Acurácia da citologia vaginal e colposcopia para diagnóstico de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical no CICAN-Bahia / Accuracy of vaginal cytology and colposcopy in the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in CICAN-Bahia

O rastreamento do câncer do colo uterino é realizado por meio da citologia cervical e colposcopia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a acurácia da citologia cervical e da colposcopia para o diagnóstico de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical no do Centro Estadual de Oncologia. Para tanto, utilizou-se os dados das citologias de 351 pacientes e de 378 colposcopias que também realizaram biópsias de lesões suspeitas. Foram estimadas as medidas de acurácia das citologias e das colposcopias. Os valores da sensibilidade e especificidade para citologia foram de 85,04% (Intervalo de Confiança 95% 80,34 ­ 89,01), 40% (Intervalo de confiança 95% 28,47 ­ 52,41), respectivamente; e, para colposcopia, de 97,73% (Intervalo de confiança 95% 95,37 ­ 99,08) e 15,79% (Intervalo de confiança 95% 8,43 ­ 25,96), respectivamente. O valor da Razão de Probabilidade positiva da citologia foi de 1,42 (Intervalo de confiança 95%, 1,16 ­ 1,72) e da Razão de Probabilidade negativa foi de 0,37 (Intervalo de confiança 95%, 0,25 ­ 0,56). Já para colposcopia, o valor da Razão de Probabilidade positiva foi de 1,16 (Intervalo de confiança 95%, 1,05 ­ 1,28); e, a Razão de Probabilidade negativa de 0,14 (Intervalo de confiança 95%, 0,06 ­ 0,36). Assim, sugere-se que a capacidade da citologia e colposcopia de modificar a probabilidade pós-teste de doença no Centro Estadual de Oncologia é pequena, em virtude do baixo valor das Razões de Probabilidade positiva

Acurácia da citologia vaginal e colposcopia para diagnóstico de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical no CICAN-Bahia / Accuracy of vaginal cytology and colposcopy in the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in CICAN-Bahia / Precisión de la citología vaginal y colposcopia en el diagnóstico de la neoplasia intraepitelial cervical en CICAN-Bahia

O rastreamento do câncer do colo uterino é realizado por meio da citologia cervical e colposcopia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a acurácia da citologia cervical e da colposcopia para o diagnóstico de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical no do Centro Estadual de Oncologia. Para tanto, utilizou-se os dados das citologias de 351 pacientes e de 378 colposcopias que também realizaram biópsias de lesões suspeitas. Foram estimadas as medidas de acurácia das citologias e das colposcopias. Os valores da sensibilidade e especificidade para citologia foram de 85,04% (Intervalo de Confiança 95% 80,34 ­ 89,01), 40% (Intervalo de confiança 95% 28,47 ­ 52,41), respectivamente; e, para colposcopia, de 97,73% (Intervalo de confiança 95% 95,37 ­ 99,08) e 15,79% (Intervalo de confiança 95% 8,43 ­ 25,96), respectivamente. O valor da Razão de Probabilidade positiva da citologia foi de 1,42 (Intervalo de confiança 95%, 1,16 ­ 1,72) e da Razão de Probabilidade negativa foi de 0,37 (Intervalo de confiança 95%, 0,25 ­ 0,56). Já para colposcopia, o valor da Razão de Probabilidade positiva foi de 1,16 (Intervalo de confiança 95%, 1,05 ­ 1,28); e, a Razão de Probabilidade negativa de 0,14 (Intervalo de confiança 95%, 0,06 ­ 0,36). Assim, sugere-se que a capacidade da citologia e colposcopia de modificar a probabilidade pós-teste de doença no Centro Estadual de Oncologia é pequena, em virtude do baixo valor das Razões de Probabilidade positiva.

Screening for cervical cancer is performed by cervical cytology and colposcopy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of cervical cytology and colposcopy in the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in State Oncology Center. For that it was used cytology data from 351 patients and colposcopy data from 378 patients, which also performed biopsies of suspicious lesions. The measures of accuracy of cytology and colposcopy were estimated. The values of sensitivity and specificity for cytology were 85.04% (95% confidence interval 80,34 - 89.01), 40% (95% confidence interval 28,47 - 52.41), respectively, and for colposcopy were 97.73% (95% confidence interval 95.37 - 99.08) and 15.79% (95% confidence interval, 8.43 - 25,96), respectively. The positive likelihood ratio value of cytology was 1.42 (95% CI, 1.16 to 1.72) and negative Likelihood ratio was 0.37 (95% confidence interval, 0.25 to 0.56). As for colposcopy, the positive likelihood ratio value was 1.16 (95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 1.28) and the negative likelihood ratio, 0.14 (95% confidence interval, 0.06 to 0.36). Thus it is suggested that the capacity of these tests to modify the post-test probability of disease in State Oncology Center is small because of the low value of positive likelihood ratio.

La detección de cáncer de cuello uterino es realizada por medio de citología cervical y por colposcopia. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la precisión de la citología cervical y de la colposcopia en el diagnóstico de la neoplasia intraepitelial cervical in el Centro Estadual de Oncología. Para ello, utilizaronse los datos de citología de 351 pacientes y de 378 colposcopias que también realizaron biopsias de lesiones sospechosas. Fueron estimadas las medidas de precisión de las citologías y de las colposcopias. Los valores de sensibilidad y especificidad para la citología fueron 85,04% (Intervalo de confianza 95%: 80,34 - 89,01), 40% (Intervalo de confianza 95%: 28,47 - 52,41), respectivamente, y, para la colposcopia, de 97,73% (Intervalo de confianza 95% 95,37 - 99,08) y 15,79% (Intervalo de confianza 95%: 8,43 - 25,96), respectivamente. El valor de Razón de probabilidad positivo de la citología fue 1,42 (Intervalo de confianza 95%, 1,16-1,72) y de Razón de Probabilidad negativo fue 0,37 (Intervalo de confianza 95%: 0,25 a 0,56). En cuanto a la colposcopia, el valor de Razón de Probabilidad positivo fue 1,16 (Intervalo de confianza 95%, desde 1,05 hasta 1,28) y de Razón de Probabilidad negativa, 0,14 (Intervalo de confianza 95%, 0,06 hasta 0,36). Así, sugierese que la capacidad de la citología y colposcopia de modificar la probabilidad post test en el Centro Estadual de Oncología es pequeña, debido al bajo valor de las razones de probabilidad positiva.

Potentially modifiable factors associated with non-adherence to phosphate binder use in patients on hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: Despite the evidence that phosphate binder (PB) is associated with improved outcomes many hemodialysis patients do not adhere to prescribed PB regimen. Therefore, barriers to PB adherence should be identified and eliminated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate PB adherence among hemodialysis patients and to explore potentially modifiable factors associated with low PB adherence. METHODS: A cross-sectional study (502 patients) was performed in four dialysis units in Salvador, Brazil, using data from the second phase of the Prospective Study of the Prognosis of Chronic Hemodialysis Patients (PROHEMO). Patients were categorized as adherent or non-adherent to PB based on their responses to a semi-structured questionnaire. RESULTS: Non-adherence to PB was observed for 65.7% of the patients. After adjustments for numerous covariates, cerebrovascular disease (odds ratio (OR), 3.30; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03-10.61), higher PTH (OR per each 300 pg/mL, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.01-1.28), lack of comprehension of the appropriate time to use PB (OR, 7.09; 95% CI, 2.10-23.95) and stopping PB use after feeling better (OR, 4.54; 95% CI, 1.45-14.25) or feeling worse (OR, 11.04; 95% CI, 1.79- 68.03) were significantly associated with PB non-adherence. By contrast, the adjusted odds of PB non-adherence were lower for patients with more years on dialysis (OR by each 2 years, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.80-0.95), with serum phosphorus above 5.5 mg/dL (OR, 0.53; 95% CI 0.34-0.82), who referred that were encouraged by the dialysis staff to be independent (OR, 0.52; 95% CI 0.30-0.90), and reported that the nephrologist explained how PB should be used (OR, 0.20; 95% CI 0.05-0.73). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study are encouraging by showing evidence that improvement in the care provided by the dialysis staff and the attending nephrologist may play an important role in reducing the high prevalence of non-adherence to PB in maintenance hemodialysis patients. A new questionnaire is presented and may help to evaluate systematically the patients regarding PB adherence in hemodialysis setting.

Handgrip strength as a simple indicator of possible malnutrition and inflammation in men and women on maintenance hemodialysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity of handgrip strength (HGS) as a simple screening instrument for malnutrition and inflammation in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) by correlating it with malnutrition-inflammation score (MIS). DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of the Prospective Study of the Prognosis in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients (PROHEMO). SETTING: Satellite dialysis units in the city of Salvador, Brazil. PATIENTS: The sample included 274 men and 162 women on MHD. MAIN PREDICTOR VARIABLE: HGS was chosen as the main predictor variable in this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: An MIS ≥6. RESULTS: As compared with men, women were found to have lower HGS values (19.38 ± 6.48 kg vs. 29.07 ± 8.67 kg; P < .001) and higher MIS (6.38 ± 3.84 vs. 5.57 ± 3.39; P = .032). HGS was found to be inversely correlated with MIS among women (Spearman's ρ = -.360; P < .001) as well as men (Spearman's ρ = -0.384; P < .001); this inverse correlation was observed in patients with and without diabetes, different racial groups, younger and older subjects, incident (<3 months) and prevalent patients, in the case of both genders. Among both men and women, every one standard deviation lower of HGS was associated with more than two-fold higher odds for MIS ≥6, after adjusting for age, race, duration of dialysis, and Kt/V. These associations remained statistically significant after more extensive adjustments. The optimized cutoff point of HGS for MIS ≥6 was 28.3 kg for men (sensitivity = 70.0%; specificity = 66.0%) and 23.4 kg for women (sensitivity = 87.0%; specificity = 43.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Lower HGS values were independently associated with higher MIS among patients on MHD across several subgroups. These results suggest that HGS is a valid screening instrument for malnutrition and inflammation in patients on MHD.

Depression as a potential explanation for gender differences in health-related quality of life among patients on maintenance hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The reasons for lower health-related quality of life (HRQOL) scores in women compared to men on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) are unknown. We investigated whether depression accounts for gender differences in HRQOL. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 868 (40.9% women) Brazilian MHD patients (PROHEMO Study). We used the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form to assess HRQOL and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale (scores from 0-60) to assess depression with scores >or=18 indicating high depression probability. RESULTS: Higher depression scores were associated with lower HRQOL in both sexes. Women had higher depression scores; 51.8% of women versus 38.2% of men (p < 0.001) had CES-D scores >or=18. Women scored lower on all 9 assessed HRQOL scales. The female-to-male differences in HRQOL were slightly reduced with inclusion of Kt/V and comorbidities in regression models. Substantial additional reductions in female-to-male differences in all HRQOL scales were observed after including depression scores in the models, by 50.9% for symptoms/problems related to renal failure, by 71.6% for mental health and by 87.1% for energy/vitality. CONCLUSIONS: Lower HRQOL among women was largely explained by depression symptoms. Results support greater emphasis on treating depression to improve HRQOL in MHD patients, particularly women.

[Prescription of phosphorus binders and calcitriol for chronic hemodialysis patients]. / Prescrição de quelantes de fósforo e calcitriol para pacientes em hemodiálise crônica.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency of prescription of phosphate binders (PB) and calcitriol for patients on chronic hemodialysis in Salvador, Brazil, and to assess whether treatment is in agreement with recommendations of the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI). METHODS: Cross section of baseline data of the PROHEMO study. The frequency of prescription of PB and calcitriol according to laboratory indicators of mineral metabolism was compared with K/DOQI recommendations. RESULTS: Sevelamer alone (i.e., not combined with other PB) was prescribed for 45.4% of patients, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) alone for 26.5%, sevelamer combined with CaCO3 for 2.1% and calcium acetate for 5.2%. Prescription of PB was noted in 53% of the patients with phosphorus <3.5 mg/dL and 40% with phosphorus <3.0 mg/dL. In disagreement with K/DOQI, prescription of calcitriol was found in 19% of patients with PTH<150 pg/mL and prescription was absent for approximately 35.4% with PTH>300 pg/dL combined with phosphorus equal or less than 5.5 mg/dL, calcium equal or less than 9.5 mg/dL and calcium x phosphorus product (CaxP)<55 mg2/dL2. For this latter group 38% had a prescription of sevelamer without other phosphate binders. CONCLUSION: Results show a large percentage of prescriptions of sevelamer among patients on maintenance hemodialysis in a Brazilian city, despite the high cost of the medication and absence of contraindications for PB with calcium salts. Results in patients with PTH<150 pg/mL and with PTH>300 pg/mL combined with certain concentrations of calcium, phosphate and CaxP also indicate the need to evaluate practices for use of phosphate binders and calcitriol.

Prescrição de quelantes de fósforo e calcitriol para pacientes em hemodiálise crônica / Prescription of phosphorus binders and calcitriol for chronic hemodialysis patients

OBJETIVO: Descrever a frequência de prescrição de quelantes de fósforo (QF) e calcitriol em pacientes sob hemodiálise (HD) crônica em Salvador, Brasil, e avaliar se o tratamento está de acordo com recomendações do Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI). MÉTODOS: Corte transversal de dados da linha de base do Estudo Prospectivo do Prognóstico de Pacientes Tratados Cronicamente por Hemodiálise (PROHEMO). Foi realizada descrição da frequência de prescrição de QF e calcitriol conforme as concentrações de indicadores laboratoriais do metabolismo mineral, comparando com recomendações do K/DOQI. RESULTADOS: Sevelamer isoladamente (i.e., não combinado com outro QF) foi prescrito para 45,4 por cento dos pacientes, carbonato de cálcio (CaCO3) isoladamente para 26,5 por cento, sevelamer combinado com CaCO3 para 2,1 por cento e acetato de cálcio para 5,2 por cento. Prescrição de QF foi observada para 53 por cento dos pacientes com fósforo <3,5 mg/dL e 40 por cento com fósforo <3,0 mg/dL. Em desacordo com K/DOQI, prescrição de calcitriol foi detectada para 19 por cento dos pacientes com PTH<150 pg/mL e ausência da prescrição para aproximadamente 35,4 por cento com PTH>300 pg/dL combinado com fósforo menor ou igual a 5,5 mg/dL, cálcio menor ou igual a 9,5 mg/dL e produto cálcio e fósforo (CaxP)<55 mg2/dL2. Neste último grupo, 38 por cento tiveram prescrição de sevelamer sem outro QF. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados mostram um elevado percentual de prescrição de sevelamer em pacientes em HD de manutenção em uma cidade brasileira, apesar do alto custo deste medicamento e ausência de contraindicação para QF à base de cálcio. Os resultados em pacientes com PTH<150 pg/mL e com PTH>300 pg/mL combinado com determinadas concentrações de cálcio, fósforo e CaxP indicam também a necessidade de avaliar as práticas de uso de QF e calcitriol.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency of prescription of phosphate binders (PB) and calcitriol for patients on chronic hemodialysis in Salvador, Brazil, and to assess whether treatment is in agreement with recommendations of the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI). METHODS: Cross section of baseline data of the PROHEMO study. The frequency of prescription of PB and calcitriol according to laboratory indicators of mineral metabolism was compared with K/DOQI recommendations. RESULTS: Sevelamer alone (i.e., not combined with other PB) was prescribed for 45.4 percent of patients, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) alone for 26.5 percent, sevelamer combined with CaCO3 for 2.1 percent and calcium acetate for 5.2 percent. Prescription of PB was noted in 53 percent of the patients with phosphorus <3.5 mg/dL and 40 percent with phosphorus <3.0 mg/dL. In disagreement with K/DOQI, prescription of calcitriol was found in 19 percent of patients with PTH<150 pg/mL and prescription was absent for approximately 35.4 percent with PTH>300 pg/dL combined with phosphorus equal or less than 5.5 mg/dL, calcium equal or less than 9.5 mg/dL and calcium x phosphorus product (CaxP)<55 mg2/dL2. For this latter group 38 percent had a prescription of sevelamer without other phosphate binders. CONCLUSION: Results show a large percentage of prescriptions of sevelamer among patients on maintenance hemodialysis in a Brazilian city, despite the high cost of the medication and absence of contraindications for PB with calcium salts. Results in patients with PTH<150 pg/mL and with PTH>300 pg/mL combined with certain concentrations of calcium, phosphate and CaxP also indicate the need to evaluate practices for use of phosphate binders and calcitriol.

[Comparisons of quality of life measures between women and men on hemodialysis]. / Comparações de medidas de qualidade de vida entre mulheres e homens em hemodiálise.

OBJECTIVE: To compare men and women on chronic hemodialysis in relation to their scores in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and evaluate the potential influence of age and comorbidities on the comparison. METHODS: Cross-section of the baseline data of 254 women and 349 men, participants of the PROHEMO Study that has been developed in dialysis units of Salvador. By using the version of the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form KDQOL-SF, validated for the Brazilian population, the following scores were determined: physical component summary (PCS), mental component summary [MCS] and the scale for symptoms/problems related to renal disease. The PCS and MCS scores were derived from the eight generic KDQOL-SF scales. Multiple linear regression was used to estimate differences in the scores of men and women (DS), adjusted for age, years on hemodialysis, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vasculopathy, diabetes, serum hemoglobin and serum albumin. RESULTS: Mean ages were 48.1+/-14.1 and 49.4+/-14.0 years for women and men, respectively. Women had lower scores for all generic HRQOL scales. They also had significantly (P<0.001) lower scores for PCS (DS=2.4 points), MCS (DS=3 points) and symptoms/problems (DS = 6.6 points). Differences were independent of comorbidties and greater in the group over 49 years of age. CONCLUSION: Data indicate that for several scales of HRQOL, women treated chronically by hemodialysis had lower scores than men. Lower scores in women were observed for different age groups, independently of comorbidities.

Comparações de medidas de qualidade de vida entre mulheres e homens em hemodiálise / Comparisons of quality of life measures between women and men on hemodialysis

OBJETIVO: Comparar homens e mulheres, tratados cronicamente por hemodiálise, quanto a escores de qualidade de vida relacionada com saúde (QVRS) e avaliar potenciais influências da idade e comorbidades. MÉTODOS: Corte transversal dos dados da linha de base de 254 mulheres e 349 homens participantes do estudo PROHEMO, sendo desenvolvido em unidades de diálise de Salvador. Utilizando a versão do Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form (KDQOL-SF), validada para a população brasileira, foram determinados os escores das escalas: sumário do componente físico [PCS], sumário do componente mental [MCS] e sintomas/problemas relacionados à doença renal. Os escores do PCS e MCS foram determinados utilizando as oito escalas genéricas do KDQOL-SF. Regressão linear múltipla foi usada para estimar diferenças de escores (DE) entre homens e mulheres, ajustadas para idade, anos em hemodiálise, insuficiência cardíaca, doença cerebrovascular, diabetes, doença arterial periférica e níveis séricos de hemoglobina e albumina. RESULTADOS: Médias de idade de mulheres e homens foram, respectivamente, 48,1±14,1 e 49,4±14,0 anos. As mulheres apresentaram menores escores em todas as escalas genéricas de QVRS. Apresentaram também médias significantemente menores (P<0.01) no PCS (DE = 2,4 pontos), MCS (DE = 3 pontos) e sintomas/problemas (DE = 6,6 pontos). As diferenças foram independentes dos efeitos de comorbidades e mais amplas no grupo com idade superior a 49 anos. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados indicam que em várias escalas de QVRS as mulheres tratadas cronicamente por hemodiálise apresentam menores escores do que os homens. Os menores escores de QVRS em mulheres foram observados em diferentes grupos etários, independente de comorbidades.

OBJECTIVE: To compare men and women on chronic hemodialysis in relation to their scores in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and evaluate the potential influence of age and comorbidities on the comparison. METHODS: Cross-section of the baseline data of 254 women and 349 men, participants of the PROHEMO Study that has been developed in dialysis units of Salvador. By using the version of the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form KDQOL-SF, validated for the Brazilian population, the following scores were determined: physical component summary (PCS), mental component summary [MCS] and the scale for symptoms/problems related to renal disease. The PCS and MCS scores were derived from the eight generic KDQOL-SF scales. Multiple linear regression was used to estimate differences in the scores of men and women (DS), adjusted for age, years on hemodialysis, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vasculopathy, diabetes, serum hemoglobin and serum albumin. RESULTS: Mean ages were 48.1±14.1 and 49.4±14.0 years for women and men, respectively. Women had lower scores for all generic HRQOL scales. They also had significantly (P<0.001) lower scores for PCS (DS = 2.4 points), MCS (DS = 3 points) and symptoms/problems (DS = 6.6 points). Differences were independent of comorbidties and greater in the group over 49 years of age. CONCLUSION: Data indicate that for several scales of HRQOL, women treated chronically by hemodialysis had lower scores than men. Lower scores in women were observed for different age groups, independently of comorbidities.