Manifestations present in >50% of the patients and a 'phenotypical score' were used to perform a genotype-phenotype correlation in 340 patients from our cohort and the literature. RESULTS: Neurodevelopmental delay, macrodontia, triangular face, characteristic ears, nose and eyebrows were the most prevalentf (eatures. 82.8% of the patients had at least one of seven main comorbidities: hearing loss and/or otitis media, visual problems, cryptorchidism, cardiopathy, feeding difficulties and/or seizures. Associations found included a higher phenotypical score in patients with sequence variants compared with CNVs and a higher frequency of triangular face (71.1% vs 42.5% in CNVs). Short stature was more frequent in patients with exon 9 variants (62.5% inside vs 27.8% outside exon 9), and the prevalence of intellectual disability/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder/autism spectrum disorder was lower in patients with the c.1903_1907del variant (70.4% vs 89.4% other variants). Presence of macrodontia and comorbidities were associated with larger deletion sizes and hand anomalies with smaller deletions. CONCLUSION: We present a detailed phenotypical description of KBG syndrome in the largest series reported to date of 67 patients, provide evidence of a genotype-phenotype correlation between some KBG features and specific ANKRD11 variants in 340 patients, and propose updated clinical diagnostic criteria based on our findings.

Polirradiculopatía diabética dolorosa: tratamiento con inmunoglobulinas intravenosas / Painful diabetic polyradiculoneuropathy: treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins

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Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia: new mutation in the CASR gene converting valine 697 to methionine.

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia is an uncommon cause of hypercalcemia that arises from mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor gene. Inactivation of this receptor leads to a decreased receptor sensitivity to calcium, determining that higher concentrations of calcium are needed to inhibit the release of parathormone in the parathyroid glands. Patients usually are asymptomatic. Diagnosis is usually made casually after a routine blood analysis. The syndrome is characterized by mild or moderate hypercalcemia, hypocalciuria, and normal or slightly increased levels of parathormone. The degree of hypercalcemia depends on the type of mutation. The accurate diagnosis is important since it is a benign disorder that does not require medical or surgical treatment. We report a 9-year-old female with persistent hypercalcemia in several routine blood analyses, who was diagnosed with familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia after genetic studies were performed. A new mutation determining a nucleotide change c.2089G>A in the calcium-sensing receptor gene (exon 7) was detected. This mutation was also found in the patient's mother and brother.