No Substantial Histopathologic Changes in Mops condylurus Bats Naturally Infected with Bombali Virus, Kenya.

We found similar mild perivascular inflammation in lungs of Bombali virus-positive and -negative Mops condylurus bats in Kenya, indicating the virus is well-tolerated. Our findings indicate M. condylurus bats may be a reservoir host for Bombali virus. Increased surveillance of these bats will be important to reduce potential virus spread.

Range Expansion of Bombali Virus in Mops condylurus Bats, Kenya, 2019.

Previously identified only in Sierra Leone, Guinea, and southeastern Kenya, Bombali virus-infected Mops condylurus bats were recently found ¼750 km away in western Kenya. This finding supports the role of M. condylurus bats as hosts and the potential for Bombali virus circulation across the bats' range in sub-Saharan Africa.

Seroprevalence of Zika virus in selected regions in Kenya.

BACKGROUND: The Zika virus pandemic in South America in 2015-2016 and the association of Zika virus infection with neurological complications such as microcephaly in newborns distressed the global community. There is limited data on the prevalence of Zika virus in Kenya despite evidence of its circulation in East Africa. This study aimed at assessing the seroprevalence of Zika virus in selected areas in Kenya. METHODS: Healthy adult human sera originally collected from Nairobi, Eldoret and Kisumu from 2009 to 2014 and archived at the University of Nairobi laboratories were examined for Zika virus antibodies. An IgG-based ELISA was used to screen 577 sera. Any serum tested positive by ELISA was confirmed for Zika virus infection by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). RESULTS: The seroprevalence of Zika virus in the study population was about 0.2 % (1/577) as confirmed by PRNT. Additionally, three sera that were false positive by ELISA for Zika virus were confirmed as positive for dengue virus by PRNT. CONCLUSION: There was evidence of low previous exposure to Zika virus in the study population. Of the three regions in Kenya where sera for this study were obtained, only Kisumu County had one case of previous exposure to Zika virus.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in East Africa: red alert or red herring?

BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and has resultant important economic and societal costs underscoring the need for accurate surveillance. In recent years, prevalence rates reported in East Africa have been inconsistent, sparking controversy and raising concern. METHODS: We described antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolates cultured from patients within the Internal Medicine department of the largest public healthcare facility in East and Central Africa- the Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) in Nairobi, Kenya. Routine antimicrobial susceptibility data from non-duplicate Staphylococcus aureus isolates cultured between the years 2014-2016 from the medical wards in KNH were reviewed. RESULTS: Antimicrobial susceptibility data from a total of 187 Staphylococcus aureus isolates revealed an overall MRSA prevalence of 53.4%. Isolates remained highly susceptible to linezolid, tigecycline, teicoplanin and vancomycin. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MRSA was found to be much higher than that reported in private tertiary facilities in the same region. Careful interrogation of antimicrobial susceptibility results is important to uproot any red herrings and reserve genuine cause for alarm, as this has a critical bearing on health and economic outcomes for a population.

Bombali Virus in Mops condylurus Bat, Kenya.

Bombali virus (genus Ebolavirus) was identified in organs and excreta of an Angolan free-tailed bat (Mops condylurus) in Kenya. Complete genome analysis revealed 98% nucleotide sequence similarity to the prototype virus from Sierra Leone. No Ebola virus-specific RNA or antibodies were detected from febrile humans in the area who reported contact with bats.

Bridging antimicrobial resistance knowledge gaps: The East African perspective on a global problem.

BACKGROUND: There is worldwide concern of rapidly increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, there is paucity of resistance surveillance data and updated antibiograms in Africa in general. This study was undertaken in Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) -the largest public tertiary referral centre in East & Central Africa-to help bridge existing AMR knowledge and practice gaps. METHODS: A retrospective review of VITEK 2 (bioMérieux) records capturing antimicrobial susceptibility data for the year 2015 was done and analysed using WHONET and SPSS. RESULTS: Analysis of 624 isolates revealed AMR rates higher than most recent local and international reports. 88% of isolates tested were multi-drug resistant (MDR) whereas 26% were extensively-drug resistant (XDR). E. coli and K. pneumoniae had poor susceptibility to penicillins (8-48%), cephalosporins (16-43%), monobactams (17-29%), fluoroquinolones (22-44%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (7%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii were resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins, with reduced susceptibility to carbapenems (70% and 27% respectively). S aureus had poor susceptibility to penicillins (3%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (29%) but showed excellent susceptibility to imipenem (90%), vancomycin (97%) and linezolid (99%). CONCLUSIONS: The overwhelming resistance to commonly used antibiotics heralds a clarion call towards strengthening antimicrobial stewardship programmes and regular AMR regional surveillance.