Space-temporal analysis of the Specialized Services of the Health Care Network for Persons with Disabilities in Brazil.

Considering the institution of the Care Network for People with Disabilities (RCPD) in Brazil, this study analyzed the spatial distribution and the temporal trend of implementing specialized services that received financial support in the first eight years of this policy. We realized an ecological study based on the National Register of Health Facilities data from April/2012 to March/2020. A joinpoint regression was used for temporal trend analysis, and thematic maps were produced for spatial analysis of rehabilitation modalities and types of services. The most available services were physical and intellectual rehabilitation. The Southeast and Northeast regions had a higher concentration of specialized services. Despite the lower number of services, there was an average annual growth between 9.6% and 41.3%. This finding indicates an increase in specialized services for people with disabilities in the period analyzed, but care gaps are still being verified in the macro-regions of Brazil.

Condições de vida e saúde de indígenas kaingang com diabetes / Living conditions and health of kaingang indigenous people with diabetes / Condiciones de vida y salud de los indígenas kaingang con diabetes

RESUMO: Objetivo: analisar as condições de vida e saúde de indígenas Kaingang com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Método: estudo transversal, realizado por meio de entrevista e consulta aos prontuários com indígenas da etnia Kaingang, residentes em uma terra indígena localizada na região norte do Paraná-Brasil. Para análise dos dados, utilizaram-se os testes t de Student e do qui-quadrado. Resultados: a idade média dos 45 participantes foi de 56,3 ± 12,4 anos. A maioria apresentou excesso de peso e a medida da circunferência da cintura das mulheres foi superior ao indicativo de risco. A média de hemoglobina glicada foi de 9,6 ± 2,7%; e de glicemia venosa foi de 189,1 ± 95,3 mg/dL. Conclusão: analisar as condições de vida e saúde de indígenas Kaingang gera subsídios para o planejamento de ações de rastreamento precoce, prevenção e acompanhamento das condições crônicas na população indígena.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the living conditions and health of Kaingang indigenous people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Method: A cross-sectional study carried out through interviews and consultation of medical records with indigenous people of the Kaingang ethnic group living in an indigenous land in the northern region of Paraná-Brazil. Student's t-test and the chi-square test were used to analyze the data. Results: The average age of the 45 participants was 56.3 ± 12.4 years. Most women were overweight, and their waist circumference was higher than the risk indicator. The average glycated hemoglobin was 9.6 ± 2.7%, and venous glycemia was 189.1 ± 95.3 mg/dL. Conclusion: analyzing the living conditions and health of Kaingang indigenous people provides information for planning early screening, prevention, and monitoring of chronic conditions in the indigenous population.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las condiciones de vida y la salud de los indígenas Kaingang con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2. Material y método: estudio transversal realizado mediante entrevistas y consulta de historias clínicas con indígenas de la etnia Kaingang que viven en una tierra indígena situada en la región norte de Paraná-Brasil. Para analizar los datos se utilizaron la prueba t de Student y la prueba chi-cuadrado. Resultados: La edad media de las 45 participantes era de 56,3 ± 12,4 años. La mayoría de las mujeres tenían sobrepeso y su perímetro de cintura era superior al indicador de riesgo. La hemoglobina glucosilada media fue de 9,6 ± 2,7% y la glucemia venosa de 189,1 ± 95,3 mg/dL. Conclusión: El análisis de las condiciones de vida y de salud de los indígenas kaingang ayuda a planificar acciones de detección precoz, prevención y seguimiento de las afecciones crónicas en la población indígena.

Space-temporal analysis of the Specialized Services of the Health Care Network for Persons with Disabilities in Brazil / Análise espaço-temporal dos serviços especializados da Rede de Cuidados à Pessoa com Deficiência no Brasil

Abstract Considering the institution of the Care Network for People with Disabilities (RCPD) in Brazil, this study analyzed the spatial distribution and the temporal trend of implementing specialized services that received financial support in the first eight years of this policy. We realized an ecological study based on the National Register of Health Facilities data from April/2012 to March/2020. A joinpoint regression was used for temporal trend analysis, and thematic maps were produced for spatial analysis of rehabilitation modalities and types of services. The most available services were physical and intellectual rehabilitation. The Southeast and Northeast regions had a higher concentration of specialized services. Despite the lower number of services, there was an average annual growth between 9.6% and 41.3%. This finding indicates an increase in specialized services for people with disabilities in the period analyzed, but care gaps are still being verified in the macro-regions of Brazil.

Resumo Considerando a instituição da Rede de Atenção à Pessoa com Deficiência (RCPD) no Brasil, o estudo analisa a distribuição espacial e a tendência temporal da implantação de serviços especializados que receberam apoio financeiro nos primeiros oito anos dessa política. Realizamos um estudo ecológico com base nos dados do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde no período de abril/2012 a março/2020. Uma regressão joinpoint foi usada para análise de tendência temporal e mapas temáticos foram produzidos para análise espacial de modalidades de reabilitação e tipos de serviços. Os serviços mais disponíveis foram reabilitação física e intelectual. As regiões Sudeste e Nordeste apresentaram maior concentração de serviços especializados. Apesar do menor número de serviços, houve crescimento médio anual entre 9,6% e 41,3%. Esse achado indica aumento de serviços especializados para pessoas com deficiência no período analisado, mas ainda se verificam lacunas assistenciais nas macrorregiões do Brasil.

Pneumonia in Children under 5 Years: Temporal Trends and Spatial Patterns of Hospitalizations in Brazil.

This study aimed to identify temporal and spatial patterns in the distribution of hospitalization rates for pneumonia in children under 5 years in Brazil. An ecological study was developed using data from the Unified Health System of hospitalizations for pneumonia in children under 5 years in Brazil from 2000 to 2019. Hospitalization rates per 1,000 children were calculated and Joinpoint Regression analyzed the temporal trends. Different spatial analysis techniques were performed. Annual rates of 25 hospitalizations per 1,000 children were observed in 2000 and of 13.83 per 1,000 children in 2019, with a significant downward trend for the country (annual percentage change = -3.4%; 95% confidence interval: -3.8 to -3.0) and for the regions. There was weak spatial autocorrelation; however, there were regions with high rates of hospitalization in the south region and clusters of low rates in the northeast and southeast. Clusters of areas with high hospitalization rates were observed in areas of favorable socioeconomic conditions and provision of health services in the interior of southern Brazil. There is a decreasing trend in hospitalizations for pneumonia in general; however, there are clusters of high rates in the south of Brazil.

Access to medicines among the Brazilian population based on the 2019 National Health Survey.

INTRODUCTION: Access to medicines is a challenge, especially in developing countries, highlighting the need of population-based research to evaluate access and related factors. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess access to medicines and identify associated factors using data from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS). METHODS: This population-based cross-sectional study used data from the 2019 PNS and considered access to prescription medicines as the primary outcome. The sample included 24,753 individuals aged 15 years or older who looked for medical care in the last 15 days and received a medicine prescription. Andersen's behavioral model was used to select independent variables. After descriptive analysis, a multinomial logistic regression multilevel analysis was performed using the independent variables with a significance level lower than 0.20 in the bivariate analysis. RESULTS: The lowest chances of getting access to medicines were observed in individuals aged between 40 and 59 years, women, with complete middle and high school, with lower-income families, who attended public services, with worse self-assessed health, and those who looked for health care for disease prevention and health promotion. CONCLUSIONS: Access to medicines among the Brazilian population is associated with social, economic, and health perception factors. Our findings may update and guide the development of public policies on medication and pharmaceutical care, facilitating medication purchases by the care user and promoting health equity.

Using Andersen's behavioural model to examine individual and contextual factors associated with dental service utilization in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to examine individual and contextual factors associated with the frequency of dental service utilization among adolescents, adults and older adults Brazilians. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used secondary data from the Brazilian 2019 National Health Survey (94 114 individuals). The outcome 'when was your last dental appointment?' was categorized into three groups: up to 1 year, more than 1 year and never had a dental appointment. Andersen's behavioural model was used to select contextual and individual variables. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: The following variables showed increased probability to the outcome had the last dental appointment more than 1 year ago: older adult, illiterate or incomplete primary school, and without private dental insurance. The outcome never had a dental appointment was significantly associated with illiterate (OR 26.65; 95% CI 17.63-40.29), male (OR 2.38; 95% CI 2.17-2.61), without private dental insurance (OR 5.20; 95% CI 3.48-7.76), self-rated oral health as bad or very bad (OR 2.67; 95% CI 2.31-3.09), household not enrolled in primary care teams (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.11-1.49), household in a rural area (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.69-2.05), high household crowding (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.04-1.14) and low household income per capita (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.99-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that contextual and individual factors induce inequity in dental appointments. Moreover, Andersen's behavioural model demonstrated inequitable access for dental services in Brazil, in which social structure and enabling characteristics, rather than the need for the service, determine who receives health care. Living in a household enrolled in primary care teams favoured regular dental appointments. Thus, these findings may help policymakers improve health access by expanding coverage of dental services in primary health care.

Gender and race inequalities in adolescent and young adult homicide mortality rates: a multilevel ecological analysis of Brazilian municipalities.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between adolescent and young adult homicide mortality rates in Brazilian municipalities according to gender, race, and contextual characteristics at the municipal and federation unit levels. METHODS: This is an ecological study that used secondary data available from the death records of the Mortality Information System and socioeconomic data from the Brazilian Census. The dependent variables were homicide mortality rates among people aged 15-29 years by sex and race from 2015 to 2017. The contextual variables were related to education, income, schooling, and vulnerability. Multilevel linear regression was applied in an ecological model to verify the first- and second-level variables' effect. Each variable's effect was estimated using ß and its respective confidence intervals (95%CI) and statistical significance. RESULTS: There was a direct and significant relationship between the adolescent and young adult mortality rates and the homicide mortality rates among adults, regardless of sex and race/skin color. However, this relationship was more pronounced among black adolescents and young adults. At the federative unit level, the human development index was significantly related to the mortality rates of black men, white men, and white women. CONCLUSION: There is racial inequality in adolescent and young adult mortality from violence in Brazil; the rates are related to municipal characteristics, such as violence in the adult population and inequalities in education and social protection.

Redecin Brasil: o cuidado na rede de atenção à pessoa com deficiência nos diferentes Brasis / Redecin Brasil: care in the care network for people with disabilities in different Brazils

Ao longo de quase cinco anos, pesquisadores de oito estados brasileiros se debruçaram sobre o processo de implantação da Rede de Cuidados à Pessoa com Deficiência (RCPCD) por meio da condução do projeto de pesquisa "Avaliação da Rede de Cuidados Integral à Pessoa com Deficiência no SUS ­ Redecin Brasil", aprovado na Chamada CNPq/MS/SCTIE/DECIT/SAS/DAPES/CGSPD Nº. 35/2018, e este livro é um dos produtos desse trabalho coletivo e colaborativo. Esta obra parte do desejo do grupo de pesquisa Redecin Brasil de contribuir para o debate sobre a RCPCD, bem como de colaborar com os processos formativos dos profissionais que atuam nessa Rede. Assim, o livro tem como principal objetivo apresentar a Rede de Cuidados à Pessoa com Deficiência a partir dos resultados da pesquisa. A obra está organizada em três seções. Na primeira seção, busca-se apresentar uma concepção teórica acerca do tema, apresentando aspectos relacionados ao resgate histórico, organização da rede, formação de recursos humanos e luta pela garantia dos direitos das pessoas com deficiência. Na segunda seção do livro é realizada a apresentação desde a construção do projeto Redecin Brasil aos resultados alcançados na trajetória de condução deste projeto. Na última seção, dentro do lema "nada sobre nós, sem nós", o livro traz a visão de pessoas com deficiência sobre o controle social, o cuidado em saúde e o capacitismo, e a saúde da mulher com deficiência. O projeto foi realizado em oito estados: Amazonas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Sul e São Paulo, tendo, assim, representantes das cinco regiões geográficas do país. Considerando as especificidades da rede em cada território, o livro apresenta alguns resultados relativos a cada estado, no intuito de dar visibilidade às diferenças e à diversidade que fazem a realidade dos diferentes Brasis. A partir dos olhares multifacetados dos atores envolvidos na pesquisa e na construção dessa obra, esperamos que a leitura possa contribuir com a ampliação do olhar e do conhecimento de trabalhadores, gestores e pesquisadores acerca do cuidado à saúde da pessoa com deficiência. E que, de maneira integrada, todos possamos lutar pela garantia dos direitos das pessoas com deficiência e pelo financiamento justo e adequado ao SUS, sobretudo para o fortalecimento e avanço da Rede de Cuidados à Pessoa com Deficiência.

Factors associated with sleep problems and sleeping pill use in Brazilians.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of sleep problems and sleeping pill use and associated factors in the Brazilian population. METHODS: This study was conducted with data from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey. Our sample consisted of 94,114 participants and the outcomes analyzed were sleep problems and sleeping pill use. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health characteristics were explored in a descriptive and multivariate analysis with Poisson regression, robust variance, and 5% significance. RESULTS: We found a 35.1% (95%CI: 34.5-35.7) and 8.5% (95%CI: 8.2-8.9) prevalence of sleep problems and sleeping pill use, respectively. Sleep problems were associated with women (PR = 1.41; 95%CI: 1.36-1.46), individuals who self-assess their health as regular/poor/very poor (PR = 1.56; 95%CI: 1.51-1.62), those with chronic diseases (PR = 1.70; 95%CI: 1.64-1.78), those who use alcohol excessively (PR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.09-1.20), and smokers (PR = 1.16; 95%CI: 1.10-1.22). Sleeping pill use was associated with women (PR = 1.57; 95%CI: 1.43-1.73), divorcees (PR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.30-1.65), urban denizens (PR = 1.32; 95%CI: 1.21-1.45) those who self-assess their health as regular/poor/very poor (PR = 1.79; 95%CI: 1.64-1.95), those with chronic diseases (PR = 4.07; 95%CI: 3.48-4.77), and smokers (PR = 1.49; IC95%: 1.33-1.67). CONCLUSION: This study found that the prevalence of sleep problems and sleeping pill use in Brazilians indicates the need for attention and sleep care for this population, especially in women and those with lifestyle and health conditions associated with the analyzed outcomes.

Força de trabalho de Profissionais de Educação Física na Atenção Primária à Saúde / Workforce of Physical Education Professionals in Primary Health Care

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a distribuição espaço temporal de Profissionais de Educação Físi-ca na Atenção Primária à Saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde nos Estados brasileiros. Este estudo pos-sui característica ecológica de série temporal, em que foram utilizados dados secundários do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde de 2008 a 2020 para identificar a força de trabalho desta área profissional. Foram construídos mapas e gráficos para a análise espacial da força de trabalho, número de Profissionais de Educação Física por 10.000 habitantes, por Estados e regiões brasileiras. As análises de regressão foram realizadas no Joinpoint Regression Program versão 4.7.0.0, consideran-do o intervalo de confiança de 95%. Em 2008 no Brasil havia 321 Profissionais de Educação Física na atenção primária e 139 em 2020, representando uma diminuição de 56% para a quantidade de profissionais vinculados à Atenção Primária à Saúde. Observou-se o crescimento da densidade deste profissional na maioria dos Estados no primeiro momento e o decréscimo em seguida. Destaca-se o Estado de Espírito Santo, com a maior densidade de profissionais em 2008 e Pernambuco que atingiu em 2012 o maior pico entre os Estados. A tendência temporal variou entre os Estados brasileiros, Goiás foi o único que apresentou aumento no período de 2008 a 2020, já na região Sudeste todos os Estados demonstraram decréscimo. O incentivo da prática de atividade física supervisionada e orientada é importante para auxiliar no aumento da força de trabalho do Profissional de Educação Física na Atenção Primária à Saúde, como também aumentar o nível de atividade física da população, contribuindo para adquirir benefícios de saúde oriundos da prática regular de atividade física

The aim of this study was to analyze the temporal distribution of Physical Education Professionals in Pri-mary Health Care in the Unified Health System in Brazilian States. This study has an ecological feature of a time series, in which secondary data from the National Registry of Health Facilities from 2008 to 2020 were used to identify the workforce of this professional area. Maps and graphs were built for the spatial analysis of the workforce, number of Physical Education Professionals per 10,000 inhabitants, by Brazilian states and regions. Regression analyzes were performed using the Joinpoint Regression Program version 4.7.0.0, considering a 95% confidence interval. In 2008 in Brazil there were 321 Physical Education Pro-fessionals in primary care and 139 in 2020, representing a decrease of 56% for the number of professionals linked to Primary Health Care. There was a growth in the density of this professional in most States at first and then a decrease. The State of Espírito Santo stands out, with the highest density of professionals in 2008 and Pernambuco wich in 2012 reached the highest peak among the States. The temporal trend varied between Brazilian states, Goiás was the only one that showed an increase in the period from 2008 to 2020, while in the Southeast region all states showed a decrease. Encouraging the practice of supervised and guided physical activity is important to help increase the workforce of Physical Education Professionals in Primary Health Care, as well as to increase the population's level of physical activity, contributing to acquire health benefits from regular practice of physical activity