Opioid Use Associated With Higher Costs Among Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Background: Opioid use by patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been associated with poorer health outcomes. This study describes socioeconomic characteristics; health utilization trends; and costs of patients with IBD and either no opioid prescriptions, or in 1 of 3 opioid duration categories based on Center for Disease Control guidelines: acute (0-30 days), moderate (31-90 days), or chronic (>90 days). We utilized the Cost of IBD Care Optum research database results for this study. Methods: The Optum Research Database from years 2007 to 2016 including IBD patients with commercial or Medicare Advantage insurance in the United States was used. Additional inclusion criteria included continuous enrollment with medical and pharmacy benefit coverage for at least 24 months (12 months before and 12 months after the index date of IBD diagnosis). The association between costs and patient characteristics were assessed across a no opioid use group during this period and the 3 opioid duration groups. Results: Among 51,178 IBD patients, 33,229 (64.93%) were part of the no opioid use group, while 13,635 (26.64%) were in acute, 1698 (3.32%) were in moderate, and 2616 (5.11%) were in chronic use groups, as determined by pharmacy claims data. Patients in the chronic group were more likely to be white (75.38%) compared to all the other groups (no opioid use, acute, and moderate), have attained less education (only high school diploma), have had lower incomes, and have had Medicare instead of commercial insurance. Patients across all opioid prescription groups were more likely to have had diagnoses associated with pain in the prior year, with rates increasing by the length of opioid prescription (63.68%, 80.17%, and 86.11% for acute, moderate, and chronic groups). Compared to the no-use group, the acute group had more ambulatory (outpatient) visits, while the chronic group had fewer. Emergency department visits and inpatient hospitalizations were higher in all 3 opioid groups compared to the no opioid use group. Ambulatory, emergency department, inpatient, and total (medical + pharmacy) costs were higher in all 3 opioid groups, compared to the no opioid use group, even after adjusting for demographic and clinical patient characteristics. Conclusions: Among patients with IBD, increasing opioid use was associated with higher healthcare resource utilization and, concomitantly, higher healthcare costs during this period.

Mental Health Costs of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

BACKGROUND: Mental health diagnoses (MHDs) were identified as significant drivers of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-related costs in an analysis titled "Cost of Care Initiative" supported by the Crohn's & Colitis Foundation. In this subanalysis, we sought to characterize and compare IBD patients with and without MHDs based on insurance claims data in terms of demographic traits, medical utilization, and annualized costs of care. METHODS: We analyzed the Optum Research Database of administrative claims from years 2007 to 2016 representing commercially insured and Medicare Advantage insured IBD patients in the United States. Inflammatory bowel disease patients with and without an MHD were compared in terms of demographics (age, gender, race), insurance type, IBD-related medical utilization (ambulatory visits, emergency department [ED] visits, and inpatient hospitalizations), and total IBD-related costs. Only patients with costs >$0 in each of the utilization categories were included in the cost estimates. RESULTS: Of the total IBD study cohort of 52,782 patients representing 179,314 person-years of data, 22,483 (42.6%) patients had at least 1 MHD coded in their claims data with a total of 46,510 person-years in which a patient had a coded MHD. The most commonly coded diagnostic categories were depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, adjustment disorders, substance use disorders, and bipolar and related disorders. Compared with patients without an MHD, a significantly greater percentage of IBD patients with MHDs were female (61.59% vs 48.63%), older than 75 years of age (9.59% vs 6.32%), white (73.80% vs 70.17%), and significantly less likely to be younger than 25 years of age (9.18% vs 11.39%) compared with those without mental illness (P < 0.001). Patients with MHDs had significantly more ED visits (14.34% vs 7.62%, P < 0.001) and inpatient stays (19.65% vs 8.63%, P < 0.001) compared with those without an MHD. Concomitantly, patients with MHDs had significantly higher ED costs ($970 vs $754, P < 0.001) and inpatient costs ($39,205 vs $29,550, P < 0.001) compared with IBD patients without MHDs. Patients with MHDs also had significantly higher total annual IBD-related surgical costs ($55,693 vs $40,486, P < 0.001) and nonsurgical costs (medical and pharmacy) ($17,220 vs $11,073, P < 0.001), and paid a larger portion of the total out-of-pocket cost for IBD services ($1017 vs $905, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients whose claims data contained both IBD-related and MHD-related diagnoses generated significantly higher costs compared with IBD patients without an MHD diagnosis. Based on these data, we speculate that health care costs might be reduced and the course of patients IBD might be improved if the IBD-treating provider recognized this link and implemented effective behavioral health screening and intervention as soon as an MHD was suspected during management of IBD patients. Studies investigating best screening and intervention strategies for MHDs are needed.

The Cost of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Initiative From the Crohn's & Colitis Foundation.

BACKGROUND: The Crohn's & Colitis Foundation's Cost of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Care Initiative seeks to quantify the wide-ranging health care costs affecting patients living with IBD. We aimed to (1) describe the annualized direct and indirect costs of care for patients with Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC), (2) determine the longitudinal drivers of these costs, and (3) characterize the cost of care for newly diagnosed patients. METHODS: We analyzed the Optum Research Database from the years 2007 to 2016, representing commercially insured and Medicare Advantage-insured patients in the United States. Inclusion for the study was limited to those who had continuous enrollment with medical and pharmacy benefit coverage for at least 24 months (12 months before through 12 months after the index date of diagnosis). The value of patient time spent on health care was calculated as number of workplace hours lost due to health care encounters multiplied by the patients' estimated average wage derived from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Comparisons between IBD patients and non-IBD patients were analyzed based on demographics, health plan type, and length of follow-up. We used generalized linear models to estimate the association between total annual costs and various patient variables. RESULTS: There were 52,782 IBD patients (29,062 UC; 23,720 CD) included in the analysis (54.1% females). On a per-annual basis, patients with IBD incurred a greater than 3-fold higher direct cost of care compared with non-IBD controls ($22,987 vs $6956 per-member per-year paid claims) and more than twice the out-of-pocket costs ($2213 vs $979 per-year reported costs), with all-cause IBD costs rising after 2013. Patients with IBD also experienced significantly higher costs associated with time spent on health care as compared with controls. The burden of costs was most notable in the first year after initial IBD diagnosis (mean = $26,555). The study identified several key drivers of cost for IBD patients: treatment with specific therapeutics (biologics, opioids, or steroids); ED use; and health care services associated with relapsing disease, anemia, or mental health comorbidity. CONCLUSION: The costs of care for IBD have increased in the last 5 years and are driven by specific therapeutics and disease features. In addition, compared with non-IBD controls, IBD patients are increasingly incurring higher costs associated with health care utilization, out-of-pocket expenditures, and workplace productivity losses. There is a pressing need for cost-effective strategies to address these burdens on patients and families affected by IBD.