Effects of nitrogen fertilization and a commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculant on root rot and agronomic production of pea and lentil crops.

In the Canadian prairies, pulse crops such as field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris L.) are economically important and widely grown. However, in recent years, root rot, caused by a variety of fungal and oomycete pathogens, including Aphanomyces euteiches, has become a limiting factor on yield. In this study, we examined the impacts of nitrogen (N) fertilization and a commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) inoculant on pea and lentil plant health and agronomic production at three locations in Saskatchewan: Swift Current, Indian Head and Melfort. The AMF inoculation had no impact on root rot severity, and therefore is not considered a reliable method to manage root rot in pea and lentil. In contrast, N fertilization led to reductions in root rot in Swift Current, but not the other two sites. However, N fertilization did reduce nodulation. When both pea and lentil are considered, the abundance of A. euteiches in soil increased from pre-seeding to mid-bloom. A negative correlation between soil pH and disease severity was also observed. The high between-site variability highlights the importance of testing root rot mitigation strategies under multiple soil conditions to develop site-specific recommendations. Use of N fertilizer as a root rot management strategy merits further exploration, including investigation into its interactions with other management strategies, soil properties, and costs and benefits.

Targeted Mutational Profiling Reveals Clonal Relationships in Metachronous Occurrence of Classic Hodgkin and Mediastinal Large B-Cell Lymphomas.

Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) patients may infrequently present with a prior or recurrent disease with discordant histology resembling non-Hodgkin lymphomas. These include primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), or mediastinal gray-zone lymphoma (MGZL). Such patients are often refractory to standard therapy and their diagnosis is hampered by significant morphologic and immunophenotypic overlap and insufficient molecular data. Among 509 CHL patients seen at an academic medical center, 6 patients had a prior or subsequent diagnosis different from CHL. Paired tissue samples were evaluated by targeted mutational analysis using a 164-gene panel. Our findings show multiple shared variants indicative of a clonal relationship between the CHL and the PMBL, DLBCL, or MGZL diagnoses. Most frequent mutated genes included TNFAIP3 (4 of 6, 66.7%), STAT6 (3 or 6, 50%), ARID1A (3 of 6, 50%), and XPO1 (3 of 5, 60%). Three patients showed the same oncogenic variant within the XPO1 gene (E571K), and mutations in TNFAIP3 and B2M were observed in 2 of the 5 patients with shared variants. In addition, differences in the mutation profile between the lymphoma pairs were also observed, which could represent clonal evolution. Mutational profiling could be of benefit in patients with recurrent/refractory disease with discordant histology, where the clonal relationship could be helpful to inform and guide therapeutic decisions. These findings provide further evidence of a true biological continuum surrounding CHL, PMBL, DLBCL, and MGZL and shed light on underlying genetic events and their clinical impact.

Information processing by community health nurses using mobile health (mHealth) tools for early identification of suicide and depression risks in Fiji Islands.

OBJECTIVES: High rates of depression and suicide and a lack of trained psychiatrists have emerged as significant concerns in the low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as the Pacific Island Countries (PICs). Readily available smartphones were leveraged with community health nurses (CHNs) in task-sharing for early identification of suicide and depression risks in Fiji Islands, the largest of PICs. This investigation examines how CHNs can efficiently and effectively process patient information about depression and suicide risk for making diagnostic and management decisions without compromising safety. The research is driven by the theoretical framework of text comprehension (knowledge representation and interpretation) and decision-making. METHODS: Mobile health (mHealth) Application for Suicide Risk and Depression Assessment (ASRaDA) was designed to include culturally useful clinical guidelines for these disorders. A representative sample of 48 CHNs was recruited and presented with two clinical cases (depression and suicide) in a simulated setting under three conditions: No support, paper-based and mobile-based culturally valid guideline support. Data were collected as the nurses read through the scenarios, 'thinking aloud', before summarising, diagnoses and follow-up recommendations. Transcribed audiotapes were analysed using formal qualitative discourse analysis methods for diagnostic accuracy, comprehension of clinical problems and reasoning patterns. RESULTS: Using guidelines on ASRaDA, the CHNs took less time to process patient information with more accurate diagnostic and therapeutic decisions for depression and suicide risk than with paper-based or no guideline conditions. A change in reasoning pattern for nurses' information processing was observed with decision support.DiscussionAlthough these results are shown in a mental health setting in Fiji, there are reasons to believe they are generalisable beyond mental health and other lower-to-middle income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Culturally appropriate clinical guidelines on mHealth supports efficient information processing for quick and accurate decisions and a positive shift in reasoning behaviour by the nurses. However, translating complex qualitative patient information into quantitative scores could generate conceptual errors. These results are valid in simulated conditions.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Version 2.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.

The NCCN Guidelines for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) focus on the classification of ALL subtypes based on immunophenotype and cytogenetic/molecular markers; risk assessment and stratification for risk-adapted therapy; treatment strategies for Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive and Ph-negative ALL for both adolescent and young adult and adult patients; and supportive care considerations. Given the complexity of ALL treatment regimens and the required supportive care measures, the NCCN ALL Panel recommends that patients be treated at a specialized cancer center with expertise in the management of ALL This portion of the Guidelines focuses on the management of Ph-positive and Ph-negative ALL in adolescents and young adults, and management in relapsed settings.

Patients' Perception of Factors Influencing Noncompliance with Medication among Cardiac Patients in Fiji: A Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: Noncompliance with prescribed medication leads to disease progression, which often leads to premature deaths. It often leads to worsening symptoms of cardiac conditions and hospitalization. Due to the lack of previous research, this study aimed to explore the factors contributing to noncompliance with medication in cardiac patients in Fiji. METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted among 25 cardiac patients with congestive heart failure and coronary heart disease who attended special outpatient department (SOPD) clinics at Sigatoka Subdivisional Hospital in Fiji. Purposive sampling was used to select the study sample, and in-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted using a semistructured, open-ended questionnaire. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, whereby the data collected were grouped in subthemes and then common themes related to the topic. RESULTS: A total of 25 patients were interviewed, with a majority (n=14) being men and 15 Fijian of Indian descent. A greater number (n=17) of participants were above the age of 60 years, 19 had had primary education, while 12 were unemployed. Eight themes were identified as factors affecting noncompliance with medication: scarcity of knowledge, patients' negative attitudes, poor family support, financial constraints, forgetfulness, irregular clinic attendance, heavy alcohol use, and alternative treatment vs pharmaceutical medication. CONCLUSION: Noncompliance with medication in cardiac patients contributes to worsening cardiac disease and premature deaths. For factors related to noncompliance, awareness can be raised in SOPD clinics for patients to realize the effects of noncompliance and provide ways to improve compliance. Providing professional counseling services for all SOPD patients would greatly help in increasing compliance with medication in Fiji.

The Perception of Undergraduate Dental Students Toward a Clinical Learning Environment at School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Fiji National University, Fiji.

BACKGROUND: The clinical learning environment is one of the key factors for undergraduate dental students to excel in their academic career. There has been no previous study in Fiji regarding dental students' perception of their learning environment. AIM: This study aimed at investigating the perception of undergraduate dental students toward the clinical learning environment at the School of Dentistry and Oral Health (SDOH), Fiji. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional prospective study conducted among 157 undergraduate dental students, all of whom were selected from three undergraduate dental programs. The modified 24-item Dental Clinical Learning Environment Inventory (DECLEI) was used to assess students' perceptions. The mean DECLEI score was interpreted as follows: ≤19.9 is very poor perception, 20-39.9 is poor perception, 40-59.9 is moderate perception, 60-79.9 is good perception, and >80 is excellent perception toward the clinical learning environment. A correlation test was used to examine the relationship between independent variables and DECLEI scores. P < 0.05 was considered as level of significance. RESULTS: The response rate was 82.8%. Majority of the participants (76.9%) were in the age range of 20-29 years, were females (72.3%), and were Fijians of Indian descent (75.4%). The mean DECLEI score was 70.83 ± 9.11 which could be interpreted as a good perception toward the clinical learning environment. Age and gender had a statistically significant negative correlation with DECLEI scores (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The dental clinical learning environment at SDOH can be perceived as "good"; however, issues related to patients' missing appointment were highlighted.

Impact of a mobile-based (mHealth) tool to support community health nurses in early identification of depression and suicide risk in Pacific Island Countries.

OBJECTIVE: To convert screening tools for depression and suicide risk into algorithmic decision support on smartphones for use by community health nurses (CHNs), and to evaluate the efficiency, effectiveness, and usability of the mHealth tool in providing mental health (MH) care. METHOD: Two scenarios of depression and suicide risk were developed and presented to 48 nurses using paper-based and mobile-based guidelines under laboratory (nonclinical) conditions. Participants read through the case scenarios to provide summaries, diagnoses, and management recommendations. Audiotapes were transcribed and analyzed for accuracy in scoring guidelines, therapy decisions, and time for tasks completion. The validated System Usability Scale (SUS) was used to measure mobile app usability. RESULTS: Using mHealth-based guidelines, nurses took significantly less time to complete their tasks, and generated no errors of addition, as compared to paper-based guidelines. Although coding errors were noted when using the mHealth app, it did not influence treatment recommendations. The system usability scores for both guidelines were over 84%. CONCLUSIONS: Usable mHealth technology can support task-sharing for CHNs in Fiji, for the efficient and accurate screening of patients for depression and suicide risks in a nonclinical setting. Studies on clinical implementation of the mHealth tool are needed and planned.

Venetoclax and decitabine for treatment of relapsed T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A case report and review of literature.

Despite improvements in first-line treatment of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), the outcome of relapsed T-ALL remains dismal with less than 7% achieving a long-term survival. Thus, there is an unmet need for new treatment strategies to improve outcomes in this setting. Suppression of apoptosis is one of the hallmarks of anticancer drug resistance. Hence, over the past few years, antiapoptotic proteins have become an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in several hematologic malignancies. Venetoclax (ABT-199) is a novel, orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), a key regulator of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Recent preclinical studies have suggested that inhibition of BCL-2 may be a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with T-ALL. Herein, we report a case of clinical response to venetoclax in combination with a hypomethylating agent in a patient with relapsed T-ALL after allogeneic stem cell transplant and review the existing literature.

Characterization of Visual Pathway Abnormalities in Infants With Congenital Zika Syndrome Using Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

BACKGROUND: Severe visual impairment is present in nearly all infants with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS); however, ocular abnormalities are present only in a subset of these infants. The purpose of this study was to characterize the visual pathway abnormalities seen on computed tomography (CT) and MRI scans in infants with CZS. METHODS: Preliminary neuroimaging information was obtained from a referred sample of 105 infants with clinical and epidemiologic data consistent with CZS in the Pernambuco state of Brazil. Subjects were excluded if Zika virus infection was not confirmed by serologic or cerebrospinal fluid studies or if images were nondiagnostic. Of the 105 subjects initially screened, head CT images adequate for interpretation were available for 54, and brain MRI images adequate for interpretation were available for 20. Four patients had both CT and MRI images. Magnetic resonance imaging and CT scans from infants with CZS were systematically reviewed for globe malformations, optic nerve and chiasmal atrophy, occipital cortical volume loss, white matter abnormalities, ventriculomegaly, and calcifications. Neuroimaging findings were correlated with measures of visual function and with ocular examinations in these infants. RESULTS: Thirty-three males and 37 females were included in the analysis. The mean age of the infants at the time of neuroimaging was 16.0 weeks (range 0 days-15.5 months), and the mean gestational age at the time of birth was 38 weeks. All patients were from the Pernambuco state of Brazil. Overall, 70 of 74 (95%) scans showed occipital volume loss, whereas 9 (12%) showed optic nerve atrophy, 3 (4%) showed chiasmal atrophy, and 1 (1%) showed an ocular calcification. Sixty-two of the infants underwent ophthalmologic examinations. A total of 34 (55%) infants had at least one documented structural ocular abnormality, and 26 (42%) had at least one structural ocular abnormality documented in both eyes. Of those with available visual acuity data, all had visual impairment. Among those with visual impairment and normal eye examinations, 100% had visual pathway abnormalities on neuroimaging, including 100% with occipital cortical volume loss, 8% with optic nerve atrophy, and 8% with chiasmal atrophy. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that cortical visual impairment related to structural abnormalities of the occipital cortex is likely an important cause of visual impairment in children with CZS with normal eye examinations.

A Systematic Review of Durum Wheat: Enhancing Production Systems by Exploring Genotype, Environment, and Management (G × E × M) Synergies.

According to the UN-FAO, agricultural production must increase by 50% by 2050 to meet global demand for food. This goal can be accomplished, in part, by the development of improved cultivars coupled with modern best management practices. Overall, wheat production on farms will have to increase significantly to meet future demand, and in the face of a changing climate that poses risk to even current rates of production. Durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.)] is used largely for pasta, couscous and bulgur production. Durum producers face a range of factors spanning abiotic (frost damage, drought, and sprouting) and biotic (weed, disease, and insect pests) stresses that impact yields and quality specifications desired by export market end-users. Serious biotic threats include Fusarium head blight (FHB) and weed pest pressures, which have increased as a result of herbicide resistance. While genetic progress for yield and quality is on pace with common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), development of resistant durum cultivars to FHB is still lagging. Thus, successful biotic and abiotic threat mitigation are ideal case studies in Genotype (G) × Environment (E) × Management (M) interactions where superior cultivars (G) are grown in at-risk regions (E) and require unique approaches to management (M) for sustainable durum production. Transformational approaches to research are needed in order for agronomists, breeders and durum producers to overcome production constraints. Designing robust agronomic systems for durum demands scientific creativity and foresight based on a deep understanding of constitutive components and their innumerable interactions with each other and the environment. This encompasses development of durum production systems that suit specific agro-ecozones and close the yield gap between genetic potential and on-farm achieved yield. Advances in individual technologies (e.g., genetic improvements, new pesticides, seeding technologies) are of little benefit until they are melded into resilient G × E × M systems that will flourish in the field under unpredictable conditions of prairie farmlands. We explore how recent genetic progress and selected management innovations can lead to a resilient and transformative durum production system.

Dietary Intake and Diet Quality of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Survivors.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) survivors are burdened by a high prevalence and early onset of chronic diseases. Healthy dietary patterns have been associated with lower risks of chronic health conditions in the general population. HCT survivors are susceptible to multiple complications that may result in chronic illness. Unfortunately, no study to date has comprehensively documented the adherence of HCT survivors to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA), which are designed specifically to provide guidance for making healthy food choices. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate diet quality and nutrient intake adequacy of HCT survivors. A secondary aim was to assess these survivors' willingness to take part in a future dietary intervention. The dietary intake of adults who had undergone autologous or allogeneic HCT for a hematologic disease and were at least 1 year post-transplantation was assessed using the Block 2014 food frequency questionnaire, and diet quality was estimated using the Healthy Eating Index 2015. Nutrient intake adequacies of the group were estimated by the estimated average requirement cutpoint method. Survivors' (n = 90) HEI-2015 scores averaged 61.6 ± 1.1. Adherence to a good-quality diet was reported by only 10% of survivors. Intakes of vitamins A, C, and D, as well as magnesium and calcium, suggested inadequacy. Fiber intake at 8.9 g per 1000 kcal/day fell below the recommended adequate intake. "Change in taste" was associated with lower quality of diet (P = .02). HCT survivors within 2 years post-transplantation were more receptive than survivors beyond 2 years to participating in a dietary intervention (95% versus 65%; P = .0013). Adult HCT survivors reported less-than-optimal adherence to the 2015-2020 DGA and had numerous shortfall nutrient intakes; however, their willingness to participate in a dietary intervention was relatively high. These findings reinforce the need to incorporate nutrition into HCT survivor care.

Safety and Efficacy of Corneal Cross-linking in Pediatric Patients with Keratoconus and Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is to determine the safety and efficacy of corneal collagen cross-linking for keratoconus in pediatric patients with and without vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of 89 eyes of 58 patients <18 years of age that underwent corneal collagen cross-linking for progressive keratoconus; inclusion criteria included a minimum of 2-year follow-up after cross-linking. The main outcomes measures included keratometry, pachymetry, vision, and complications following epithelial-off cross-linking with the Dresden protocol. RESULTS: VKC patients were more likely to be male; 81.6% of the non-VKC patients and 96.3% of VKC patients were male (P = 0.038). Comparing pretreatment to the 2-year follow-up, there was no statistically significant change in the mean steep or flat keratometry, corneal thickness, and uncorrected visual acuity or best spectacle-corrected visual acuity in either group. There were no statistically significant differences in the mean visual, keratometric, or adverse event outcomes between the two groups. The proportion exhibiting progression of ectasia at 2 years was 18.5% in the VKC group and 16.7% in the non-VKC group (P = 0.83). CONCLUSIONS: Cross-linking appears to be as safe and effective in pediatric patients with vernal keratoconjunctivits as in those without, with similar outcomes, adverse events, and progression of keratoconus after treatment. The proportion of patients exhibiting progression appears to be higher in pediatric patients than adults, and there is an association between male sex and diagnosis of VKC.

Burkitt-like lymphoma in a pediatric patient with familial adenomatous polyposis.

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant condition that predisposes to multiple malignancies, most commonly colorectal carcinoma, but has rarely been associated with lymphoma. We discuss one patient found to have Burkitt-like Lymphoma (BLL) with 11q aberration in the setting of previously undiagnosed FAP. We review the literature of FAP and associated malignancies and the provisional WHO classification of Burkitt-like lymphoma with 11q aberration. Both FAP and Burkitt-like lymphoma with 11q aberration involve perturbation of the MYC network and this may provide insight into a connection between these two diagnoses. However, further study is needed to elucidate if there is an increased risk of BLL and other subtypes of lymphoma among patients with FAP in order to provide optimal counseling and surveillance for patients with FAP.

Intensified Pulse Rotations Buildup Pea Rhizosphere Pathogens in Cereal and Pulse Based Cropping Systems.

The association of plants and microbial communities is crucial for crop production, and host plants influence the composition of rhizosphere microbiomes. Pulse crops play an important role in the development of sustainable cropping systems, and producers in the Canadian prairies often increase the frequency of pulses in their cropping systems. In this study, we determined the shifts in the fungal community of pea (Pisum sativum L.) rhizosphere, as influenced by the frequency of pulses in rotation, using high throughput sequencing. Six cropping systems containing pea (P), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik., L), hybrid canola (Brassica napus L., C), wheat (Triticum aestivum L., W), and oat (Avena sativa L., O) in different intensities were tested. The fungal communities were assessed at the flowering stage in the fourth and fifth year of the 4-year rotations. Cropping system had a significant impact on the composition of the rhizosphere fungal community, and the effect of crop rotation sequence was greater and explained more of the variation than the effect of previous crops. The rotation with consecutive pulses (WPLP) decreased fungal evenness and increased the proportion of pathotrophs. Fusarium was a dominant and ubiquitous pathotrophic genus. Olpidium virulentus, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium solani, F. graminearum, and Alternaria eichhorniae were generally more abundant in pulse intensive rotations (WPLP, WLOP, and WPOP), the exception being F. solani which was not promoted by lentil. Reads of O. virulentus and B. cinerea were most abundant in pea preceded by lentil followed by the reads of Mortierella elongata in pea preceded by wheat. Pea consistently had higher grain yield when grown in diversified rotations including wheat, canola/lentil, and oat than rotations with two repeated crops (canola or pea). Cropping system affected the soil physicochemical properties, and soil pH was the main driver of fungal community shift. No evidence of beneficial microorganisms involvement in plant productivity was observed, but the high abundance of pathotrophs in pulse intensified rotations suggests the possibility of pathogen buildup in the soil with increasing pulse frequency. Diversifying rotation sequences minimized disease risk and increased pea production, in this study. Careful selection of plant species appears as a strategy for the management of rhizosphere fungal communities and the maintenance of crop production system's health.

Inner retinal vasculopathy in Zika virus disease.

PURPOSE: Zika virus infection is associated with vision-threatening ocular complications including uveitis and outer retinopathy. The aim of this report is to describe a case of an adult patient with serologically confirmed Zika infection who presented with retinal vascular abnormalities that coincided with systemic post-viral neurological manifestations of the disease. OBSERVATIONS: A 34-year-old white female presented with symptoms of peripheral neuropathy following serologically confirmed Zika virus infection that was acquired in Puerto Rico four months prior to presentation. Ocular evaluation revealed perifoveal microaneurysms which were not associated with visual symptoms. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE: These data potentially expand the phenotypic spectrum of Zika virus retinopathy. In addition to outer retinal abnormalities which are well-described in infants and adults, inner retinal vascular abnormalities may also occur and may be temporally associated with post-viral neurological sequelae of Zika virus infection. Clinicians should be aware of potential retinal involvement in affected patients who present with neurological symptoms after recovery from acute Zika virus infection.

Ocular effects of Zika virus-a review.

Zika virus was considered an innocent pathogen while restricted to the African and Asian population; however, after reaching the Americas in March 2015, it became a global threat. Despite usually causing mild or no symptoms in infected adults, Zika virus displays a different behavior toward fetuses. When infected during gestation, fetuses have their immature neural cells killed by the virus and consequently have devastating findings at birth. In the past year the drastic effects of Zika virus infection in newborns include neurological, ophthalmological, audiological, and skeletal abnormalities. These findings represent a new entity called congenital Zika syndrome. We summarize the ocular findings of congenital Zika Syndrome, as well as the current understanding of the illness, systemic manifestations, laboratory investigation, differential diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment for this disorder.

Poor peripheral blood stem cell mobilization affects long-term outcomes in multiple myeloma patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) mobilization is routinely undertaken prior to autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). A number of studies have identified risk factors for poor PBSC mobilization, however, little data exists to correlate mobilization with disease-specific outcomes in this patient population. Prospective work in MM has demonstrated similar outcomes in a homogenous patient population. METHODS: In this single institution analysis, we retrospectively studied the impact of poor PBSC mobilization on progression free survival (PFS) and OS in MM patients undergoing PBSC mobilization. Poor mobilizers are defined as patients that collected < 4 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg over maximum of 5 apheresis days, or those that required ≥2 mobilization cycles to achieve this target. RESULTS: We confirm that poor PBSC mobilization is significantly associated with a shortened PFS (P = .0012) and OS (P = .0005) compared with good mobilizers. Our univariate analysis also shows that independent risk factors for poor mobilization include male gender, higher ideal body weight, and a greater median number of lines of chemotherapy prior to PBSC mobilization. However, by multivariate analysis, only number of prior lines of chemotherapy remains significantly predictive of poor mobilization (Odds ratio 1.857, P = .0095). The use of high-dose G-CSF (> 10 mcg/kg/day) and/or plerixafor can significantly improve mobilization and ASCT chances in this population. DISCUSSION: These data indicate that poor mobilization can be predictable and is associated with more aggressive disease biology and worse outcomes, warranting intensive post-ASCT management.

Real-time Optical Coherence Tomography Incorporated in the Operating Microscope during Cataract Surgery.

A 55-year-old male presented with reduced vision due to senile cataract. The patient consented to undergo real-time intraoperative anterior segment-optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) during phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Images were captured at various points during the surgery. The use of AS-OCT incorporated into the surgical microscope was evaluated as an adjunct to cataract surgery. We were able to successfully evaluate, in real-time, wound architecture, the attachment of Descemet's membrane, the posterior capsule, and IOL position. Real-time AS-OCT can be used to proactively address potential complications and verify IOL placement intraoperatively.

Multifocal Choroiditis with Retinal Vasculitis, Optic Neuropathy, and Keratoconus in a Young Saudi Male.

The purpose of this study is to describe an association of unilateral multifocal choroiditis (MFC), retinal vasculitis, optic neuropathy, and bilateral keratoconus in a young Saudi male. A 27-year-old male patient with stable bilateral keratoconus presented with a painless vision loss in his left eye. Ophthalmic examinations revealed multiple foci of idiopathic chorioretinitis, retinal vasculitis, and mild optic disc leakage on fluorescein angiography, all of which resolved on systemic therapy with mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone after 3 months. Systemic medication was stopped after 8 months. One year after presentation, patient's visual acuity has improved and remained stable. Systemic immunomodulatory therapy can be effective in managing and leading to resolution of MFC, retinal vasculitis, and optic disc leak in young patients.