Pediatric obesity-related curricular content and training in dental schools and dental hygiene programs: systematic review and recommendations.

OBJECTIVES: The authors conducted a systematic review to determine: a) What dental schools and dental hygiene programs are doing to promote knowledge and skills related to addressing childhood obesity and to reduce consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and b) What else these schools and programs could do to better equip future oral health professionals to address childhood obesity and reduce consumption of SSBs. METHODS: The authors searched PubMed, Scopus, Education Full Text (EBSCOHost), and ERIC (EBSCOHost) to identify peer-reviewed publications reporting on obesity or dietetic-related curricula in dental and dental hygiene education within the last 20 years. Three studies met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Outcomes of the identified studies were abstracted and summarized independently by two investigators. RESULTS: The first study describes a 2009 survey of pediatric dentistry residents. Approximately, half had received formal training yet they lacked essential knowledge or skills for managing children who were obese. The second study describes nutrition-related coursework offered in the second year of a predoctoral dental school curriculum in Saudi Arabia, and the third study reports on the development of an "oral health rotation" dietetic internship in a pediatric dentistry clinic, in the context of interprofessional education (IPE). CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of dental schools' and dental hygiene programs' efforts to address obesity and SSB consumption in children in their curricula is scant, while Commission on Dental Accreditation standards make sporadic mentions of diet and nutrition. Opportunities exist to leverage existing resources and innovative, experiential approaches, including IPE, to formally, and effectively address this important issue in predoctoral oral health education.

A Systematic Review of Strategies to Prevent Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity.

INTRODUCTION: Cisplatin, a platinum-based antineoplastic agent, is the cornerstone for the treatment of many malignancies. Nephrotoxicity is the primary dose-limiting toxicity, and various hydration regimens and supplementation strategies are used to prevent cisplatin-induced kidney injury. However, evidence-based recommendations on specific hydration regimens are limited. A systematic review was performed to evaluate clinical studies that have examined hydration and supplementation strategies to prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PubMed and Excerpta Medica databases were searched from 1966 through October 2015 for clinical trials and other studies focused on hydration regimens to prevent nephrotoxicity in cancer patients treated with cisplatin. The University of Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine criteria were used to grade level of evidence. RESULTS: Among the 1,407 identified studies, 24 were included in this systematic review. All studies differed on type, volume, and duration of hydration. Among the 24 studies, 5 evaluated short-duration hydration, 4 evaluated low-volume hydration, 4 investigated magnesium supplementation, and 7 reviewed forced diuresis with hydration. Short-duration and lower-volume hydration regimens are effective in preventing cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Magnesium supplementation may have a role as a nephroprotectant, and forced diuresis may be appropriate in some patients receiving cisplatin. CONCLUSION: Hydration is essential for all patients to prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Specifically, short-duration, low-volume, outpatient hydration with magnesium supplementation and mannitol forced diuresis (in select patients) represent best practice principles for the safe use of cisplatin. The Oncologist 2017;22:609-619 IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The findings contained within this systematic review show that (a) hydration is essential for all patients to prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, (b) short-duration, low-volume, outpatient hydration regimens appear to be safe and feasible, even in patients receiving intermediate- to high-dose cisplatin, (c) magnesium supplementation (8-16 milliequivalents) may limit cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, and (d) mannitol may be considered for high-dose cisplatin and/or patients with preexisting hypertension. These findings have broad implications for clinical practice and represent best practice principles for the prevention of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Factors Influencing Removable Partial Denture Patient-Reported Outcomes of Quality of Life and Satisfaction: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: A systematic search of the literature was performed to identify and characterize articles reporting the influence of removable partial denture (RPD) therapy on satisfaction and quality of life (QoL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The literature search for relevant articles published between January 1983 and March 30, 2013 was conducted using keyword searches of electronic databases and complimentary hand searches. The search strategy included the following keyword combinations (MeSH and free-text terms): fail, complication, surviv*, longevity, outcome, patient satisfaction or QoL, and denture or prosthes*, and partial and removable. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, articles focused on the effect of RPD therapy were reviewed and classified according to Strength-of-Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) criteria. RESULTS: The combined search identified 997 publications; 198 duplicates were identified and removed, leaving 799 references for further evaluation. After abstract review, 209 articles were selected and read; 18 reports representing findings from 4002 patients were included. While two studies were prospective comparative investigations, the majority of studies represented cross-sectional and retrospective studies. Different instruments were used to measure oral health-quality of life (OHQoL) and satisfaction. Several investigations reported a significant association of satisfaction and QoL with either (a) age of the patient, (b) number of occluding dental units replaced, (c) replacement of anterior teeth, and (d) nature of the opposing arch. CONCLUSIONS: A paucity of detailed investigations concerning outcomes of RPD therapy was noted. Improvement in OHQoL or satisfaction following provision of RPDs was not consistently reported. There is little evidence supporting any association between patient-reported QoL or satisfaction with technical or biological parameters of therapy. Therapeutic success of tooth replacement using RPDs should be carefully considered and compared with alternatives.

The impact of chronic conditions on the economic burden of cancer survivorship: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: This systematic review examines the excess cost of chronic conditions on the economic burden of cancer survivorship among adults in the US. Areas covered: Twelve published studies were identified. Although studies varied substantially in populations, comorbidities examined, methods, and types of cost reported, costs for cancer survivors with comorbidities generally increased with greater numbers of comorbidities or an increase in comorbidity index score. Survivors with comorbidities incurred significantly more in total medical costs, out-of-pocket costs, and costs by service type compared to cancer survivors without additional comorbidities. Expert commentary: Cancer survivors with comorbidities bear significant excess out-of-pocket costs and their care is also more expensive to the healthcare system. On-going evaluation of different payment models, care coordination, and disease management programs for cancer survivors with comorbidities will be important in monitoring impact on healthcare costs.

Evidence Regarding the Treatment of Denture Stomatitis.

Denture stomatitis is a common inflammatory condition affecting the mucosa underlying complete dentures. It is associated with denture microbial biofilm, poor denture hygiene, poor denture quality, and nocturnal denture use. Numerous treatment methodologies have been used to treat stomatitis; however, a gold standard treatment has not been identified. The aim of this systematic review is to report on the current knowledge available in studies representing a range of evidence on the treatment of denture stomatitis.

Building capacity in a health sciences library to support global health projects.

This paper describes how a large, academic health sciences library built capacity for supporting global health at its university and discusses related outcomes. Lean budgets require prioritization and organizational strategy. A committee, with leadership responsibilities assigned to one librarian, guided strategic planning and the pursuit of collaborative, global health outreach activities. A website features case studies and videos of user stories to promote how library partnerships successfully contributed to global health projects. Collaborative partnerships were formed through outreach activities and from follow-up to reference questions. The committee and a librarian's dedicated time established the library's commitment to help the university carry out its ambitious global agenda.

The potential for markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition to improve colorectal cancer outcomes: a systematic review.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is thought to be an important mechanism of cancer cell metastasis. Clinical measurement of EMT markers in primary tumors could improve risk stratification and treatment decisions by identifying patients who potentially have metastatic disease. To evaluate the potential of EMT markers that could be used for risk stratification for patients with colorectal cancer, we conducted a systematic review of studies (N = 30) that measured at least one of a selection of EMT markers in primary tumors and patient outcomes. Fifteen of 30 studies (50%) reported at least one statistically significant result supporting a role for one of the selected EMT markers in identifying patients at risk for worse outcomes. Importantly, however, we identified design inconsistencies that limited inferences and prevented meta-analysis of data. We offer a number of recommendations to make future studies more informative and standardized, including consistent sampling of different parts of the primary tumor, larger sample sizes, and measurement of both protein and RNA expression of a given EMT marker in the same tumors. Strengthening the literature per our recommendations could facilitate translating EMT markers to clinical use.

The importance of preventive dental visits from a young age: systematic review and current perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Dental caries, the most common childhood chronic disease, disproportionately affects vulnerable parts of the population and confers substantial impacts to children, families, and health systems. Because efforts directed toward oral health promotion and disease prevention are fundamentally superior to dental rehabilitation secondary to disease development, early preventive dental visits (EPDVs) are widely advocated by professional and academic stakeholders. The aim of this comprehensive review was to critically review and summarize available evidence regarding the effectiveness of EPDVs in improving children's oral health outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic literature search of the PubMed and Embase electronic databases was undertaken to identify peer-reviewed publications investigating the effectiveness of EPDVs on oral health outcomes, including clinical, behavioral, and cost end points up to October 30, 2013. Outcomes of the identified studies were abstracted and summarized independently by two investigators. RESULTS: Four manuscripts met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. All studies were conducted in the US and employed a retrospective cohort study design using public insurance-claims data, whereas one study matched claims files with kindergarten state dental surveillance data. That study found no benefit of EPDVs in future clinically determined dental caries levels in kindergarten. The other three studies found mixed support for an association of EPDVs with subsequent more preventive and fewer nonpreventive visits and lower nonpreventive service-related expenditures. Selection bias and a problem-driven dental care-seeking pattern were frequently articulated themes in the reviewed studies. CONCLUSION: The currently available evidence base supporting the effectiveness of EPDVs and the year 1 first dental visit recommendation is weak, and more research is warranted. The benefits of EPDVs before the age of 3 years are evident among children at high risk or with existing dental disease. However, EPDVs may be associated with reduced restorative dental care visits and related expenditures during the first years of life.

Estimating personal exposures from ambient air pollution measures: using meta-analysis to assess measurement error.

BACKGROUND: Although ambient concentrations of particulate matter ≤10 µm (PM10) are often used as proxies for total personal exposure, correlation (r) between ambient and personal PM10 concentrations varies. Factors underlying this variation and its effect on health outcome-PM exposure relationships remain poorly understood. METHODS: We conducted a random-effects meta-analysis to estimate effects of study, participant, and environmental factors on r; used the estimates to impute personal exposure from ambient PM10 concentrations among 4,012 nonsmoking, participants with diabetes in the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial; and then estimated the associations of ambient and imputed personal PM10 concentrations with electrocardiographic measures, such as heart rate variability. RESULTS: We identified 15 studies (in years 1990-2009) of 342 participants in five countries. The median r was 0.46 (range = 0.13 to 0.72). There was little evidence of funnel plot asymmetry but substantial heterogeneity of r, which increased 0.05 (95% confidence interval = 0.01 to 0.09) per 10 µg/m increase in mean ambient PM10 concentration. Substituting imputed personal exposure for ambient PM10 concentrations shifted mean percent changes in electrocardiographic measures per 10 µg/m increase in exposure away from the null and decreased their precision, for example, -2.0% (-4.6% to 0.7%) versus -7.9% (-15.9% to 0.9%), for the standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR interval duration. CONCLUSIONS: Analogous distributions and heterogeneity of r in extant meta-analyses of ambient and personal PM2.5 concentrations suggest that observed shifts in mean percent change and decreases in precision may be generalizable across particle size.

A Novel Core Competencies-Based Academic Medicine Curriculum: Description and Preliminary Results.

BACKGROUND: Physicians practice health care in a rapidly changing system that requires more than the delivery of safe and effective care. Modern physicians must also acquire skills beyond direct patient care. Residency programs must, therefore, prepare physicians to meet these demands by providing appropriate education and training. METHODS: We designed, implemented and assessed an academic medicine curriculum in the first post-graduate year. This curriculum provides comprehensive exposure to necessary non-patient contact related physician skills. Topics centered around four domains: critical appraisal of literature of literature, quality improvement, professional development, and teaching. Each of these domains is linked to the six core competencies established by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education's (ACGME). Instruction includes small-group learning sessions with additional time for self-directed online modules and a faculty-mentored quality improvement research project that is presented at a graduation symposium. All residents completed a survey evaluation of the curriculum before and after the course via open-ended questions and Likert responses (0-5). We assessed improvement in resident confidence with each curricular domain using mean Likert score change and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Residents improved at all curricular domains measured. The most significant mean changes included confidence in: poster presentations (2.7; 95% CI: 1.9-3.5), plan-do-check-act cycle (2.5; 95% CI: 2.1-2.9), quality improvement projects (2.4; 95% CI: 1.9-2.9), and abstract presentation (2.3; 95% CI: 1.6-3.0). CONCLUSIONS: We found that the academic medicine rotation (AMR) is feasible in a large academic setting. Furthermore, the AMR allows early exposure to and improvement in essential non-patient contact related physician skills required by the ACGME core competencies and assessed through the milestones.

Estimating error in using ambient PM2.5 concentrations as proxies for personal exposures: a review.

BACKGROUND: Several methods have been used to account for measurement error inherent in using ambient concentration of particulate matter < 2.5 microm/m(3) (PM(2.5)) as a proxy for personal exposure. Such methods commonly rely on the estimated correlation between ambient and personal PM(2.5) concentrations (r). However, studies of r have not been systematically and quantitatively assessed for publication bias or heterogeneity. METHODS: We searched 7 electronic reference databases for studies of the within-participant correlation between ambient and personal PM(2.5). RESULTS: We identified 567 candidate studies, 18 (3%) of which met inclusion criteria and were abstracted. The studies were published between 1999 and 2008, representing 619 nonsmoking participants aged 6-93 years in 17 European and North American cities. Correlation coefficients (median 0.54; range 0.09-0.83) were based on a median of 8 ambient-personal PM(2.5) pairs per participant (range 5-20) collected over 27-547 days. Overall, there was little evidence for publication bias (funnel plot symmetry tests: Begg's log-rank test, P 0.9; Egger's regression asymmetry test, P 0.2). However, strong evidence for heterogeneity was noted (Cochran's Q test for heterogeneity, P = 0.001). European locales, eastern longitudes in North America, higher ambient PM(2.5) concentrations, higher relative humidity, and lower between-participant variation in r were associated with increased r. CONCLUSIONS: Characteristics of participants, studies, and the environments in which they are conducted may affect the accuracy of ambient PM2.5 as a proxy for personal exposure.

Estimating error in using residential outdoor PM2.5 concentrations as proxies for personal exposures: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Studies examining the health effects of particulate matter

Analysis of the reporting of search strategies in Cochrane systematic reviews.

BACKGROUND: The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions provides instructions for documenting a systematic review's electronic database search strategy, listing elements that should be in the description. Complete documentation of the search strategy allows readers to evaluate the search when critically appraising a review's quality. OBJECTIVE: The research analyzed recently published Cochrane reviews to determine whether instructions for describing electronic database search strategies were being followed. METHODS: Eighty-three new reviews added to the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews in the first quarter of 2006 were selected for analysis. Eighteen were subsequently excluded because their searches were conducted only in the specialized registers of Cochrane review groups. The remaining sixty-five reviews were analyzed for the seven elements of an electronic database search strategy description listed in the Cochrane Handbook, using dual review with consensus. RESULTS: Of the 65 reviews analyzed, none included all 7 recommended elements. Four reviews (6%) included 6 elements. Thirty-two percent (21/65) included 5 or more elements, with 68% (44/65) including 4 or fewer. Three included only 2 elements. The 65 reviews represented 41 different Cochrane review groups. CONCLUSION: The instructions from the Cochrane Handbook for reporting search strategies are not being consistently employed by groups producing Cochrane reviews.

Promotion and evaluation of a virtual live reference service.

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Health Sciences Library began providing virtual live reference service in the fall of 2001. The library was interested in exploring new ways to interact with users accessing electronic resources from outside the library. This article describes the background for starting the service, the methods used to promote the service, and the results of an evaluation conducted after the first seven months of operation. The service was lightly used during these months with only 82 interactions. An analysis of the transcripts examined referring Web pages, types of questions asked, software features used, and user login data. Text of two user surveys is included, with the data from the in-person survey analyzed.