STOPP/START criteria for potentially inappropriate medications/potential prescribing omissions in older people: uptake and clinical impact.

INTRODUCTION: STOPP/START criteria for potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs, STOPP) and potential prescribing omissions (PPOs, START) have gained considerable interest and traction since they were first published in 2008. This review focuses on their uptake and impact in various clinical settings. AREAS COVERED: STOPP/START criteria, now in their third iteration, are explicit criteria designed to facilitate detection of common and clinically important PIMs and PPOs during routine medication review in any clinical setting. We examine the influence of the criteria, particularly in clinical trials that focused on their impact on clinically relevant endpoints. EXPERT OPINION: STOPP/START criteria are widely used in several countries within Europe and beyond for medication review and audit. As a discreet intervention, the criteria have been tested in several single-center and two large-scale multi-center clinical trials. The single-center trials indicate that STOPP/START criteria reduce polypharmacy, inappropriate prescribing, ADRs (adverse drug reactions), medication cost and falls. In contrast, the SENATOR and OPERAM multicentre trials did not demonstrate significant reduction in ADRs, all-cause mortality, drug-related hospital readmissions, nor any improvement in quality-of-life. Further clinical trials are required to examine whether STOPP/START criteria as an intervention can deliver significant clinical benefit in a reproducible manner in various clinical settings.

Improved outcomes with delayed admission to post-acute care: results of a natural experiment.

PURPOSE: To determine the effectiveness of a post-acute care scheme by exploiting a natural experiment. METHODS: We used a reduction in funding for an Irish PAC scheme based in private nursing homes as a natural experiment to explore the effectiveness of this scheme in a single large general hospital. RESULTS: Compared with an equivalent 3-month period in 2017 (pre-change, N = 169), those admitted to PAC in 2019 (post-change, N = 179), spent a median 6 days longer in acute care, although total duration spent in healthcare settings was the same. Compared with 2017, readmissions to hospital within 90 days of discharge (43/179 (24.0% v 58/169 (34.3%), p = 0.03) and discharge to long-term care from the PAC facility (3 (1.7%) v 14 (8.3%), p = 0.004) were significantly lower in 2019. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the longer stay in acute care and shorter stay in PAC was beneficial for patients and led to improved outcomes.

Serotonin syndrome unmasking thyrotoxicosis.

A 26-year-old cachectic man presented with an altered mental status. He was agitated, tremulous, hyperthermic and diaphoretic with largely dilated pupils. Collateral history revealed acute ingestion of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on a background of chronic drug abuse. His condition deteriorated requiring sedation and intubation with transfer to the intensive care unit. A diagnosis of serotonin syndrome was made, based on his findings in keeping with the Hunter criteria, and he was treated with supportive management during a resultant and briefly sustained delirium. With gradual resolution of his agitated state, further questioning and blood work a concurrent, and potentially contributory, thyrotoxicosis was revealed. The patient was commenced on treatment for this with urgent outpatient follow-up with both a local otolaryngologist and endocrinologist for consideration of further treatment.