Life-Space Mobility, Transportation, and the Companionship Network of Members of a Hispanic Senior Center.

OBJECTIVES: Companions (i.e., friends who spend time together) are important for the well-being of older adults. Senior centers in the United States are places for older adults to participate in group activities and form and maintain companionships. However, differences in mobility and transportation may affect the ability of older adults to leverage senior center activities into actual companionships. METHODS: This social network analysis was conducted to characterize the companionship network among members of a senior center in relation to their life-space mobility and transportation resources. An exponential random graph model was estimated to identify mobility- and transportation-related correlates of the likelihood of a companionship tie among senior center members (N = 42). RESULTS: Members had an average of 2 companionships with one another (M = 2.2, SD = 2.7). Companionships were more likely for members with greater life-space mobility (p = .009), who attended the senior center more frequently (p = .004), with automobile ownership in their households (p = .034), and who were not transportation cost-burdened (i.e., spent less than 15% of their income on transportation, p = .005). Demographic characteristics, limitations on instrumental activities of daily living, and being at risk for depression were not significantly associated with the likelihood of companionships. DISCUSSION: These findings extend previous knowledge of the role of life-space mobility and transportation in supporting general social participation for older adults to include the importance of transportation and mobility for having companions within a senior center.

Using crowd sourcing to locate and characterize conflicts for vulnerable modes.

Most agencies and decision-makers rely on crash and crash severity (property damage only, injury or fatality) data to assess transportation safety; however, in the context of public health where perceptions of safety may influence the willingness to adopt active transportation modes (e.g. bicycling and walking), pedestrian-motor vehicle and other similar conflicts types may define a better performance measure for safety assessment. In the field of transportation safety, an absolute conflict occurs when two parties' paths cross and one of the parties must undertake an evasive maneuver (e.g. change direction or stop) to avoid a crash. Other less severe conflicts where paths cross but no evasive maneuver is required may also impact public perceptions of safety especially for vulnerable modes. Most of the existing literature focuses on vehicle conflicts. While in the past several years, more research has investigated bicycle and pedestrian conflicts, most of this has focused on the intersection environment. A comprehensive analysis of conflicts appears critical. The major objective of this study is two fold: 1) Development of an innovative and cost effective conflict data collection technique to better understand the conflicts (and their severity) involving vulnerable road users (e.g. bicycle/pedestrian, bicycle/motor vehicle, and pedestrian/motor vehicle) and their severity. 2) Test the effectiveness and practicality of the approach taken and its associated crowd sourced data collection. In an endeavor to undertake these objectives, the researchers developed an android-based crowd-sourced data collection app. The crowd-source data collected using the app is compared with traditional fatality data for hot spot analysis. At the end, the app users provide feedback about the overall competency of the app interface and the performance of its features to the app developers. If widely adopted, the app will enable communities to create their own data collection efforts to identify dangerous sites within their neighborhoods. Agencies will have a valuable data source at low-cost to help inform their decision making related to bicycle and pedestrian education, encouragement, enforcement, programs, policies, and infrastructure design and planning.