Asunto(s)
Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Madres/psicología , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/economía , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & control , Vacunación/economía , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Hong Kong , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Núcleo Familiar , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/efectos adversos , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: A review of cost-effectiveness studies on self-management education programmes for Type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Cochrane, PubMed and PsycINFO databases were searched for papers published from January 2003 through September 2015. Further hand searching using the reference lists of included papers was carried out. RESULTS: In total, 777 papers were identified and 12 papers were finally included. We found eight programmes whose effectiveness analyses were based on randomised controlled trials and whose costs were comprehensively estimated from the stated perspective. Among these eight, four studies showed a cost per unit reduction in clinical risk factors (HbA1c or BMI) of US$491 to US$7723 or cost per glycaemic symptom day avoided of US$39. In three studies the cost per QALY gained, as estimated from a life-time model, was less than US$50,000. However, one study found the programme was not cost-effective despite a gain in QALYs at the one-year follow up. CONCLUSION: A small number of cost-effectiveness studies were identified with only eight of sufficiently good quality. The cost of a self-management education programme achieving reduction in clinical risk factors seems to be modest and is likely to be cost-effective in the long-term.
Asunto(s)
Análisis Costo-Beneficio/economía , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/economía , Educación del Paciente como Asunto/métodos , Automanejo/educación , Análisis Costo-Beneficio/métodos , HumanosRESUMEN
AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of the multidisciplinary Risk Assessment and Management Program for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus (RAMP-DM) in reducing the risks of microvascular complications. METHODS: This prospective cohort study was conducted with 29,670 propensity-score-matched RAMP-DM participants and diabetes patients under the usual primary care (14,835 in each group). Study endpoints were the first occurrence of any diabetic microvascular complications, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy/preproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR/prePDR), sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) or blindness, nephropathy, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), neuropathy and lower-limb ulcers or amputation. Log-rank tests and multivariable Cox proportional-hazards regressions were employed to estimate between-group differences in incidences of study endpoints. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 36 months with>41,000 person-years in each group, RAMP-DM participants had a lower incidence of microvascular complications (760 vs 935; adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.66-0.81; P<0.001) and lower incidences of all specific microvascular complications except neuropathy (adjusted HR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.61-1.45; P=0.778). Adjusted HRs for the RAMP-DM vs control group for ESRD, STDR or blindness, and lower-limb ulcers or amputation were 0.40 (95% CI: 0.24-0.69; P<0.001), 0.55 (95% CI: 0.39-0.78; P=0.001) and 0.49 (95% CI: 0.30-0.80; P=0.005), respectively. CONCLUSION: The RAMP-DM intervention was associated with lower incidences of all microvascular complications except neuropathy over a 3-year follow-up. These encouraging results constitute evidence that structured risk assessment and risk-stratified management provided by a multidisciplinary team is effective for reducing microvascular complications in diabetes patients. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY: NCT02034695, www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
Asunto(s)
Angiopatías Diabéticas , Anciano , Angiopatías Diabéticas/epidemiología , Angiopatías Diabéticas/prevención & control , Angiopatías Diabéticas/terapia , Femenino , Humanos , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
Diabetes mellitus has become a global epidemic. It causes significant macrovascular complications such as coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and stroke; as well as microvascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Diabetic retinopathy is known to be the leading cause of blindness in the working-age population and may be asymptomatic until vision loss occurs. Screening for diabetic retinopathy has been shown to reduce blindness by timely detection and effective laser treatment. Diabetic retinopathy screening is being done worldwide either as a national screening programme or hospital-based project or as a community-based screening programme. In this article, we review different methods of screening including grading used to detect the severity of sight-threatening retinopathy and the newer screening methods. This review also includes the method of systematic screening being carried out in Hong Kong, a system that has helped to identify diabetic retinopathy among all attendees in public primary care clinics using a Hong Kong-wide public patients' database.
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Ceguera/prevención & control , Retinopatía Diabética/diagnóstico , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Ceguera/etiología , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Hong Kong , Humanos , Atención Primaria de Salud/métodosAsunto(s)
Neoplasias Colorrectales/economía , Neoplasias Colorrectales/psicología , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Detección Precoz del Cáncer/economía , Calidad de Vida , Anciano , Neoplasias Colorrectales/diagnóstico , Detección Precoz del Cáncer/métodos , Femenino , Estado de Salud , Hong Kong , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Sangre Oculta , Años de Vida Ajustados por Calidad de VidaAsunto(s)
Conservadores de la Densidad Ósea/economía , Análisis Costo-Beneficio/métodos , Costos de la Atención en Salud , Osteoporosis Posmenopáusica/tratamiento farmacológico , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Conservadores de la Densidad Ósea/uso terapéutico , Femenino , Fracturas de Cadera/economía , Fracturas de Cadera/epidemiología , Fracturas de Cadera/etiología , Hong Kong/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Cadenas de Markov , Persona de Mediana Edad , Osteoporosis Posmenopáusica/economía , Osteoporosis Posmenopáusica/mortalidad , Fracturas Osteoporóticas/economía , Fracturas Osteoporóticas/epidemiología , Años de Vida Ajustados por Calidad de Vida , Fracturas de la Columna Vertebral/economía , Fracturas de la Columna Vertebral/epidemiología , Fracturas de la Columna Vertebral/etiología , Factores de Tiempo , Traumatismos de la Muñeca/economía , Traumatismos de la Muñeca/epidemiología , Traumatismos de la Muñeca/etiologíaAsunto(s)
Costo de Enfermedad , Diabetes Mellitus/economía , Obesidad/economía , Sobrepeso/economía , Adulto , Anciano , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus/etiología , Costos de la Atención en Salud/tendencias , Hong Kong/epidemiología , Humanos , Esperanza de Vida , Modelos Estadísticos , Obesidad/complicaciones , Sobrepeso/complicacionesAsunto(s)
Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Isquemia Miocárdica/epidemiología , Política para Fumadores/legislación & jurisprudencia , Hong Kong/epidemiología , Mortalidad Hospitalaria , Humanos , Isquemia Miocárdica/etiología , Isquemia Miocárdica/mortalidad , Distribución de Poisson , Estaciones del Año , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/efectos adversos , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/legislación & jurisprudencia , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/prevención & controlAsunto(s)
Enfermedades Profesionales/prevención & control , Exposición Profesional/prevención & control , Restaurantes , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/prevención & control , Recolección de Datos , Hong Kong/epidemiología , Humanos , Enfermedades Profesionales/epidemiología , Enfermedades Profesionales/etiología , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Exposición Profesional/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salud Pública , Política para Fumadores/legislación & jurisprudencia , Fumar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Prevención del Hábito de Fumar , Factores de Tiempo , Nicotiana , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/efectos adversos , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
Global marine vessels emissions are adversely affecting human health particularly in southeast Asia. But health burdens from both ocean- and river-going vessels in Pearl River Delta (PRD) regions are not quantified. We estimated the potential health impacts using pooled relative risks of mortality and hospital admissions in China, and the model derived concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) due to vessels emissions. SO2 concentrations due to marine emissions in Hong Kong were 13.6 µg m⻳ compared with 0.7 µg m⻳ in PRD regions that were far from the marine vessels. In PRD regions, the estimated annual numbers (per million people) of excess deaths from all natural causes and hospital admissions from cardiorespiratory causes attributable to SO2, NO2, O3 and PM10 combined from marine emissions were 45 and 265 respectively. Marine emission control measures could contribute a large reduction in mortality and hospital admissions in PRD regions especially in Hong Kong.
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Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Contaminación del Aire/estadística & datos numéricos , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Evaluación del Impacto en la Salud , China , Humanos , Dióxido de Nitrógeno/análisis , Ozono/análisis , Material Particulado/análisis , Ríos , Dióxido de Azufre/análisisRESUMEN
1. A cohort of Elderly Health Centres was examined to determine whether influenza vaccination decreased hospitalisation and mortality. 2. In the influenza season, influenza vaccination reduced all-cause mortality by half and cardiorespiratory hospitalisation by a quarter. The extent to which influenza vaccination protects older people from serious morbidity and mortality needs to be confirmed in appropriately designed studies, so that scarce health care resources can be used effectively
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Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Gripe Humana/prevención & control , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Anciano , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/mortalidad , Causas de Muerte , Femenino , Servicios de Salud para Ancianos , Hong Kong/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Análisis Multivariante , Neumonía/mortalidad , Intoxicación/mortalidad , Distribución de Poisson , Heridas y Lesiones/mortalidadAsunto(s)
Algoritmos , Indicadores de Salud , Estado de Salud , Años de Vida Ajustados por Calidad de Vida , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Hong Kong , Humanos , Lenguaje , Esperanza de Vida , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between diabetes and impairments in functional and cognitive status as well as depression in older people. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Elderly Health Centres (EHC) in Hong Kong. PARTICIPANTS: 66,813 older people receiving baseline assessment at EHC in 1998 to 2001. MEASUREMENTS: Diabetes status was defined by self-report and blood glucose tests. Functional status was assessed by 5 items of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and 7 items of activities of daily living (ADL). Cognitive status was screened by the Abbreviated Mental Test-Hong Kong version (AMT). Depressive symptoms were screened by the Geriatric Depression Scale-Chinese version (GDS). RESULTS: Among the subjects, 10.4% reported having regular treatment for diabetes, 3.4% had diabetes but were not receiving regular treatment, and 86.2% did not have diabetes. After controlling for age, sex and education level, those having regular treatment for diabetes were 1.7 times more likely (OR=1.65, 95% CI: 1.51-1.80) to have functional impairment, 1.3 times more likely (OR=1.28, 95% CI: 1.11-1.48) to have cognitive impairment and 1.3 times more likely (OR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.25-1.46) to have depression, than older people without diabetes. CONCLUSION: Older people with diabetes may be less capable of managing the disease than the younger ones as a result of increased risk of both physical and cognitive impairment. This study provided further evidence for the need of an international consensus statement regarding care of diabetes in older people.
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Trastornos del Conocimiento/epidemiología , Depresión/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Evaluación Geriátrica/estadística & datos numéricos , Actividades Cotidianas/psicología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Trastornos del Conocimiento/psicología , Estudios Transversales , Depresión/psicología , Diabetes Mellitus/psicología , Escolaridad , Femenino , Hong Kong/epidemiología , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Prevalencia , Factores de RiesgoAsunto(s)
Directivas Anticipadas , Cuidados Paliativos/psicología , Prioridad del Paciente , Cuidado Terminal/psicología , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Servicios de Salud Comunitaria/economía , Femenino , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Hogares para Ancianos , Hong Kong , Hospitalización/economía , Humanos , Masculino , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Cuidado Terminal/economíaRESUMEN
1. The largest contribution of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality reductions was from medical treatment. 2. A smaller contribution was estimated to be due to risk factors changes. 3. Improvement of treatment uptake levels can have a substantial effect in reducing CHD mortality.