Advocacy at the Eighth World Congress of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery.

The Eighth World Congress of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery (WCPCCS) will be held in Washington DC, USA, from Saturday, 26 August, 2023 to Friday, 1 September, 2023, inclusive. The Eighth World Congress of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery will be the largest and most comprehensive scientific meeting dedicated to paediatric and congenital cardiac care ever held. At the time of the writing of this manuscript, The Eighth World Congress of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery has 5,037 registered attendees (and rising) from 117 countries, a truly diverse and international faculty of over 925 individuals from 89 countries, over 2,000 individual abstracts and poster presenters from 101 countries, and a Best Abstract Competition featuring 153 oral abstracts from 34 countries. For information about the Eighth World Congress of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, please visit the following website: [www.WCPCCS2023.org]. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the activities related to global health and advocacy that will occur at the Eighth World Congress of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery.Acknowledging the need for urgent change, we wanted to take the opportunity to bring a common voice to the global community and issue the Washington DC WCPCCS Call to Action on Addressing the Global Burden of Pediatric and Congenital Heart Diseases. A copy of this Washington DC WCPCCS Call to Action is provided in the Appendix of this manuscript. This Washington DC WCPCCS Call to Action is an initiative aimed at increasing awareness of the global burden, promoting the development of sustainable care systems, and improving access to high quality and equitable healthcare for children with heart disease as well as adults with congenital heart disease worldwide.

Redox-Active Drug, MnTE-2-PyP5+, Prevents and Treats Cardiac Arrhythmias Preserving Heart Contractile Function.

BACKGROUND: Cardiomyopathies remain among the leading causes of death worldwide, despite all efforts and important advances in the development of cardiovascular therapeutics, demonstrating the need for new solutions. Herein, we describe the effects of the redox-active therapeutic Mn(III) meso-tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin, AEOL10113, BMX-010 (MnTE-2-PyP5+), on rat heart as an entry to new strategies to circumvent cardiomyopathies. METHODS: Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g were used in both in vitro and in vivo experiments, to analyze intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, L-type Ca2+ currents, Ca2+ spark frequency, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and cardiomyocyte and cardiac contractility, in control and MnTE-2-PyP5+-treated cells, hearts, or animals. Cells and hearts were treated with 20 µM MnTE-2-PyP5+ and animals with 1 mg/kg, i.p. daily. Additionally, we performed electrocardiographic and echocardiographic analysis. RESULTS: Using isolated rat cardiomyocytes, we observed that MnTE-2-PyP5+ reduced intracellular Ca2+ transient amplitude, without altering cell contractility. Whereas MnTE-2-PyP5+ did not alter basal ROS levels, it was efficient in modulating cardiomyocyte redox state under stress conditions; MnTE-2-PyP5+ reduced Ca2+ spark frequency and increased sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ load. Accordingly, analysis of isolated perfused rat hearts showed that MnTE-2-PyP5+ preserves cardiac function, increases SR Ca2+ load, and reduces arrhythmia index, indicating an antiarrhythmic effect. In vivo experiments showed that MnTE-2-PyP5+ treatment increased Ca2+ transient, preserved cardiac ejection fraction, and reduced arrhythmia index and duration. MnTE-2-PyP5+ was effective both to prevent and to treat cardiac arrhythmias. CONCLUSION: MnTE-2-PyP5+ prevents and treats cardiac arrhythmias in rats. In contrast to most antiarrhythmic drugs, MnTE-2-PyP5+ preserves cardiac contractile function, arising, thus, as a prospective therapeutic for improvement of cardiac arrhythmia treatment.

Social determinants of health associated with topical repellent use in pregnancy: a cross-sectional study during a Zika outbreak in Brazil.

Background: Repellent use during pregnancy was strongly recommended after uncovering Zika virus (ZIKV) involvement with congenital malformations. In this context, Pernambuco, Brazil played a key role since it was the epicentre for the main studies suggesting ZIKV teratogenicity and one of Brazil's most affected states during the 2014-2016 epidemics. Thus we aimed to identify possible associations between social determinants of health and repellent use in pregnancy during the ZIKV outbreak in Pernambuco. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study (July-December 2016) with 539 pregnant women residing in Pernambuco and estimated the associations by prevalence ratio and multivariable logistic regression. Results: Repellents were associated with pregnant women ≥30 y; graduates, employed, health professionals, private health system users and with a monthly income per person greater than two minimum wages. Women whose domiciles favour mosquitoes (ground-floor houses, intermittent water supply from general distribution or water trucks and for ≤6 d/week, cesspools/open wastewater, indoor household water storage) were less likely to use repellents. There was no association for peridomiciles. Conclusions: Repellents were not associated with ZIKV in most vulnerable pregnant women, despite all the general recommendations made during the Pernambuco epidemic. This study observed a demand for public policies focused on health, education and sanitation problems related to deprived social groups along with their co-responsibility rather than focusing on individual attitudes against mosquitoes.

Height-Based Equations Can Improve the Diagnosis of Elevated Blood Pressure in Children.

Background: High blood pressure (BP) is usually underdiagnosed in children and adolescents, particularly due to its complex diagnosis process. This study describes novel height-based equations for the detection of BP disorders (BP > 90th percentile) and compares the accuracy of this approach with previously described screening methods to identify BP disorders. Methods: Height-based equations were built using the 90th percentile values for systolic and diastolic BP and respective height values from the current guideline of high-BP management in children. This guideline was also used as the gold standard method for identification of BP disorders. The equations were tested in Brazilian (n = 2,936) and American (n = 6,541) populations of children with 8-13 years old. Results: The obtained equations were 70 + 0.3 × height (in cm) for systolic BP and 35 + 0.25 × height (in cm) for diastolic BP. The new equations presented sensitivity and negative predictive value of near 100% and specificity > 91% and showed higher specificity and positive predictive value when compared with other screening tools. Importantly, height-based equations had greater agreement (kappa coefficient = 0.75-0.81) with the gold standard method than the other methods (kappa coefficient = 0.53-0.73). Further analysis showed that alternative height-based equations designed to identify hypertension (BP ≥ 95th percentile) also showed superior performance (kappa coefficient = 0.89-0.92) compared with other screening methods (kappa coefficient = 0.43-0.85). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the use of height-based equations may be a simple and feasible approach to improve the detection of high BP in the pediatric population.

Comparison between users of a new methodology for heart sound auscultation.

Auscultation is a routine exam and the first line of screening in heart pathologies. The objective of this study was to assess if using a new data collection system, the DigiScope Collector, with a guided and automatic annotation of heart auscultation, different levels of expertise/experience users could collect similar digital auscultations. Data were collected within the Heart Caravan Initiative (Paraíba, Brasil). Patients were divided into two study groups: Group 1 evaluated by a third year medical student (User 1), and an experienced nurse (User 2); Group 2 evaluated by User 2 and an Information Technology professional (User 3). Patients were auscultated sequentially by the two users, according to the randomization. Features extracted from each data set included the length (HR) of the audio files, the number of repetitions per auscultation area, heart rate, first (S1) and second (S2) heart sound amplitudes, S2/S1, and aortic (A2) and pulmonary (P2) components of the second heart sound and relative amplitudes (P2/A2). Features extracted were compared between users using paired-sample test Wilcoxon test, and Spearman correlations (P<;0.05 considered significant). Twenty-seven patients were included in the study (13 Group 1, and 14 Group 2). No statistical significant differences were found between groups, except in the time of auscultation (User 2 consistently presented longer auscultation time). Correlation analysis showed significant correlations between extracted features from both groups: S2/S1 in Group 1, and S1, S2, A2, P2, P2/A2 amplitudes, and HR in Group 2. Using the DigiScope Collector, we were able to collect similar digital auscultations, according to the features evaluated. This may indicate that in sites with limited access to specialized clinical care, auscultation files may be acquired and used in telemedicine for an expert evaluation.

A modified blood pressure to height ratio improves accuracy for hypertension in childhood.

BACKGROUND: The blood pressure to height ratio (BP:HT) has been proposed as a simple method for identifying children with elevated BP. This procedure shows good accuracy for the screening of hypertension in adolescents but less so in younger children. Our aim in this study was to modify the BP:HT ratio and determine if this change would increase accuracy when measuring hypertension during childhood. METHODS: BP levels of 4,327 children (aged 5-12 years) were retrospectively obtained from medical charts. The modified ratio (BT:eHT13) was calculated as: BP/(HT + 7 × (13 - age in years)). Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to estimate cutoff points and the accuracy of the conventional and modified ratio to detect prehypertension and hypertension. RESULTS: The prevalences of prehypertension and hypertension were 3.91% and 5.44%, respectively. In general, BP:eHT13 showed higher sensitivity (ranging from 0.95 to 1.00) and specificity (ranging from 0.80 to 0.98) in detecting prehypertension, level I hypertension, and level II hypertension than BP:HT (sensitivity ranging from 0.91 to 1.00; specificity ranging from 0.59 to 0.89). CONCLUSIONS: The modified BP:eHT13 ratio showed better sensitivity and specificity for the screening of BP abnormalities in children aged 5-12 years.

Onset of hypertension during pregnancy is associated with long-term worse blood pressure control and adverse cardiac remodeling.

Up to 20% of women with hypertensive pregnancy disorders might persist with chronic hypertension. This study compared clinical and echocardiographic features between women whose hypertension began as hypertensive pregnancy disorders (PH group) and women whose diagnosis of hypertension did not occur during pregnancy (NPH group). Fifty PH and 100 NPH women were cross-sectionally evaluated by clinical, laboratory, and echocardiography analysis, and the groups were matched by duration of hypertension. PH exhibited lower age (46.6 ± 1.4 vs. 65.3 ± 1.1 years; P < .001), but higher systolic (159.8 ± 3.9 vs. 148.0 ± 2.5 mm Hg; P = .009) and diastolic (97.1 ± 2.4 vs. 80.9 ± 1.3 mm Hg; P < .001) blood pressure than NPH, although used more antihypertensive classes (3.4 ± 0.2 vs. 2.6 ± 0.1; P < .001). Furthermore, PH showed higher left ventricular wall thickness and increased prevalence of concentric hypertrophy than NPH after adjusting for age and blood pressure. In conclusion, this study showed that PH may exhibit worse blood pressure control and adverse left ventricular remodeling compared with NPH.

Noninvasive blood pressure and the second heart sound analysis.

Heart sound characteristics are linked to blood pressure, and its interpretation is important for detection of cardiovascular disease. In this study, heart sounds' auscultation, acquired from children patients (27 patients, 10.2±3.9 years, 35.7±20.8 kg, 132.3±25.5 cm), were automatically segmented to extract the two main components: the first sound (S1) and the second sound (S2). Following, a set of time, frequency, and wavelet based features, were extracted from the S2, and analyzed in relation to the noninvasive cuff-based measures of blood pressure (mean blood pressure of 78±8.8 mmHg). A multivariate regression analysis was performed for each S2 feature set to determine which features better related to the blood pressure measurements. The best results, in the leave-one-out evaluation, were obtained using the frequency features set, with a MAE of 6.08 mmHg, a MAPE of 7.85%, and a ME of 0.31 mmHg, in the estimation of the mean blood pressure.

Heart sound segmentation of pediatric auscultations using wavelet analysis.

Auscultation is widely applied in clinical activity, nonetheless sound interpretation is dependent on clinician training and experience. Heart sound features such as spatial loudness, relative amplitude, murmurs, and localization of each component may be indicative of pathology. In this study we propose a segmentation algorithm to extract heart sound components (S1 and S2) based on it's time and frequency characteristics. This algorithm takes advantage of the knowledge of the heart cycle times (systolic and diastolic periods) and of the spectral characteristics of each component, through wavelet analysis. Data collected in a clinical environment, and annotated by a clinician was used to assess algorithm's performance. Heart sound components were correctly identified in 99.5% of the annotated events. S1 and S2 detection rates were 90.9% and 93.3% respectively. The median difference between annotated and detected events was of 33.9 ms.

Which growth criteria better predict fetal programming?

OBJECTIVE: To test whether customised (ct) growth criteria are more reliable than standard (st) ones to predict intrauterine insult. PATIENTS: 32 mothers and their singleton term neonates selected as small for gestational age (st-SGA=8) or appropriate for gestational age (st-AGA=24). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Nitric oxide, high-sensitive C reactive protein (hs-CRP), uric acid, blood lipids and protein levels were analysed in maternal and cord blood. RESULTS: Applying customised criteria yielded 16 ct-AGA, 13 ct-SGA and 3 ct-LGA (large for gestational age) babies. Both st-SGA and ct-SGA babies had higher nitric oxide and hs-CRP levels. Their mothers had lower albumin fractions. st-SGA babies also had higher triglyceride and cholesterol levels. ct-LGA babies and mothers had higher uric acid levels, and the mothers had higher triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS: Customised growth criteria better identify babies submitted to unfavourable intrauterine environments. The authors suggest that combined with maternal biochemistry, these growth criteria can be used to screen for adverse fetal programming.

Pulmonary hypertension in infants linked to horseshoe lung: case report.

This is the case report of a young infant with early respiratory distress and pulmonary hypertension, diagnosed as a variant of horseshoe lung and we have reviewed the literature to seek information about this rare pulmonary malformation and its cardiac and hemodynamic repercussions.

Hipertensão pulmonar em lactente associada a pulmão em ferradura: relato de caso / Pulmonary hypertension in infants linked to horseshoe lung: case report / Hipertensión pulmonar en lactante asociada a pulmón en herradura: caso clínico

Relatamos caso de lactente jovem com desconforto respiratório precoce e hipertensão pulmonar, diagnosticado como variante de pulmão em ferradura, e revisamos literatura a cerca desta rara malformação pulmonar e suas repercussões cardíacas e hemodinâmicas.

This is the case report of a young infant with early respiratory distress and pulmonary hypertension, diagnosed as a variant of horseshoe lung and we have reviewed the literature to seek information about this rare pulmonary malformation and its cardiac and hemodynamic repercussions.

Se presenta un caso de una lactante joven con dificultad respiratoria precoz y la hipertensión pulmonar, diagnosticada como una variante de pulmón en herradura y revisamos literatura acerca de esta rara malformación pulmonar y sus repercusiones cardiacas y hemodinámicas.

An index for evaluating results in paediatric cardiac intensive care.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if in-hospital mortality after cardiac surgery can be predicted, in children, using a new clinical and surgical index. STUDY DESIGN: Observational, retrospective, cross-sectional. METHODS: We reviewed 818 charts from children undergoing surgery between January, 2000, and December, 2004. The index was calculated by summing the scores from five variables, specifically age, nutritional state, the presence of associated clinical risk factors, surgical complexity, and use and time of cardiopulmonary bypass. Each variable was subdivided into categories of low, medium or high risk, with scores attributed as zero, one or two, respectively. Risks for death were calculated using the odds ratio. RESULTS: Our overall mortality was 14.7%, with our proposed index correlating strongly with mortality (p less than 0.0001). No patients died with scores of zero, but mortality increased from around 10% with a score of three, to close to 30% with scores of five and six, and to over 50% with a score of eight. No patients reached scores of 10, and more than three-fifths of all patients had scores between zero and three. We observed higher mortalities independently for each variable in association with the highest risk scores. CONCLUSIONS: We found that surgery undertaken in the neonatal period, weight below the 5th percentile, the presence of associated clinical risk factors, operations of higher complexity, and more than 90 minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass were all significantly associated with mortality. Our suggested new index showed a linear correlation with mortality, and in our current experience, has proved a valuable tool for predicting adverse outcomes.

Efeito terapêutico da música em crianças em pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca / The therapeutic effects of music in children following cardiac surgery

OBJETIVO: Verificar de forma objetiva e subjetiva o efeito da música em crianças no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca em uma unidade de terapia intensiva cardiopediátrica, em conjunto com ações da prática convencional. MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico aleatorizado por placebo, no qual foram avaliadas 84 crianças, com faixa etária de 1 dia a 16 anos, nas primeiras 24 horas de pós-operatório, submetidas a sessão de 30 minutos de musicoterapia, utilizando música clássica e observadas no início e fim das sessões quanto às seguintes variáveis: freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial, pressão arterial média, freqüência respiratória, temperatura, saturação de oxigênio, além de uma escala facial de dor. Foi considerado o nível de significância estatística de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: Dos 84 pacientes iniciais, cinco (5,9 por cento) recusaram participar do estudo. O grupo de cardiopatias mais comum foi o de congênitas acianogênicas com shunt E-D (41 por cento intervenção: 44,4 por cento controle). Quanto à avaliação subjetiva através da escala facial de dor e objetiva das freqüências cardíaca e respiratória, observou-se diferença estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos após a intervenção (p < 0,001, p = 0,04 e p = 0,02, respectivamente). CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se neste estudo uma ação benéfica da música em crianças no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, através de alguns sinais vitais (freqüências cardíaca e respiratória) e na redução da dor (escala facial de dor). Contudo, existem lacunas a serem preenchidas nesta área, necessitando a realização de estudos mais aprofundados.

The therapeutic effects of music in children following cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate, both objectively and subjectively, the effect of music on children in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit following heart surgery, in conjunction with standard care. METHODS: Randomized clinical trial with placebo, assessing 84 children, aged 1 day to 16 years, during the first 24 hours of the postoperative period, given a 30 minute music therapy session with classical music and observed at the start and end of the session, recording heart rate, blood pressure, mean blood pressure, respiratory rate, temperature and oxygen saturation, plus a facial pain score. Statistical significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: Five of the initial 84 patients (5.9%) refused to participate. The most common type of heart disease was acyanotic congenital with left-right shunt (41% of cases: 44.4% of controls). Statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups after the intervention in the subjective facial pain scale and the objective parameters heart rate and respiratory rate (p < 0.001, p = 0.04 and p = 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A beneficial effect from music was observed with children during the postoperative period of heart surgery, by means of certain vital signs (heart rate and respiratory rate) and in reduced pain (facial pain scale). Nevertheless, there are gaps to be filled in this area, and studies in greater depth are needed.

Manuseio da atresia tricuspide em neonatos: relato de tres casos e revisao da literatura / Management of tricuspid atresia in neonates: report of three cases and review of literature

O presente artigo descreve o manuseio de tres neonatos portadores de atresia tricuspide com circulacao pulmonar carnal-dependente, encaminhados ao Instituto do Coracao de Pernambuco durante o mes de novembro de 1992. Uma breve revisao da literatura sobre a patologia foi adicionada. O diagnostico completo foi estabelecido com ecocardiografia na UTI neonatal; todos foram entubados, ventilados mecanicamente e iniciados em infusoes continuas de prostaglandina E1 e Dopamina. Num periodo de 10 a 24 horas apos internamento, todos se submeteram a cirurgia. Um paciente veio a obito no terceiro dia pos-operatorio e os outros dois receberam alta hospitalar em boas condicoes clinicas. Apesar da pequena amostragem, nossa experiencia demonstra que o manuseio clinico-cirurgico das atresias tricuspides canal-dependentes pode atingir resultados satisfatorios em nosso meio, desde que haja um reconhecimento precoce da cardiopatia congenita cianotica por parte do pediatra, com transferencia do neonato para centro de referencia em cardiologia pediatrica em tempo habil

Atrioseptostomia em unidade de terapia intensiva sob monitorizaçäo ecocardiográfica: experiência inicial do Instituto do Coraçäo de Pernambuco / Atrialseptostomy at the Intensive Care Unit Under Echorcardiographic Control. Initial Experience in the Instituto do Coração de Pernambuco

É descrita a experiência inicial do Instituto do Coraçäo de Pernambuco, na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal, com realizaçäo de septostomia Rashkind, sob monitorizaçäo ecocardiográfica, através de acesso percutâneo (punçäo da veia femoral), sob anestesia local, constando dos três primeiros casos, sendo dois neonatos com transposiçäo das grandes artérias e um com atresia tricúspide. Em dois pacientes, obteve-se sucesso tanto na técnica quanto na melhora hemodinâmica após o procedimento. No 3§ paciente com 36 dias de vida, o septo atrial encontrava-se rijo näo permitindo ampliaçäo satisfatória. Nenhum dos procedimentos apresentou complicaçöes significantes durante a sua realizaçäo. Apesar da pequena amostragem, nossa experiência demonstrou que esta nova abordagem para a realizaçäo da atrioseptostomia Rashkind é exeqüível, sem maiores complicaçöes para o neonato, e com benefícios sobre a técnica convencional

Endocardite da valva tricúspide em crianças / Tricuspid valve endocarditis in children

Quatro crianças, com idade de 5, 1, 16 e 6 anos, três do sexo masculino, apresentaram endocardite isolada da valva tricúspide. Duas foram submetidas a tratamento cirúrgico. Todas exibiam sinais clínicos de sepse, sopro cardíaco e insuficiência cardíaca. Três apresentaram embolia pulmonar. A ecocardiografia demonstrou, em todos, vegetaçöes na valva tricúspide. Dois pacientes, um deles submetido a tratamento cirúrgico, faleceram. A endocardite da valva tricúspide em crianças com sepse, insuficiência cardíaca e embolia pulmonar é uma condiçäo extremamente grave e a indicaçäo cirúrgica precoce pode diminuir sua alta mortalidade

Four children, three males, with ages 5,1, 16 and 6 years, presented with isolated tricuspid valve endocarditis. Two of them weresubmitted to surgical treatment. Sepsis, cardiac murmur and heart failure were present in all of them. Three presented pulmonary embolism. Echocardiography demonstrated vegetation in the tricuspid valve in all cases. Two patients, one of them submitted to surgery, died. Tricuspid valve endocarditis in children with sepsis, heart failure and pulmonary embolism is a severe condition and early surgical treatment may diminished the high mortality