Late mortality after bone marrow transplant for chronic myelogenous leukemia in the context of prior tyrosine kinase inhibitor exposure: A Blood or Marrow Transplant Survivor Study (BMTSS) report.

BACKGROUND: Late mortality was investigated in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) who underwent blood or bone marrow transplant (BMT) with or without prior tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. METHODS: By using data from the Blood or Marrow Transplant Survivor Study, the authors examined late mortality in 447 patients with CML who underwent BMT between 1974 and 2010, conditional on surviving ≥2 years post-BMT. For vital status information, the medical records, the National Death Index, and the Accurint database were used. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated using general population age-specific, sex-specific, and calendar-specific mortality rates. Kaplan-Meier techniques and Cox regression were used for all-cause mortality analyses. Cumulative incidence and proportional subdistribution hazards models for competing risks were used for cause-specific mortality analyses. RESULTS: The 10-year overall survival rate was 65.7% and 73% for those who underwent transplant with and without pre-BMT exposure to TKI therapy, respectively. Patients who underwent transplant with and without pre-BMT TKI experienced SMRs of 6.4 and 6.4, respectively (P = .8); and the SMRs were 11.6 and 8.1, respectively, for those with high-risk disease (P = .2). Independent predictors of non-CML-related mortality included chronic graft-versus-host disease (hazard ratio [HR], 2.8; 95% CI, 1.8-4.4) and busulfan/cyclophosphamide conditioning (HR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9; reference, total body irradiation/cyclophosphamide conditioning). The 20-year cumulative incidence of CML-related and non-CML-related mortality was 6% and 36%, respectively, for the entire cohort. Both CML-related mortality (HR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.1-12.6) and non-CML-related mortality (HR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.6-3.1) were comparable for those with and without pre-BMT TKI therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The similar late mortality experienced by patients with CML who undergo transplantation with or without pre-BMT TKIs suggests that allogeneic BMT can be considered in the context of TKI intolerance or nonadherence. The prevention of post-BMT non-CML-related mortality could favorably affect long-term survival.

Reduced-Intensity Conditioning Followed by Related and Unrelated Allografts for Hematologic Malignancies: Expanded Analysis and Long-Term Follow-Up.

Reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) extends the curative potential of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) to patients with hematologic malignancies unable to withstand myeloablative conditioning. We prospectively analyzed the outcomes of 292 consecutive patients, median age 58 years (range, 19 to 75) with hematologic malignancies treated with a uniform RIC regimen of cyclophosphamide, fludarabine, and total body irradiation (200 cGy) with or without antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis followed by allogeneic HCT at the University of Minnesota from 2002 to 6. Probability of 5-year overall survival was 78% for patients with indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 53% for chronic myelogenous leukemia, 55% for Hodgkin lymphoma, 40% for acute myelogenous leukemia, 37% for myelodysplastic syndrome, 29% for myeloma, and 14% for myeloproliferative neoplasms. Corresponding outcomes for relapse were 0%, 13%, 53%, 37%, 39%, 75%, and 29%, respectively. Disease risk index (DRI) predicted both survival and relapse with superior survival (64%) and lowest relapse (16%) in those with low risk score compared with 24% survival and 57% relapse in those with high/very-high risk scores. Recipient cytomegalovirus (CMV)-positive serostatus was protective from relapse with the lowest rates in those also receiving a CMV-positive donor graft (29%). The cumulative incidence of 2-year nonrelapse mortality was 26% and was lowest in those receiving a matched sibling graft at 21%, with low (21%) or intermediate (18%) HCT-specific comorbidity index, and was similar across age groups. The incidence of grades II to IV acute GVHD was 43% and grades III to IV 27%; the highest rates were found in those receiving an unrelated donor (URD) peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) graft, at 50%. Chronic GVHD at 1 year was 36%. Future approaches incorporating alternative GVHD prophylaxis, particularly for URD PBSC grafts, and targeted post-transplant antineoplastic therapies for those with high DRI are indicated to improve these outcomes.

Impact of Allele-Level HLA Mismatch on Outcomes in Recipients of Double Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation.

The impact of allele-level HLA mismatch is uncertain in recipients of double umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation. We report a single-center retrospective study of the clinical effect of using allele-level HLA mismatch HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, and -DQB1 of the 2 UCB units. We studied 342 patients with hematologic malignancy. Donor-recipient pairs were grouped according to the number of matched HLA alleles, with 32 matched at 9-10/10, 202 at 6-8/10, and 108 at 2-5/10 alleles. The incidence of hematopoietic recovery, acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease, and nonrelapse mortality and treatment failure was similar between groups. In an exploratory analysis of 174 patients with acute leukemia, after adjusting for length of first remission and cytogenetic risk group, a 2-5/10 HLA match was associated with lower risk of relapse and treatment failure. These data indicate that a high degree of allele-level HLA mismatch does not adversely affect transplant outcomes and may be associated with reduced relapse risk in patients with acute leukemia.

Umbilical cord blood-derived T regulatory cells to prevent GVHD: kinetics, toxicity profile, and clinical effect.

We studied the safety and clinical outcomes of patients treated with umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived regulatory T cells (Tregs) that expanded in cultures stimulated with K562 cells modified to express the high-affinity Fc receptor (CD64) and CD86, the natural ligand of CD28 (KT64/86). Eleven patients were treated with Treg doses from 3-100 × 10(6) Treg/kg. The median proportion of CD4(+)FoxP3(+)CD127(-) in the infused product was 87% (range, 78%-95%), and we observed no dose-limiting infusional adverse events. Clinical outcomes were compared with contemporary controls (n = 22) who received the same conditioning regimen with sirolimus and mycophenolate mofetil immune suppression. The incidence of grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) at 100 days was 9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0-25) vs 45% (95% CI, 24-67) in controls (P = .05). Chronic GVHD at 1 year was zero in Tregs and 14% in controls. Hematopoietic recovery and chimerism, cumulative density of infections, nonrelapse mortality, relapse, and disease-free survival were similar in the Treg recipients and controls. KT64/86-expanded UCB Tregs were safe and resulted in low risk of acute GVHD.

Clearance of acute myeloid leukemia by haploidentical natural killer cells is improved using IL-2 diphtheria toxin fusion protein.

Haploidentical natural killer (NK) cell infusions can induce remissions in some patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) but regulatory T-cell (Treg) suppression may reduce efficacy. We treated 57 refractory AML patients with lymphodepleting cyclophosphamide and fludarabine followed by NK cell infusion and interleukin (IL)-2 administration. In 42 patients, donor NK cell expansion was detected in 10%, whereas in 15 patients receiving host Treg depletion with the IL-2-diphtheria fusion protein (IL2DT), the rate was 27%, with a median absolute count of 1000 NK cells/µL blood. IL2DT was associated with improved complete remission rates at day 28 (53% vs 21%; P = .02) and disease-free survival at 6 months (33% vs 5%; P < .01). In the IL2DT cohort, NK cell expansion correlated with higher postchemotherapy serum IL-15 levels (P = .002), effective peripheral blood Treg depletion (<5%) at day 7 (P < .01), and decreased IL-35 levels at day 14 (P = .02). In vitro assays demonstrated that Tregs cocultured with NK cells inhibit their proliferation by competition for IL-2 but not for IL-15. Together with our clinical observations, this supports the need to optimize the in vivo cytokine milieu where adoptively transferred NK cells compete with other lymphocytes to improve clinical efficacy in patients with refractory AML. This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov, identifiers: NCT00274846 and NCT01106950.

Reduced-intensity conditioning followed by related allografts in hematologic malignancies: long-term outcomes most successful in indolent and aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

Reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) extends the curative potential of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) to patients with hematologic malignancies unable to withstand myeloablative conditioning. We prospectively analyzed the outcomes of 123 patients (median age, 57 years; range, 23-70 years) with hematologic malignancies treated with a uniform RIC regimen of cyclophosphamide, fludarabine, and total-body irradiation (200 cGy) with or without antithymocyte globulin followed by related donor allogeneic HCT at the University of Minnesota between 2002 and 2008. The cohort included 45 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), 27 with aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), 8 with indolent NHL, 10 with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), 10 with myeloma, and 23 with acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, other leukemias, or myeloproliferative disorders. The probability of 4-year overall survival was 73% for patients with indolent NHL, 58% for those with aggressive NHL, 67% for those with HL, 30% for those with AML/MDS, and only 10% for those with myeloma. Corresponding outcomes for relapse in these patients were 0%, 32%, 50%, 33%, and 38%, and those for progression-free survival were 73%, 45%, 27%, 27%, and 10%. The incidence of treatment-related mortality was 14% at day +100 and 22% at 1 year. The incidence of grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease was 38% at day +100, and that of chronic graft-versus-host disease was 50% at 2 years. Multivariate analysis revealed superior overall survival and progression-free survival in patients with both indolent and aggressive NHL compared with those with AML/MDS, HL, or myeloma. Worse 1-year treatment-related mortality was observed in patients with a Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Comorbidity Index score ≥ 3 and in cytomegalovirus-seropositive recipients. These results suggest that (1) RIC conditioning was well tolerated by an older, heavily pretreated population; (2) patients with indolent and aggressive NHL respond well to RIC conditioning, highlighting the importance of the graft-versus-lymphoma effect; and (3) additional peri-transplantation manipulations are needed to improve outcomes for patients with AML/MDS or myeloma receiving RIC conditioning before HCT.

Infusion of ex vivo expanded T regulatory cells in adults transplanted with umbilical cord blood: safety profile and detection kinetics.

Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is associated with high risk of morbidity and mortality and is a common complication after double umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation. To reduce these risks, we established a method of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T regulatory cell (Treg) enrichment from cryopreserved UCB followed by a 18 (+) 1-day expansion culture including anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibody-coated beads and recombinant human interleukin-2. In a "first-in-human" clinical trial, we evaluated the safety profile of UCB Treg in 23 patients. Patients received a dose of 0.1-30 × 10(5)UCB Treg/kg after double UCB transplantation. The targeted Treg dose was achieved in 74% of cultures, with all products being suppressive in vitro (median 86% suppression at a 1:4 ratio). No infusional toxicities were observed. After infusion, UCB Treg could be detected for 14 days, with the greatest proportion of circulating CD4(+)CD127(-)FoxP3(+) cells observed on day (+)2. Compared with identically treated 108 historical controls without Treg, there was a reduced incidence of grade II-IV aGVHD (43% vs 61%, P = .05) with no deleterious effect on risks of infection, relapse, or early mortality. These results set the stage for a definitive study of UCB Treg to determine its potency in preventing allogeneic aGVHD. This study is registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00602693.

Natural killer cell killing of acute myelogenous leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia blasts by killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor-negative natural killer cells after NKG2A and LIR-1 blockade.

Although the study of natural killer (NK) cell alloreactivity has been dominated by studies of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), we hypothesized that NKG2A and LIR-1, present on 53% +/- 13% and 36% +/- 18% of normal NK cells, respectively, play roles in the NK cell killing of primary leukemia targets. KIR(-) cells, which compose nearly half of the circulating NK cell population, exhibit tolerance to primary leukemia targets, suggesting signaling through other inhibitory receptors. Both acute myelogenous leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia targets were rendered susceptible to lysis by fresh resting KIR(-) NK cells when inhibitory receptor-major histocompatibility class I interactions were blocked by pan-HLA antibodies, demonstrating that these cells are functionally competent. Blockade of a single inhibitory receptor resulted in slightly increased killing, whereas combined LIR-1 and NKG2A blockade consistently resulted in increased NK cell cytotoxicity. Dual blockade of NKG2A and LIR-1 led to significant killing of targets by resting KIR(-) NK cells, demonstrating that this population is not hyporesponsive. Together these results suggest that alloreactivity of a significant fraction of KIR(-) NK cells is mediated by NKG2A and LIR-1. Thus strategies to interrupt NKG2A and LIR-1 in combination with anti-KIR blockade hold promise for exploiting NK cell therapy in acute leukemias.

Relapse risk after umbilical cord blood transplantation: enhanced graft-versus-leukemia effect in recipients of 2 units.

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation is potentially curative for acute leukemia. This analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with leukemia relapse following myeloablative UCB transplantation. Acute leukemia patients (n = 177; 88 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 89 with acute myeloid leukemia) were treated at a single center. Patients received a UCB graft composed of either 1 (47%) or 2 (53%) partially human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched unit(s). Conditioning was with cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation with or without fludarabine. The incidence of relapse was 26% (95% confidence interval [CI], 19%-33%). In multivariate analysis, relapse was higher in advanced disease patients (> or = third complete remission [CR3]; relative risk [RR], 3.6; P < .01), with a trend toward less relapse in recipients of 2 UCB units (RR = 0.6; P = .07). However, relapse was lower for CR1-2 patients who received 2 UCB units (RR 0.5; P < .03). Leukemia-free survival was 40% (95% CI, 30%-51%) and 51% (95% CI, 41%-62%) for single- and double-unit recipients, respectively (P = .35). Although it is known that transplantation in CR1 and CR2 is associated with less relapse risk, this analysis reveals an enhanced graft-versus-leukemia effect in acute leukemia patients after transplantation with 2 partially HLA-matched UCB units. This trial was registered at http://clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00309842.

Myeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: analysis of graft sources and long-term outcome.

PURPOSE: Analysis of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for high-risk or recurrent acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) using different donor sources is confounded by variable conditioning and supportive care. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 623 consecutive ALL myeloablative HCT (1980 to 2005). Donors were autologous (n = 209), related (RD; n = 245), unrelated (URD; n = 100), and umbilical cord blood (UCB; n = 69). RESULTS: After median of 8.3 years of follow-up, 5-year overall survival (OS), leukemia-free survival (LFS), and relapse were 29% (95% CI, 26% to 32%), 26% (95% CI, 23% to 29%), and 43% (95% CI, 39% to 47%), respectively. Treatment-related mortality (TRM) at 2 years was 28% (95% CI, 25% to 31%). Mismatched URD sources yielded higher TRM (relative risk [RR], 2.2; P < .01) and lower OS (RR, 1.5; P = .05) than RD or UCB HCT. Autografting yielded significantly more relapse (68%; 95% CI, 59% to 77%; P < .01) and poorer LFS (14%; 95% CI, 10% to 18%; P = .01). HCT in first complete remission (CR1) yielded significantly better outcomes than later HCT. In a 1990 to 2005 allogeneic CR1/second complete response cohort, 5-year OS, LFS, and relapse rates were 41% (95% CI, 35% to 47%), 38% (95% CI, 32% to 44%), and 25% (95% CI, 19% to 31%), respectively; 2-year TRM was 34% (95% CI, 28% to 40%). With RD, well-matched URD and UCB sources, 5-year LFS was 40% (95% CI, 31% to 49%), 42% (95% CI, 14% to 70%), and 49% (95% CI, 34% to 64%), respectively, while relapse was 31% (95% CI, 22% to 40%), 17% (95% CI, 0% to 37%), and 27% (95% CI, 13% to 41%). Acute graft-versus-host disease was associated with fewer relapses. Since 1995, we noted progressive improvements in OS, LFS, and TRM. CONCLUSION: Allogeneic, but not autologous, HCT for ALL results in durable LFS. Importantly, HCT using UCB led to similar outcomes as either RD or well-matched URD. HCT in early remission can best exploit the potent antileukemic efficacy of allografting from UCB, RD, or URD sources.

HLA-identical sibling compared with 8/8 matched and mismatched unrelated donor bone marrow transplant for chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia.

PURPOSE: Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells from an unrelated donor (URD) is an option for many patients who do not have an HLA-identical sibling donor (MSD). Current criteria for the selection of URDs include consideration for HLA alleles determined by high resolution typing methods, with preference for allele-matched donors. However, the utility and outcome associated with transplants from URDs compared with those from MSDs remains undefined. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We examined clinical outcome after patients received bone marrow transplants (BMTs) from MSDs; HLA-A, -B, -C, and DRB1 allele-matched URDs (8/8); and HLA-mismatched URDs in a homogeneous population of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in first chronic phase (CP1) where a strong allogeneic effect and hence a lower risk of relapse is anticipated. Transplantation outcomes were compared between 1,052 URD and 3,514 MSD BMT recipients with CML in CP1. RESULTS: Five-year overall survival and leukemia-free survival (LFS) after receipt of BMTs from 8/8 matched URDs were worse than those after receipt of BMTs from MSDs (5-year survival, 55% v 63%; RR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.56; P < .001; LFS, 50% v 55%; RR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.40; P = .006). Survival was progressively worse with greater degrees of mismatch. Similar and low risk of relapse were observed after receipt of transplant from either MSD or URD. CONCLUSION: In this homogeneous cohort of good risk patients with CML in CP1, 5-year overall survival and LFS after receipt of transplant from 8/8 allele-matched donors were modestly though significantly worse than those after receipt of transplant from MSDs. Additive adverse effects of multilocus mismatching are not well tolerated and should be avoided if possible.

Promising progression-free survival for patients low and intermediate grade lymphoid malignancies after nonmyeloablative umbilical cord blood transplantation.

Nonmyeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has been used to treat patients with advanced or high-risk lymphoid malignancies. We studied 65 patients (median age 46 years) receiving an umbilical cord blood (UCB) graft after a single conditioning regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg) on day -6, fludarabine (40 mg/m(2)) daily on days -6 to -2, as well as a single fraction of total-body irradiation (TBI) (200 cGy) along with cyclosporine mycophenolate mofetil immunosuppression. Median time to neutrophil and platelet recovery was 7.5 days (range: 0-32) and 46 days (range: 8-111), respectively. Cumulative incidences of grade II-IV, grade III-IV acute, and chronic graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD, cGVHD) were 57% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 43%-70%), 25% (95% CI: 14%-35%), and 19% (95% CI: 9%-29%), respectively. Transplant-related mortality at 3 years was 15% (95% CI: 5%-26%). Median follow-up was 23 months. The progression free-survival (PFS), current PFS and overall survival (OS) were 34% (95% CI: 21%-47%), 49% (95% CI: 36%-62%), and 55% (95% CI: 42%-70%) at 3 years. Based on our data, we conclude that a nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen followed by UCB transplantation is an effective treatment for patients with advanced lymphoid malignancies who lack a suitable sibling donor.

Reduced-intensity allogeneic transplant in patients older than 55 years: unrelated umbilical cord blood is safe and effective for patients without a matched related donor.

The lower morbidity and mortality of reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens have allowed allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in older patients. Unrelated umbilical cord blood (UCB) has been investigated as an alternative stem cell source to suitably HLA matched related (MRD) and adult volunteer unrelated donors. We hypothesized that RIC HCT using UCB would be safe and efficacious in older patients, and compared the treatment-related mortality (TRM) and overall survival (OS) of RIC HCT in patients older than 55 years using either MRD (n = 47) or, in patients with no 5 of 6 or 6 of 6 HLA compatible related donors, UCB (n = 43). RIC regimen consisted of total-body irradiation (TBI; 200 cGy) and either cyclophosphamide and fludarabine (n = 69), or busulfan and fludarabine (n = 16) or busulfan and cladribine (n = 5). The median age of MRD and UCB cohorts was 58 (range, 55-70) and 59 (range, 55-69) years, respectively. acute myelogenous leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome (AML/MDS) (50%) was the most common diagnosis. All MRD grafts were 6 of 6 HLA matched to the recipient. Among patients undergoing UCB HCT, 88% received 2 UCB units to optimize cell dose and 93% received 1-2 HLA mismatched grafts. The median follow-up for survivors was 27 (range: 12-61) months. The 3-year probabilities of progression-free survival (PFS; 30% versus 34%, P = .98) and OS (43% versus 34%, P = .57) were similar for recipients of MRD and UCB. The cumulative incidence of grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host (aGVHD) disease (42% versus 49%, P = .20) and TRM at 180-days (23% versus 28%, P = .36) were comparable. However, UCB recipients had a lower incidence of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) at 1 year (40% versus 17%, P = .02). On multivariate analysis, graft type had no impact on TRM or survival, and the HCT comorbidity index score was the only factor independently predictive for these endpoints. Our study supports the use of HLA mismatched UCB as an alternative graft source for older patients who need a transplant but do not have an MRD. The use of RIC and UCB extends the availability of transplant therapy to older patients previously excluded on the basis of age and lack of a suitable MRD. A careful review of existing comorbidities is necessary when considering older patients for HCT.

Late mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation and functional status of long-term survivors: report from the Bone Marrow Transplant Survivor Study.

We assessed late mortality in 1479 individuals who had survived 2 or more years after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Median age at HCT was 25.9 years and median length of follow-up was 9.5 years. The conditional survival probability at 15 years from HCT was 80.2% (SE = 1.9%) for those who were disease-free at entry into the cohort, and the relative mortality was 9.9 (95% confidence interval, 8.7-11.2). Relative mortality decreased with time from HCT, but remained significantly elevated at 15 years after HCT (standardized mortality ratio = 2.2). Relapse of primary disease (29%) and chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD: 22%) were the leading causes of premature death. Nonrelapse-related mortality was increased among patients older than 18 years at HCT (18-45 years: relative risk [RR] = 1.7; 46+ years: RR = 3.7) and among those with cGVHD (RR = 2.7), and was lower among patients who received methotrexate for GVHD prophylaxis (RR = 0.5). HCT survivors were more likely to report difficulty in holding jobs (odds ratio [OR] = 13.9), and in obtaining health (OR = 7.1) or life (OR = 9.9) insurance compared with siblings. This study demonstrates that mortality rates remain twice as high as that of the general population among 15-year survivors of HCT, and that the survivors face challenges affecting their health and well-being.

Umbilical cord blood transplantation after nonmyeloablative conditioning: impact on transplantation outcomes in 110 adults with hematologic disease.

We evaluated the efficacy of umbilical cord blood (UCB) in the setting of a nonmyeloablative regimen consisting of fludarabine (200 mg/m2), cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg), and a single fraction of total body irradiation (200 cGy) with cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil for posttransplantation immunoprophylaxis. The target cell dose for the UCB graft was 3.0 x 10(7) nucleated cells/kg, resulting in the selection of a second partially human leukocyte antigen-matched UCB unit in 85%. One hundred ten patients with hematologic disease were enrolled. Neutrophil recovery was achieved in 92% at a median of 12 days. Incidences of grades III and IV acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) were 22% and 23%, respectively. Transplantation-related mortality was 26% at 3 years. Survival and event-free survival (EFS) at 3 years were 45% and 38%, respectively. Favorable risk factors for survival were absence of high-risk clinical features (Karnofsky 50-60, serious organ dysfunction, recent fungal infection, P < .01) and absence of severe GVHD (P = .04), and favorable risk factors for EFS were absence of high-risk clinical features (P < .01) and use of 2 UCB units (P = .07). These findings support the use of UCB after a nonmyeloablative conditioning as a strategy for extending the availability of transplantation therapy, particularly for older patients.

Good manufacturing practices production of natural killer cells for immunotherapy: a six-year single-institution experience.

BACKGROUND: Natural killer (NK) cells, a subset of lymphocytes and part of the innate immune system, play a crucial role in defense against cancer and viral infection. Herein is a report on the experience of clinical-scale, good manufacturing practices (GMPs) production of NK cells to treat advanced cancer. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Two types of NK cell enrichments were performed on nonmobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cell apheresis collections with a cell selection system (CliniMACS, Miltenyi): CD3 cell depletion to enrich for NK cells and CD3 cell depletion followed by CD56 cell selection to obtain a more pure NK cell product. After overnight incubation with interleukin-2 (IL-2), cells were washed, resuspended in 5 percent human serum albumin, and then released for infusion. RESULTS: A total of 70 NK cell therapy products have been manufactured for patient infusion since 2000. For the CD3 cell-depleted NK cell products, the mean purity, recovery, and viability were 38, 79, and 86 percent, respectively. For the CD3 cell-depleted/CD56 cell-enriched NK cell products, the mean purity, recovery, and viability were 90, 19, and 85 percent, respectively. Gram stain, sterility, and endotoxin testing were all within acceptable limits for established lot release. Compared to the resting processed cells, IL-2 activation significantly increased the function of cells in cytotoxicity assays. CONCLUSION: Clinical-scale production of NK cells is efficient and can be performed under GMPs. The purified NK cell product results in high NK cell purity with minimal contamination by T cells, monocytes, and B cells, but it requires more time for processing and results in a lower NK cell recovery when compared to NK cell enrichment with CD3 cell depletion alone. Additional laboratory studies and results from clinical trials will identify the best source and type of NK cell product.

Highly variable mycophenolate mofetil bioavailability following nonmyeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation.

This study determined the oral bioavailability of mycophenolic acid, the active metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil, in patients undergoing nonmyeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation. Eighteen adults receiving a preparative regimen containing fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and total body irradiation were studied. Immune suppression consisted of cyclosporine and mycophenolate 1 g twice daily. Pharmacokinetic variability was high after intravenous and oral dosing. Intravenous dosing resulted in a median area under the curve (AUC) of 28.3 microg x h/mL (range, 9.96-70.4) and an oral AUC of 16.7 microg x h/mL (range, 9.38-35.3). Cmax after intravenous and oral dosing was 12.18 and 5.29 microg/mL, respectively. The median oral bioavailability was 72.3% (20.5%-172%), with 8-fold variability. Five patients (28%) had an oral bioavailability < or = 50%. At time of oral pharmacokinetics, 15 patients (83%) had an AUC(0-12) < 30 microg x h/mL. The initial oral dose should be at least 25% greater than the intravenous dose with follow-up assessment of plasma concentrations.

Long-term results of autologous stem cell transplantation for primary refractory or relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has become standard therapy for primary refractory (PR REF) or relapsed (REL) Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL); however, more than half of these patients eventually relapse and die of their disease. We studied long-term outcomes and evaluated factors influencing progression-free survival (PFS) in 141 patients with PR REF or REL HL who underwent ASCT between 1985 and 2003. Median age at ASCT was 30 years (range, 7-60 years); 21 patients had PR REF, and 120 had REL HL. With a median follow-up of 6.3 years (range, 1-20 years), the probability of PFS at 5 and 10 years was 48% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39%-57%) and 45% (95% CI, 36%-54%) and that of overall survival (OS) was 53% (95% CI, 44%-62%) and 47% (95% CI, 37%-57%), respectively. Transplant-related mortality at 100 days was 1.4%. Among 45 5- to 20-year survivors, no late relapses of HL were observed. In multivariate analysis, 3 factors were independently predictive of poor PFS: chemoresistant disease (relative risk [RR], 2.9; 95% CI, 1.7-5.0), B-symptoms at pretransplantation relapse (RR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3-3.4), and presence of residual disease at the time of transplantation (RR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.1-4.8). Patients with 0 or 1 of these 3 adverse factors (low-risk disease) had a 5-year PFS of 67% (95% CI, 55%-79%) compared with 37% (95% CI, 22%-52%) in those with 2 factors (intermediate-risk group) and 9% (95% CI, 0-20%) in those with all 3 factors (high-risk group) (P < .001). The rates of OS at 5 years were 71% (95% CI, 60%-82%), 49% (95% CI, 33%-65%) and 13% (95% CI, 0-27%) in the 3 groups, respectively (P < .001). ASCT is associated with durable PFS in appropriately selected patients with PR REF or REL HL. Using a simple prognostic model, we can identify patients with high-risk disease who have predictably unfavorable outcome after ASCT and require novel therapeutic approaches. A risk-adapted approach should be followed in determining treatment options for patients with PR REF and REL HL.