Prevalence and determinants of not testing for HIV among young adult women in Papua New Guinea: findings from the Demographic and Health Survey, 2016-2018.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of not testing for HIV and its determinants among young adult women aged 15-29 years in Papua New Guinea (PNG). DESIGN AND SETTING: The study used secondary data from the 2016 to 2018 PNG Demographic and Health Survey (PNGDHS), a nationally representative cross-sectional survey that used a two-stage stratified sampling. PARTICIPANTS: A total weighed sample of 5164 young adult women aged 15-29 years were included in the analysis. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: Ever been tested for HIV was the primary outcome of the study. All analyses were adjusted using survey weights to account for unequal sampling probabilities. RESULTS: The prevalence of not testing for HIV was 58.8% (95% CI: 57.4% to 60.1%). The mean age was 21.65 years (SD = 4.23). Of the women who were not tested for HIV, the majority were never married (79.4%), without formal education (63%), not working (60.2%), and from rural areas (62.9%). In the multivariable analysis, those who were never married (adjusted OR (AOR) 4.9, 95% CI 3.6 to 6.6), had poor wealth index (AOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 2.5), were from rural areas (AOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.5 to 2.6), were from the Momase region (AOR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.7), did not read newspapers or magazines (AOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.3 to 2.1), did not listen to the radio (AOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.0), experienced early sexual debut (AOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.9), had one sexual partner (AOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.0) and reported no sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the past 12 months (AOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.1) had higher odds of not testing for HIV. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found a very high unmet need for HIV testing among young adult women in PNG. Health promotion programmes should be designed to increase HIV knowledge and access to testing services, particularly targeting young women who are disadvantaged and from rural areas.

Influence of grandmothers on breastfeeding practices in a rural community in Papua New Guinea: A critical discourse analysis of first-time mothers' perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Almost all babies are breastfed in Papua New Guinea (PNG); yet appropriate breastfeeding practices are not always followed. AIM: To explore the perspectives of first-time mothers in rural PNG on how the language and discourse of grandmothers about infant feeding influence their breastfeeding practices. METHODS: A critical discourse analysis (CDA) approach was used to theoretically frame the analysis of twenty first-time mothers' narratives. FINDINGS: Analysis revealed three themes: (i) prescribed knowledge repository, (ii) social control and dominance, and (iii) disapproval and role conflict, which provides an understanding of grandmothers' differing views and positions on infant feeding practices and their influence on breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: This study shows that grandmothers remain influential in infant feeding practices in rural PNG. There appears to be a societal expectation that empowers grandmothers in the maternal decision-making processes regarding breastfeeding practice. Grandmothers' influence includes the early introduction of complementary foods to infants less than six months old. Interventions aimed at promoting, protecting, and supporting breastfeeding need to include grandmothers.

A qualitative descriptive inquiry into factors influencing early weaning and breastfeeding duration among first-time mothers in Papua New Guinea's rural eastern highlands.

BACKGROUND: Exclusive breastfeeding confers multiple maternal and child health benefits. Although breastfeeding initiation following birth is common in Papua New Guinea, many first-time mothers may not achieve optimal breastfeeding duration. AIM: This study aims to explore and describe factors influencing early weaning and breastfeeding duration among first-time mothers in Papua New Guinea's rural eastern highlands. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive approach was adopted in this study. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews with 20 first-time mothers. The interviews transcripts were then thematically analysed. RESULTS: Three key themes identified were: source of breastfeeding information and support; social networks and breastfeeding communication; and balancing perceived gender and maternal roles. The study further identified a lack of fathers' involvement in supporting breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: Social and relational networks, and maternal factors need to be considered to better understand breastfeeding practices. Efforts to achieve optimal breastfeeding outcomes entail targeted and culturally appropriate programs, including fathers' involvement as they play important roles in breastfeeding and infant feeding practices.