The association between exercise and prescription opioid misuse: A scoping review.

Exercise prevents chronic diseases and modulates pain. People experiencing pain often use opioids for relief, increasing the risk of prescription opioid misuse. Nonetheless, exercise may influence prescription opioid misuse through the release of endorphins or induced injury-related pain. We aimed to summarize the existing literature on the association between exercise and prescription opioid misuse. We identified studies published through December 2021 in Cochrane, Embase, Medline, and Pubmed, using search terms like "opioid-related disorders," "opioid misuse," "exercise," and "sports." Observational and experimental studies with adult samples published in English were included. Exclusion criteria included participants < 18 years old, studies including heroin use as the outcome, and studies conducted among pregnant or institutionalized individuals. The risk of bias and quality assessment were conducted independently by two authors using the National Institutes of Health Study Quality Assessment Tools, and decisions were cross-checked with a third author. Our search yielded 10,796 records, of which eight studies were included. These studies were heterogeneous clinically and methodologically. Three were intervention trials, three were cross-sectional, and two were cohort studies. Three studies evaluated yoga, two evaluated exercise, and three evaluated sports. Significant findings showed lower prescription opioid misuse among people who exercise, except for one study that showed greater odds of prescription opioid misuse among college athletes. We conclude that the findings on the association between exercise and prescription opioid misuse vary, even within similar study types and samples. Future researchers should consider large samples, standardized questions, and common outcome measures in research on exercise and prescription opioid misuse. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Hospitalised versus outpatient COVID-19 patients' background characteristics and comorbidities: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This study aimed to systematically assess COVID-19 patient background characteristics and pre-existing comorbidities associated with hospitalisation status. The meta-analysis included cross-sectional, cohort, and case-series studies with information on hospitalisation versus outpatient status for COVID-19 patients, with background characteristics and pre-existing comorbidities. A total of 1,002,006 patients from 40 studies were identified. Significantly higher odds of hospitalisation were observed in Black individuals (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.04-1.70), males (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.43-1.76), and persons with current/past smoking (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.34-1.88). Additionally, individuals with pre-existing comorbidities were more likely to be hospitalised [asthma (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.02-1.45), COPD (OR = 3.68, 95% CI: 2.97-4.55), congestive heart failure (OR = 6.80, 95% CI: 4.97-9.31), coronary heart disease (OR = 4.40, 95% CI: 3.15-6.16), diabetes (OR = 3.90, 95% CI: 3.29-4.63), hypertension (OR = 3.89, 95% CI: 3.34-4.54), obesity (OR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.59-2.46) and renal chronic disease (OR = 5.84, 95% CI: 4.51-7.56)]. High heterogeneity and low publication bias among all factors were found. Age was not included due to the large variability in the estimates reported. In this systematic review/meta-analysis for patients with COVID-19, Black patients, males, persons who smoke, and those with pre-existing comorbidities were more likely to be hospitalised than their counterparts. Findings provide evidence of populations with higher odds of hospitalisation for COVID-19.

Sleep Disturbances, Obesity, and Cognitive Function in Childhood: A Mediation Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Childhood cognitive development is influenced by biological and environmental factors. One such factor, obesity, impairs cognitive development and is associated with sleep disturbances. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine the mediating role of sleep disturbances on the relation between BMI and cognitive function in children. METHODS: A total of 9951 children aged 9-10 y were included in this cross-sectional study. Children were recruited from the longitudinal ABCD (Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development) Study. Cognitive development was assessed using metrics for fluid, crystallized, and total cognitive function. Mediation analyses were conducted via linear regression modeling, with adjustment for potential confounders (sex, age, ethnicity, household income, parental education, and self-reported physical activity) for each of the 3 outcomes. Mediation significance was determined by bootstrapping. RESULTS: A statistically significant inverse association was found between BMI and total (ß = -0.41, P < 0.001) and fluid (ß = -0.49, P < 0.001) cognition, but not for crystallized cognition. Total sleep disturbances partially mediated the association between BMI and fluid cognition (indirect effect: -0.02, P = 0.002; proportion of the total effect: 0.05, P = 0.002), but no mediation was found in the association between BMI and total cognition. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep disturbances partially mediate the effect of childhood obesity on cognitive function, particularly in fluid cognitions. Future work is necessary to understand the effects of sleep disturbances and obesity on reduced childhood cognition throughout time, predominantly across the life course.