[Different influences of genomic imprinting on the development of parthenogenetic cell clones in C57BL/6 and CBA mice]. / Razlichnoe vliianie genomnogo imprintinga na razvitie partenogeneticheskikh kletochnykh klonov myshei C57BL/6 i CBA.

Clonal analysis of parthenogenetic chimeric mouse embryos C57B1/6(PG)<-->BALB/c has shown that parthenogenetic cell clones C57BL/6 are present in the brain, liver, and kidneys of 14- and 18-day-old embryos. The content of the parthenogenetic component (PG) in these organs on day 18 was lower than on day 14, and, in some 18-day-old embryos, parthenogenetic cell clones were absent from the liver and/or kidneys. These data suggest that, during the embryogenesis of parthenogenetic chimeras, parthenogenetic cell clones of mostly endodermal and mesodermal origins were actively eliminated. Therefore, in such parthenogenetic adult chimeras, parthenogenetic clones of mostly ectodermal origins were preserved. In parthenogenetic chimeras CBA(PG)<-->BALB/c, parthenogenetic cell clones were actively eliminated at early embryonic stages, and, as a result, they were absent at the post-implantation stages. Hence, during development of parthenogenetic cell clones, the effects of genomic imprinting are expressed unequally in C57BL/6 and CBA mice.

[Autoantibodies to glutamate decarboxylase in children with newly detected insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus]. / Autoantitela k glutamatdekarboksilaze u detei s vpervye vyiavlennym insulinzavisimym sakharnym diabetom.

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is considered as target antigen in pancreatic beta cell autoimmunity. Two isoforms of GAD (islet and brain GAD) were detected recently. In circulation of approximately 80% of recently detected patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) autoantibodies to brain GAD (bGAD) have been demonstrated. To detect autoantibodies to bGAD blood sera of 48 children aged 1 to 14, 36 of these with newly diagnosed IDDM, 2 with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), 10 healthy controls, were tested. Indirect immunofluorescent staining of rat cerebellum cryoslices was carried out. The results were assessed using fluorescent microscopy and processed by statistical methods. Autoantibodies to bGAD were found in 30 out of 36 patients with IDDM: 83.3 +/- 12.4% (p = 95%), in 1 with IGT, and in none of controls. The fact that all controls were antibody-negative proves a high specificity of this immunological marker of IDDM. Family history or a younger age by the moment of diabetes onset were conductive to a higher prevalence of autoantibodies to GAD, each of these factors being unrelated to the other.

[Mortality in children with diabetes mellitus in Moscow]. / Letal'nost' sredi detei s sakharnym diabetom v Moskve.

Analysis of the mortality of children with insulin-dependent diabetes in Moscow in the eighties revealed a very high specific incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis, the principal cause of lethal outcomes occurring in the period of the disease manifestation in more than a half of the analyzed cases. Mortality index among children with diabetes was found higher than in countries with well-developed economy. The overwhelming majority of untimely lethal outcomes of diabetes mellitus in childhood may be prevented.

[Frequency of detection of hepatitis B markers in various chronic diseases in children]. / Chastota vyiavleniia markerovvirusnogo gepatita B pri razlichnykh khronicheskikh zabolevaniiakh u detei.

Overall 995 children with different somatic chronic diseases were examined for viral hepatitis B markers demonstration using up-to-date highly sensitive methods (hemagglutination inhibition test, EIA). In the control group (children with acute intestinal infections), HBV-infection markers were discovered in 4.3%. Children with diabetes mellitus (13.1%), chronic renal diseases (18.9%), pulmonary diseases (32.8%), bronchial asthma (33.3%) and hemophilia (85.2%) are attributed to the group at greater risk for HBV infection. As a rule, the rate of HBV-infection markers demonstration in chronic somatic diseases was higher in considerable duration of the underlying illness. The overwhelming majority of the children examined had suffered subclinical forms of HBV-infection as shown by the disease history, whereupon they manifested antibodies against HBV antigens. HBs-antigenemia, that persisted for a long time (chronic HBV-infection) was demonstrable far less frequently. The authors provide evidence for the necessity of carrying out a broad-scale screening of HBV-infection markers in the indicated risk groups and vaccination against hepatitis B in children without HBsAG and without immunity to viral hepatitis B. The importance of measures aimed at preventing infections transmitted via blood is emphasized.

[Characteristics of immunobiological resistance of children with diabetes mellitus]. / Kharakteristika immunobiologicheskoi rezistentnosti detei, bol'nykh sakharnym diabetom.

Immunoglobulins and nonspecific defence factors (complement, properdin, lysozyme) were studied over time in 194 children suffering from diabetes mellitus. In 145 children, diabetes mellitus was associated with chronic tonsillitis. Resistance in 49 children was examined depending on the phase of diabetes mellitus. The data obtained indicate that diabetes mellitus is marked by imbalance of nonspecific defence factors and humoral immunity. These changes are obviously related to the disease gravity, phasic nature of the process, diabetes mellitus standing, and the presence of concomitant diseases. No parallelism was established between the level of nonspecific defence factors and specific immunity activity.

[The indices of the lipid peroxidation and desaturation of the blood serum in diabetes mellitus in children]. / Pokazateli perekisnogo okisleniia i nenasyshchennosti lipidov syvorotki krovi pri sakharnom diabete u detei.

Comparative investigation of indices of lipid peroxidation and blood lipid unsaturation was carried out in 91 pediatric inpatients (aged 7 to 15) with type I diabetes mellitus and in 10 controls of the same age. Activation of free radical lipid peroxidation was shown to occur in children with diabetes mellitus. A degree of compensation of diabetes did not influence the level of hydroxyperoxides (HP) and final decay products (FP) of lipid peroxidation. In ketoacidotic decompensation HP and FP concentrations in the patients were increased as compared to those in the controls by 284 and 255%, respectively. At the same time children who were admitted in coma, demonstrated low values of blood lipid unsaturation. Insulin therapy (irrespective a drug dose) was accompanied by a 1.8-2-fold increase (p less than 0.05) in a HP level as compared to control values. Change in the level of lipid unsaturation depended upon a daily dose of insulin. In diabetes over 1 year different types of changes in lipid peroxidation and unsaturation were detected, and individual differences in their levels required a differentiated approach to therapeutic tactics.

[Socio-demographic characteristics of the families of children with diabetes mellitus]. / Sotsial'no-demograficheskaia kharakteristika semei detei, bol'nykh sakharnym diabetom.

++Semi-closed interview was used to examine some social and demographic characteristics in 201 families having children of the school age suffering from diabetes mellitus (a random sample). Among sick children of Moscow highly aggravated heredity as regards diabetes mellitus was established (44.28%). In the first year of life, the majority of diabetes mellitus children had unsatisfactory living conditions, the family income per capita was low. Today 16.4% of the children continue having unsatisfactory living conditions; in the majority of the families (62.7%), the income per capita does not exceed 100 roubles. Among parents of diabetes mellitus children, the main group is made up of white collars, engaged primarily in intellectual activity and having a high educational level. The latter circumstance makes it possible to perfect the methods of the control over diabetes mellitus children in the family itself, which is to be coupled with systematic sanitary and instructive work on the part of the public health bodies.

[The role of thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents]. / Rol' tromboksana A2 i prostatsiklina v patogeneze sakharnogo diabeta u detei i podrostkov.

The follow-up of children and adolescents (n-41) suffering from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus has demonstrated that the increase of the thromboxane/prostacyclin ratio pointing to the derangement of microcirculatory regulation occurs during the decompensation phase of the disease and is a risk factor of the development of diabetic complications. The revealed disorders of arachidonic acid metabolism may be one of the causes of the tendency towards decrease of pulse arterial pressure in grave diabetes mellitus.

[Study of unsaturated plasma lipids in children with diabetes mellitus]. / Issledovanie nenasyshchennosti lipidov plazmy krovi pri sakharnom diabete u detei.

The determination of unsaturation of lipids contained by the blood serum and cell plasma membranes, which depends on the total amount of double bonds (DB) in unsaturated fatty acids is a new and promising method of estimating lipid metabolism in diabetes mellitus. Unsaturation was determined by ozonization. 91 children aged 7 to 15 years were examined. The control group included 10 healthy children of the same age. The standardized values of unsaturation were delimited in the healthy children, which amounted to 260 +/- 20 conventional units. A relationship was discovered between DB and the degree of compensation together with the disease standing. Comparative analysis of blood DB and the lipid spectrum demonstrated that the high values of unsaturation correlate with elevated concentrations of free cholesterol, nonesterified fatty acids, cholesterol esters, pre-beta-LP, beta-LP and triglycerides.

[Characteristics of hormonal homeostasis in children with thymus enlargement syndrome]. / Osobennosti gormonal'nogo gomeostaza u detei s sindromom uvelicheniia vilochkovoi zhelezy.

Hormonal homeostasis was examined in 104 children aged 1 to 14 years with thymus enlargement. There was a significant growth of somatotropic hormone in children of the first 3 years of life, characterized by thyroid dysfunction and hypofunction increase with age, by a tendency towards ACTH and hydrocortisone lowering under 6 years of age, and a significant decrease of those parameters in children over 6 years. The children with thymus enlargement also showed other disorders of hormonal homeostasis.

[Insulin requirements of patients with initial manifestations and decompensation of diabetes mellitus]. / Insulinovaia potrebnost' pri pervoi manifestatsii i dekompensatsii sakharnogo diabeta.

Altogether 100 children suffering from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were examined. Analysis of insulin requirement was performed in children with the first disease manifestation and in those with varying disease standing with regard to the type of insulin preparations used. According to the clinical observations, mono-component insulin preparations turned out absolutely superior in the attainment of diabetic process compensation in children with a comparatively low insulin requirement in the course of the treatment of the first disease manifestation and insulin requirement appreciably rose with the increase of the disease standing or superaddition of intercurrent diseases.

[Clinical significance of the determination of serum fructosamine and albumin in children with diabetes mellitus]. / Klinicheskoe znachenie opredeleniia fruktozamina i al'bumina syvorotki krovi pri sakharnom diabete u detei.

The paper is devoted to a study of the role of serum glycoprotein fructosamine and serum albumin in the pathogenesis of a severe course of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in children. Fructosamine was determined in 43 pediatric patients with IDDM by direct spectrophotometry using Hoffman-La-Roche kits; albumin, C-peptide and malonic aldehyde were also determined. Disorder of the mechanism of regulation of homeostasis by albumin was shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of a severe course of IDDM in children. It could be caused by its enhanced glycosylation and a decrease in liver synthesis in some cases as a result of considerable reduction of insulin secretion. A prognostically unfavorable sign was a raised ratio of fructosamine to albumin and enhanced lipid peroxidation against a background of low insulin secretion. The determination of serum levels of fructosamine and albumin can be a valuable diagnostic criterion in examination of children with diabetes mellitus.

[Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus of children with thymus hyperplasia syndrome]. / O vaktsinatsii protiv difterii i stolbniaka detei s sindromom uvelicheniia vilochkovoi zhelezy.

Inhibition of cellular and humoral immunity was established in children with grade I thymus enlargement syndrome (TES). The most pronounced changes were recorded in children aged 1-5 years. Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus performed before the diagnosis of the TES was made were followed by satisfactory output of anatoxins, indicating the prospectiveness of the vaccination of the given children's group with DPT vaccine and DT- and DT-M-anatoxin.