Novel epidemiological model of gastrointestinal nematode infection to assess grazing cattle resilience by integrating host growth, parasite, grass and environmental dynamics.

Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections are ubiquitous and often cause morbidity and reduced performance in livestock. Emerging anthelmintic resistance and increasing change in climate patterns require evaluation of alternatives to traditional treatment and management practices. Mathematical models of parasite transmission between hosts and the environment have contributed towards the design of appropriate control strategies in ruminants, but have yet to account for relationships between climate, infection pressure, immunity, resources, and growth. Here, we develop a new epidemiological model of GIN transmission in a herd of grazing cattle, including host tolerance (body weight and feed intake), parasite burden and acquisition of immunity, together with weather-dependent development of parasite free-living stages, and the influence of grass availability on parasite transmission. Dynamic host, parasite and environmental factors drive a variable rate of transmission. Using literature sources, the model was parametrised for Ostertagia ostertagi, the prevailing pathogenic GIN in grazing cattle populations in temperate climates. Model outputs were validated on published empirical studies from first season grazing cattle in northern Europe. These results show satisfactory qualitative and quantitative performance of the model; they also indicate the model may approximate the dynamics of grazing systems under co-infection by O. ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora, a second GIN species common in cattle. In addition, model behaviour was explored under illustrative anthelmintic treatment strategies, considering impacts on parasitological and performance variables. The model has potential for extension to explore altered infection dynamics as a result of management and climate change, and to optimise treatment strategies accordingly. As the first known mechanistic model to combine parasitic and free-living stages of GIN with host feed-intake and growth, it is well suited to predict complex system responses under non-stationary conditions. We discuss the implications, limitations and extensions of the model, and its potential to assist in the development of sustainable parasite control strategies.

Development and evaluation of a trapping system for Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the United States.

Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), commonly known as the Asian longhorned beetle, is an invasive wood-boring pest that infests a number of hardwood species and causes considerable economic losses in North America, several countries in Europe, and in its native range in Asia. The success of eradication efforts may depend on early detection of introduced populations; however, detection has been limited to identification of tree damage (oviposition pits and exit holes), and the serendipitous collection of adults, often by members of the public. Here we describe the development, deployment, and evaluation of semiochemical-baited traps in the greater Worcester area in Massachusetts. Over 4 yr of trap evaluation (2009-2012), 1013 intercept panel traps were deployed, 876 of which were baited with three different families of lures. The families included lures exhibiting different rates of release of the male-produced A. glabripennis pheromone, lures with various combinations of plant volatiles, and lures with both the pheromone and plant volatiles combined. Overall, 45 individual beetles were captured in 40 different traps. Beetles were found only in traps with lures. In several cases, trap catches led to the more rapid discovery and management of previously unknown areas of infestation in the Worcester county regulated area. Analysis of the spatial distribution of traps and the known infested trees within the regulated area provides an estimate of the relationship between trap catch and beetle pressure exerted on the traps. Studies continue to optimize lure composition and trap placement.

Production and characterization of guinea pig recombinant gamma interferon and its effect on macrophage activation.

Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) plays a critical role in the protective immune responses against mycobacteria. We previously cloned a cDNA coding for guinea pig IFN-gamma (gpIFN-gamma) and reported that BCG vaccination induced a significant increase in the IFN-gamma mRNA expression in guinea pig cells in response to living mycobacteria and that the virulent H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis stimulated less IFN-gamma mRNA than did the attenuated H37Ra strain. In this study, we successfully expressed and characterized recombinant gpIFN-gamma with a histidine tag at the N terminus (His-tagged rgpIFN-gamma) in Escherichia coli. rgpIFN-gamma was identified as an 18-kDa band in the insoluble fraction; therefore, the protein was purified under denaturing conditions and renatured. N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the recombinant protein yielded the sequence corresponding to the N terminus of His-tagged gpIFN-gamma. The recombinant protein upregulated major histocompatibility complex class II expression in peritoneal macrophages. The antiviral activity of rgpIFN-gamma was demonstrated with a guinea pig fibroblast cell line (104C1) infected with encephalomyocarditis virus. Interestingly, peritoneal macrophages treated with rgpIFN-gamma did not produce any nitric oxide but did produce hydrogen peroxide and suppressed the intracellular growth of mycobacteria. Furthermore, rgpIFN-gamma induced morphological alterations in cultured macrophages. Thus, biologically active rgpIFN-gamma has been successfully produced and characterized in our laboratory. The study of rgpIFN-gamma will further increase our understanding of the cellular and molecular responses induced by BCG vaccination in the guinea pig model of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Vaccine-induced cytokine responses in a guinea pig model of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Guinea pigs exposed to very small numbers of virulent tubercle bacilli by the respiratory route develop a disease which mimics many of the important features of the pathogenesis of human tuberculosis (TB), including the expression of strong protective immunity following vaccination with BCG. In order to elucidate the precise immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced resistance in this model, both mRNA and protein assays for several guinea pig cytokines and chemokines have been developed. The coordinated expression of cytokine and chemokine mRNA and protein was examined in various leukocyte populations and in inflammatory cells and fluid collected following the induction of tuberculous pleurisy in BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs. Real-time RT-PCR assays revealed that the mRNA levels for IFNgamma, TNFalpha, and IL-8 rose over the first few days of TB pleuritis and then declined over the 9 days of the study. Injection of anti-TGFbeta on day 8 following pleurisy induction resulted in significant changes in cytokine mRNA levels and PPD-induced proliferation in pleural effusion lymphocytes taken 24h later. BCG vaccination induced significantly higher levels of bioactive TNFalpha protein in the supernatants of alveolar, peritoneal and splenic cells from BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs cultured in the presence of attenuated or virulent mycobacteria. In sharp contrast, following virulent challenge, all three cell types from BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs produced significantly less TNFalpha. Thus, BCG vaccination appears to modulate the potentially harmful effects of TNFalpha in this model of pulmonary TB. Levels of mRNA for IL-12p40 were upregulated by exposure of infected and uninfected macrophages to recombinant guinea pig (rgp)TNFalpha. The intracellular survival of mycobacteria was enhanced when endogeous TNFalpha activity was neutralized with anti-rgpTNFalpha antiserum. rgp RANTES (CCL5) upregulated mRNA levels for TNFalpha, IL-1beta, MCP-1 (CCL2), and IL-8 (CXCL8) in alveolar and peritoneal macrophages. These results illustrate the profound effects of prior vaccination with BCG on the cytokine and chemokine responses of distinct cell populations in the guinea pig following exposure to attenuated and virulent strains of M. tuberculosis.

Platelet adhesion to radiofrequency glow-discharge-deposited fluorocarbon polymers preadsorbed with selectively depleted plasmas show the primary role of fibrinogen.

Fluorocarbon radio-frequency glow-discharge (RFGD) treatment has previously been shown to cause decreased platelet adhesion despite the presence of adsorbed fibrinogen on the surfaces. In this study platelet adhesion to fluorocarbon RFGD-treated surfaces preadsorbed with human plasma was further examined. A series of plasma deposited fluorocarbon thin films were made by varying the C3F6/CH4 ratio in the monomer feed. The surfaces were preadsorbed with plasma, serum, or plasma selectively depleted of fibronectin, vitronectin, or Von Willebrand factor, and platelet adhesion was measured. We also measured fibrinogen adsorption to the surfaces from plasma, monoclonal antibody binding to adsorbed fibrinogen and SDS elutability of the adsorbed fibrinogen. The antibodies used bind to the three putative platelet binding sites on fibrinogen, namely, M1 antibody binds to the dodecapeptide at the C-terminus of the gamma chain, gamma (402-411), R1 antibody binds to a sequence in the Aalpha chain (87-100) which includes RGDF at Aalpha (95-98) and R2 antibody binds a sequence in the Aalpha chain (566-580) which includes RGDS at Aalpha (572-575). Fibrinogen was found to play a decisive role in mediating platelet adhesion to the fluorocarbon surfaces contacting plasma. Few platelets adhered to the fluorocarbon surfaces preadsorbed with serum, while preadsorption with plasma selectively-depleted of either fibronectin, vitronectin, or von Willebrand factor did not decrease platelet adhesion significantly. Replenishment of exogenous fibrinogen to serum restored platelet adhesion, while replenishment of the other proteins had no effect. Platelet adhesion to the fluorocarbon surfaces was lower than to PET or the methane glow-discharge-treated PET. However, there was no apparent correlation between platelet adhesion and the amount of fibrinogen adsorption or monoclonal antibody binding to surface-bound fibrinogen.

Kidney, liver and bone cadmium content in the western sandpiper in relation to migration.

Cadmium content was measured in kidney, liver and tarsus bones of western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) at a temperate migratory stopover site (Fraser Delta, British Columbia, Canada) and a wintering site (Playa el Agallito, Chitre, Panama) over a two year period. Cadmium content in liver and kidney was age and sex dependent. Adult females generally had lower kidney and liver cadmium than adult males (P < 0.05), but a sex difference was not detected in juveniles. Cadmium increased with age in kidney, liver and to a lesser extent in bone (P < 0.001) with average "steady-state" kidney and liver content being reached within the sandpipers first year. In general, tissue cadmium residues in adult males and females were independent of sampling location although for bone, site-specific differences did occur (P < 0.001). Bone cadmium was lower in females sampled from their wintering grounds as compared to temperate stopover sites suggesting that bone cadmium may be mobilized during periods of feather molt. Comparison of cadmium residues among sandpipers of increasing age suggest that exposure is occurring along the Pacific Coast, at stopover sites as the birds migrate north to Alaska and south to Panama. This study points to the importance of considering the ecology of the species (e.g., in this case migratory behavior) in interpreting trace metal residues.

The establishment of a brain bank for the study of late-life depression: a feasibility study of factors facilitating consent.

BACKGROUND: Studies of postmortem brain tissue are advancing the understanding of the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). The nature and quality of subject samples, however, limit their applicability to late-life MDD. OBJECTIVE: To examine the feasibility of establishing a brain bank for late-life MDD, and identify clinical, demographic, and procedural factors that might facilitate subject enrollment. METHODS: Elderly subjects participating in clinical trials associated with the Mental Health Intervention Research Center for Late-Life Mood Disorders (MHIRC/LLMD) at the University of Pittsburgh were approached by clinical research staff for consent to future brain-only autopsy. Subjects who consented to participation were compared with those who refused participation on demographic and clinical variables. MHIRC/LLMD clinical research staff were interviewed to determine factors that may have facilitated or hindered the consent process and reasons for subject consent or refusal. RESULTS: Eighty out of 242 subjects (33%) subjects approached for participation in the brain bank provided consent. Consent to participate was associated with higher level of education and with lower Mini-Mental State Examination score. Several factors facilitating and hindering the consent process were identified. CONCLUSION: We provide preliminary evidence for the feasibility of establishing a brain bank for the study of late-life MDD. Future efforts may be guided by the factors identified as facilitating the consent process, especially the inclusion of family in the consent process.

A patient-oriented health status measure in outpatient rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of a patient-centered health status measurement tool in multiple outpatient rehabilitation clinics and to characterize health status before and after an outpatient physical therapy intervention as part of that assessment. DESIGN: Six outpatient rehabilitation clinics voluntarily agreed to incorporate a standardized patient-centered health status questionnaire into everyday practice. Patients completed the SF-36 health status questionnaire before initiating treatment and again at discharge. Only nonsurgical patients without comorbidities were enrolled. RESULTS: Voluntary application of the SF-36 on a small scale was achieved over a period of 3-4 mo. All health concepts improved except general health perceptions. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that (1) a standard patient-oriented health status questionnaire can be incorporated into outpatient rehabilitation clinics, and useful information can be derived regarding outcomes; (2) careful administrative coordination is necessary to optimize follow-up and decrease burden on both patients and clinicians; (3) although improvements in health status were demonstrated, small sample sizes and the lack of control groups prevents conclusions regarding the effectiveness of physical therapy treatment; and (4) the magnitude of effect sizes suggests that controlled studies could be performed by clinicians partnering with researchers to improve outpatient rehabilitation.

The effect of adsorbed fibrinogen, fibronectin, von Willebrand factor and vitronectin on the procoagulant state of adherent platelets.

Procoagulant (activated) platelets provide a site for assembly of the prothrombinase complex which can rapidly convert prothrombin into thrombin (a potent inducer of clot formation). Previously, we reported that adhesion of platelets to surfaces preadsorbed with blood plasma caused them to become procoagulant. In the present study we investigated the effect of adsorbed adhesion proteins (fibrinogen (Fg), fibronectin (Fn), von Willebrand factor (vWF) and vitronectin (Vn)) on the procoagulant activity of adherent platelets. Adsorbed Fn, vWF and Fg promoted platelet adhesion in the following order: Fn < vWF = Fg. However, these proteins promoted platelet activation (thrombin generation per adherent platelet) in the following order: Fg < Fn < vWF. Adsorption with a series of dilutions of normal plasma, serum, and plasmas deficient in or depleted of von Willebrand factor (de-vWF), fibronectin (de-Fn), vitronectin (de-Vn), or both vitronectin and fibronectin (de-VnFn) resulted in varied platelet adhesion, but little difference in platelet activation. However, preadsorption with dilute de-vWF plasma induced lower procoagulant activity than normal plasma. Preadsorption with normal plasma resulted in higher levels of platelet activation than preadsorption with Fg, suggesting that adsorption of plasma proteins other than Fg caused the high levels of activation observed for plasma preadsorbed surfaces.

The impact of motivation on temporal comparisons: coping with traumatic events by perceiving personal growth.

Four studies were conducted to investigate the impact of self-enhancement motivation on the temporal comparisons of victims of stressful life events. Study 1 revealed that (a) victims were more likely than acquaintances of victims to report greater improvement in their personal attributes after traumatic life events than after mild negative life events and (b) victims perceived improvement by derogating their pre-event attributes. In Studies 2 and 3, an experimental approach was used to study the impact of threatening experiences on perceptions of personal growth, and similar findings were obtained. Study 4 confirmed that threatening self-relevant feelings play a causal role in prompting self-enhancing temporal comparisons. Taken together, the findings of these studies support the view that perceptions of personal improvement reflect, at least in part, motivated illusions that are designed to help people cope with threatening life experiences.

Protein adsorption and cell attachment to patterned surfaces.

To better understand the events involved in the generation of defined tissue architectures on biomaterials, we have examined the mechanism of attachment of human bone-derived cells (HBDC) to surfaces with patterned surface chemistry in vitro. Photolithography was used to generate alternating domains of N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane (EDS) and dimethyldichlorosilane (DMS). At 90 min after seeding, HBDC were localized preferentially to the EDS regions of the pattern. Using sera specifically depleted of adhesive glycoproteins, this spatial organization was found to be mediated by adsorption of vitronectin (Vn) from serum onto the EDS domains. In contrast, fibronectin (Fn) was unable to adsorb in the face of competition from other serum components. These results were confirmed by immunostaining, which also revealed that both Vn and Fn were able to adsorb to EDS and DMS regions when coated from pure solution, i.e., in the absence of competition. In this situation, each protein was able to mediate cell adhesion across a range of surface densities. Cell spreading was constrained on the EDS domains, as indicated by cell morphology and the lack of integrin receptor clustering and focal adhesion formation. This spatial constraint may have implications for the subsequent expression of differentiated function.

Quantitative trait loci analysis for the differences in susceptibility to atherosclerosis and diabetes between inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J and C57BLKS/J.

Mice from the inbred strain C57BLKS/J (BKS) exhibit increased susceptibility to both diabetes and atherosclerosis compared to C57BL/6J (B6) mice. To determine whether the differences in diabetes and atherosclerosis are related, we carried out a cross between B6-db/db and BKS. We selected 99 female F2-db/db progeny, tested the progeny for plasma lipids, plasma glucose, and fatty-streak lesions, and used quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis to identify the chromosomal regions associated with these phenotypes. No major QTL were found for total cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, or triglycerides. Two suggestive QTL were found for HDL-cholesterol (LOD scores of 2. 7 and 2.8), and two suggestive loci were found for plasma glucose (LOD scores of 2.3 and 2.0). Lesion size was not correlated with plasma lipid levels or glucose. Lesion size was determined by a locus at D12Mit49 with a LOD score of 2.5 and a significant likelihood ratio statistic. The gene for apolipoprotein apoB lies within the region, but apoB levels were similar in strains B6 and BKS. The QTL on Chr 12 was confirmed by constructing a congenic strain with BKS alleles in the QTL region on a B6 genetic background. We conclude that susceptibilities to diabetes and atherosclerosis are not conferred by the same genes in these strains and that a major gene on Chr 12, which we name Ath6, determines the difference in atherosclerosis susceptibility.

Attachment of cultured human bone cells to novel polymers.

The initial attachment of human bone-derived cells (HBDC) to several polymer systems has been studied in vitro. A novel polymer system based on poly(ethyl methacrylate) polymer and tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate monomer (PEMA/THFMA) was compared with a variant in which THFMA was replaced by 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (PEMA/HEMA). Tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) and polystyrene (PS) were used as reference materials. The ability of the substrates to adsorb the attachment glycoproteins fibronectin (Fn) and vitronectin (Vn) from serum and the subsequent effect on radiolabeled HBDC attachment were examined. Initial cell attachment from the medium containing 10% (v/v) serum was highest on TCPS; on PEMA/THFMA and PEMA/HEMA substrates it was about 25% of this level, and on PS it was only 10% of that on TCPS. Attachment of HBDC to all substrates was dependent on the presence of Vn, which, unlike Fn, was able to adsorb in the face of competition from other serum components. Both Vn and Fn were able to support cell attachment when precoated onto all substrates. In comparison to TCPS, PEMA/THFMA did not show enhanced adsorption of either Fn or Vn from serum, and this was reflected in the level of cell attachment. Interestingly, the potency of preadsorbed Fn for cell attachment was much higher on this substrate than on any other: 45 ng/cm2 Fn when adsorbed to PEMA/THFMA gave a level of cell attachment 1.6-fold higher than the same density of Fn on PS or TCPS. The maximum Fn surface density achieved on HEMA/PEMA was 16 ng/cm2. Cells on PEMA/THFMA showed typical clustering of the alpha5 beta1 Fn receptor, but this was not evident in cells attached to PEMA/HEMA even when precoated with Fn. This study indicates that the initial attachment of HBDC to all substrates was Vn dependent. It also indicates that on PEMA/THFMA the favorable presentation of subsequently adsorbed Fn may assist matrix assembly.

The effect of polymeric chemistry on the expression of bone-related mRNAs and proteins by human bone-derived cells in vitro.

This study used human bone-derived cells (HBDC) grown on two defined polymeric substrata to examine the effect of substrata chemistry on the expression of mRNAs and proteins characteristic of the osteoblastic phenotype. The growth profile of cells grown on tissue culture polystyrene (TCP) was exponential whereas for those seeded on polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) there was a pronounced lag period before cellular multiplication. The temporal expression pattern of mRNAs in HBDC cultured on TCP was similar to that of cells on PET. On TCP, the levels of several mRNAs peaked at day 4, as cellular proliferation slowed. In contrast, the induction in mRNA levels in cells grown on PET corresponded to maximum mitotic activity. There appears to be sequential cascade in protein expression in cells grown on TCP with overlapping peaks of thrombospondin (Tsp), osteocalcin (OC) and osteopontin (OP) expression. In contrast, peak intracellular protein expression levels for Tsp, OC and OP did not overlap when cells were grown on PET.

Surfaces designed to control the projected area and shape of individual cells.

Materials with spatially resolved surface chemistry were designed to isolate individual mammalian cells to determine the influence of projected area on specific cell functions (e.g., proliferation, cytoskeletal organization). Surfaces were fabricated using a photolithographic process resulting in islands of cell binding N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane (EDS) separated by a nonadhesive interpenetrating polymer network [poly (acrylamide-co-ethylene glycol); P (AAm-co-EG)]. The surfaces contained over 3800 adhesive islands/cm2, allowing for isolation of single cells with projected areas ranging from 100 microns 2 to 10,000 microns 2. These surfaces provide a useful tool for researching how cell morphology and mechanical forces affect cell function.

Albumin-binding surfaces: synthesis and characterization.

The nature of the proteinaceous film deposited on a biomaterial surface following implantation is a key determinant of the subsequent biological response. To achieve selectivity in the formation of this film, monoclonal antibodies have been coupled to a range of solid substrates using avidin-biotin technology. Antibody clones varied in their antigen-binding activity following insertion of biotin groups into lysine residues. Biotinylated antibodies coupled to solid substrates via an immobilized avidin bridge retained their biological activity. During immobilization of avidin a significant proportion of the protein molecules were passively adsorbed rather than covalently attached to the surface. This loosely bound material could be removed by stringent elution procedures which resulted in a surface density of 5.4 pmol avidin cm(-2). Although these conditions would be harsh enough to denature monoclonal antibodies, they did not destroy the biotin-binding activity of the residual surface-coupled avidin, enabling the subsequent immobilization of biotinylated antibodies. The two-step immobilization technique allowed the use of gentle protein modification procedures, reduced the risk of surface-induced denaturation and removed loosely bound material from the surface. The versatility of the technique encourages its application to a wide range of immobilization systems where retention of biological activity is a key requirement.

Albumin-binding surfaces: in vitro activity.

Immobilized monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) have been used to attract specific molecules to a solid surface from complex mixtures such as blood, plasma or serum, thereby directing the response to the modified substrate, a key goal in rational biomaterial design. The nature of the Mab dictated the nature of the response: anti-albumin antibodies were used to prevent cell and platelet adhesion in vitro, whilst anti-fibronectin Mabs promoted attachment. Patterned surfaces could be formed, bearing Mabs that generated adhesive and non-adhesive regions. Fibrinogen adsorption from plasma showed a Vroman peak on unmodified control polymer, which was reduced by 64% in the presence of surface-bound anti-albumin Mab. Immobilization of a control Mab reduced fibrinogen adsorption only slightly, implying an albumin-mediated effect. In static tests, platelet adhesion from human platelet rich plasma was significantly reduced by the immobilization of anti-HSA Mab when compared to the untreated FEP surface (p < 0.0001). This effect was also seen with citrated blood flowing through Mab-treated polyurethane tubing at a shear rate of 132 s(-1) (p=0.034). Since platelets and proteins (as blood, plasma or serum) were introduced to the surface simultaneously, the generation of a defined protein film must have been sufficiently rapid as to shape the platelet or cell response.

Polymer surface chemistry and bone cell migration.

Implant devices for orthopaedic applications may be improved if the surface of the biomaterial provides for osteointegration. To understand the effect of hydrophilicity on colonisation by human bone derived (HBD) cells, we compared untreated polystyrene (PS) and a sulfuric acid-treated PS surface for mechanisms of cell migration. The chemical composition of the acid-treated PS surface was analysed by monochromatic X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and found to contain various oxidatively produced groups and a minor amount of sulfonate groups. It was found that migration of HBD cells on both PS and acid-treated PS surface was dependent on the presence of vitronectin (Vn) and was higher on the hydrophilic acid-treated surface. Minimal migration of HBD cells occurred on either surface in the absence of Vn, even when fibronectin was present in the culture medium. Using radiolabelled protein, it was shown that Vn adsorption onto the acid-treated surface was two to three fold greater than that on the hydrophobic PS. When HBD cells were seeded onto a patterned surface in a medium containing Vn, the cells preferentially colonised the hydrophilic region and few, if any, cells traversed the haptotactic boundary from the hydrophilic to the hydrophobic side. Thus the enhanced HBD cell migration seen on the acid-treated PS compared with the untreated PS surface and the haptotactic boundary phenomenon, relate to Vn adsorption.

Genetic analysis of the difference in diet-induced atherosclerosis between the inbred mouse strains SM/J and NZB/BINJ.

To identify the genetic factors affecting susceptibility to atherosclerosis, we studied the inheritance of plasma total cholesterol (TC) and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations and susceptibility to atherosclerotic lesion formation in an (SM/J[SM] x NZB/B1NJ[NZB]) outcross, an (SM/NZB)FI[F1] x SM backcross, and the NXSM recombinant inbred (RI) strain set. After 18 or 26 weeks on the atherogenic diet, lesion sizes in female mice were 160+/-110 (SE) microm2 for NZB, 100+/-60 for F1, and 3800+/-920 for SM. After 0, 4, or 26 weeks on the atherogenic diet, NZB had higher TC and HDL-C levels than either SM or F1. The F1 progeny had TC and HDL-C levels slightly higher than or similar to the SM/J parent, while lesion size in the F1 progeny was more similar to the NZB parent. Among the 15 RI strains, 8 resembled NZB and F1, 3 resembled SM, and 4 were intermediate between NZB and SM for lesion size. For the (SM x NZB)F1 x SM backcross offspring, 26 resembled NZB and F1, 7 resembled SM, and 6 were intermediate between NZB and SM for lesion size. There was poor correlation between lesion size and plasma TC or HDL-C in the parental strains and the backcross. These data suggest that resistance to atherosclerosis is determined by at least one major dominant gene contributed by the NZB strain, which we have named Ath8. Ath8 segregates independently of genes controlling TC and HDL-C levels.

The impact of negative affect on autobiographical memory: the role of self-focused attention to moods.

Five studies examined how self-focused attention affects the impact of negative moods on autobiographical memory. It was proposed that self-focused attention to moods may increase the likelihood of both mood-congruent recall and mood-incongruent recall and that the type of recall effect that occurs will depend on the manner in which people focus on their moods. In these studies, participants were led to experience negative or neutral moods, exposed to a manipulation designed to affect some aspect of their attention to their moods, and then asked to report memories. This research revealed that when people adopt a reflective orientation to their moods, they are more likely to engage in mood-incongruent recall; in contrast, when they adopt a ruminative orientation to their moods, they are more likely to engage in mood-congruent recall. Thus, the way in which people focus on their moods moderates the relation between mood and memory.