The DSM-5 Clinical and Public Health Committee (CPHC): operations, mechanics, controversies and recommendations.

BACKGROUND: For DSM - 5, the American Psychiatric Association Board of Trustees established a robust vetting and review process that included two review committees that did not exist in the development of prior DSMs, the Scientific Review Committee (SRC) and the Clinical and Public Health Committee (CPHC). The CPHC was created as a body that could independently review the clinical and public health merits of various proposals that would fall outside of the strictly defined scientific process. METHODS: This article describes the principles and issues which led to the creation of the CPHC, the composition and vetting of the committee, and the processes developed by the committee - including the use of external reviewers. RESULTS: Outcomes of some of the more involved CPHC deliberations, specifically, decisions concerning elements of diagnoses for major depressive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, catatonia, and substance use disorders, are described. The Committee's extensive reviews and its recommendations regarding Personality Disorders are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of our experiences, the CPHC membership unanimously believes that external review processes to evaluate and respond to Work Group proposals is essential for future DSM efforts. The Committee also recommends that separate SRC and CPHC committees be appointed to assess proposals for scientific merit and for clinical and public health utility and impact.

Schizophrenia practice guidelines: international survey and comparison.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia guidelines differ considerably in methodology and content. AIMS: To systematically compare national schizophrenia guidelines from different countries. METHOD: An international survey was conducted on guideline development and a methodological comparison was made using a validated guideline appraisal instrument (the Appraisal Guideline Research and Evaluation Europe). RESULTS: The methodological quality of many schizophrenia guidelines was at best moderate. Few guidelines had included key stakeholders in their development process. Although pharmacotherapy recommendations were similar, there were strong variations in the type of psychosocial interventions recommended. CONCLUSIONS: The methodological quality of guidelines has a strong influence on their applicability. However, the lack of financial means to develop and implement guidelines is a serious problem. Independent international organisations could contribute to defining a core set of unbiased schizophrenia treatment recommendations. In countries with a shortage of resources, this could be a basis for adaptation to different cultural and economic backgrounds in collaboration with stakeholders.

Quality of care measures for the treatment of bipolar disorder.

The staff of the American Psychiatric Association (APA), the American Psychiatric Institute for Research and Education (APIRE), and a national panel of experts in bipolar disorder and practice guideline development have collaborated to generate a set of quality of care indicators for the pharmacologic and psychosocial treatment of bipolar disorder. The indicators were derived from APA's evidence-based Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Bipolar Disorder, 2002 (1) and the Expert Consensus Guideline Series: Medication Treatment of Bipolar Disorder, 2000 (2) These quality indicators can be used for quality monitoring, benchmarking, and quality improvement efforts across health plans, systems of care, and health care providers to improve quality and outcomes of care for patients with bipolar disorder.

Depression and practice guidelines.

Over the past two decades there have been great advances in the understanding of depression and in the development of pharmacological agents and psychosocial treatments that have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of this common and disabling illness. Unfortunately, this knowledge and evidence is not consistently translated into actual treatment, and depression remains undiagnosed in a large percentage of patients, and when it is accurately diagnosed, it often is suboptimally treated.The frequent failure to properly diagnose depression may be due to the continuing stigma of mental illness, the persistence of the biomedical, rather than the biopsychosocial, paradigm of illness and treatment, educational issues and the time constraints in the typical medical practice. The suboptimal treatment may be due to all of these issues plus the difficulty in changing physician behaviours even when there exists much evidence that would seem to dictate such a change. The development of a criteria-based nomenclature and the subsequent development and dissemination of evidence-based practice guidelines addresses some of these issues. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Initial stages of visual information processing in dyslexia.

Four experimental tasks were employed to explore the initial stages of visual information processing in a group of dyslexic boys and in a group of normal control subjects ranging in age from 8 to 14 years. Two tasks involved visual backward masking; the other two were temporal integration tasks. The backward-masking tasks yielded evidence of slower rates of visual information processing in dyslexic children; the temporal-integration tasks yielded evidence of longer duration of visible persistence in dyslexic children. This effect was most evident in situations in which sequential stimuli impinged on the same retinal location. Some age trends in the development of these effects are noted. It is suggested that the dyslexic visual system may take an unusually long period of time to recover from the aftereffects of neural activity evoked by an inducing stimulus.