Structural issues affecting creation of a community action and advocacy board.

The most effective woman-initiated method to prevent HIV/sexually transmitted infections is the female condom (FC). Yet, FCs are often difficult to find and denigrated or ignored by community health and service providers. Evidence increasingly supports the need to develop and test theoretically driven, multilevel interventions using a community-empowerment framework to promote FCs in a sustained way. We conducted a study in a midsized northeastern US city (2009-2013) designed to create, mobilize and build capacity of a community group to develop and implement multilevel interventions to increase availability, accessibility and support for FCs in their city. The Community Action and Advocacy Board (CAAB) designed and piloted interventions concurrently targeting community, organizational and individual levels. Ethnographic observation of the CAAB training and intervention planning and pilot implementation sessions documented the process, preliminary successes, challenges and limitations of this model. The CAAB demonstrated ability to conceptualize, plan and initiate multilevel community change. However, challenges in group decision-making and limitations in members' availability or personal capacity constrained CAAB processes and intervention implementation. Lessons from this experience could inform similar efforts to mobilize, engage and build capacity of community coalitions to increase access to and support for FCs and other novel effective prevention options for at-risk women.

The inflammatory reaction in human traumatic oedematous cerebral cortex.

The inflammatory reaction surrounding hemorrhagic and perihematomal brain parenchyma has been studied by means of light and transmission electron microscopy in 12 patients with severe traumatic head injuries complicated with subdural or extradural hematoma or hygroma. Perivascular cells, ameboid phagocytic microglial cells, and infiltrated macrophage/monocyte system were observed surrounding perivascular and intraparenchymal hemorrhagic foci. They showed phagocytic activity of degenerated nerve cell processes, and organized proteinaceous edema fluid present in the enlarged extracellular space. Endocytosis by means of clathrin coated vesicles also was observed. Facultative and professional phagocytes exhibited a full repertoire of lysosomes, phagosomes containing nerve cell debris, lipid droplets, and lipofucsin granules. Phagocytic pericytes remaining within the capillary basement membrane were also observed around perivascular hemorrhages. The inflammatory reaction was examined in young and old patients with an evolution time of brain injury ranging from 1 day to 2 years. The inflammatory process developed according to the intensity of traumatic insult, patient age, associated hematoma or hygroma, severity of vasogenic and cytotoxic oedema, and anoxic-ischemic conditions of brain parenchyma.

[Diagnosis of an acute respiratory infection outbreak in children under 3 years of age in Santiago de Cuba]. / Diagnóstico de un brote de infección respiratoria aguda en niños menores de 3 años en Santiago de Cuba.

In November, 1996, there was an outbreak of acute respiratory infection in children under 3 in the province of Santiago de Cuba. 7 samples of nasopharyngeal exudates were received to determine the causal agent of the outbreak by indirect immunofluorescence technique (4 positive samples, 57.14%). They were inoculated in MDCK cells culture and those cases that presented positive hemadsorption (6 isolates, 85.71%) were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence techniques (6 positive samples, 100%) and immunoperoxidase (5 positive samples, 83.3%). All the positive samples were classified as influenza A (subtype H3N2) which confirms what is reported in literature in relation to the circulation of this virus during that year at the national and international level. This paper allowed to know the causal agent of the studied outbreak of acute respiratory infection and to determine the circulation of the influenza A subtype H3N2 in that province.

[Fast detection and characterization of influenza A and B viruses in nasopharyngeal secretions by the immunoperoxidase method]. / Detección y caracterización rápida de los virus de influenza A y B en secreciones nasofaríngeas mediante el método de la inmunoperoxidasa.

One hundred and fourty eight samples from patients with a symptomatology compatible with the influenza virus were studied aimed at identifying in a fast way these viruses. A rapid MDCK-L cell culture was developed on 96 well plates, where nasopharingeal exudates or gargarisms were inoculated and incubated all night long at 37 degrees C. The medium was removed and cells were washed with PBS and fixed with methanol. Viral antigens were detected through the immunoperoxidase staining by using two monoclonal antibody pools for the identification of influenza A and influenza B viruses. The HA1-71 monoclonal antibody, specific for influenza A (H3N2) and the HA2-76, which react with both A (H3N2) and A (H1N1) were used for subtyping. Of all the positive samples (136), 72% corresponded to type A while 34.6% and 37.5% corresponded to subtypes H1 and H3, respectively. Influenza B was detected in 27.9% of the 148 samples studied. Only 12 were negative (8.1%). The use of this technique is recommended as a rapid, convenient and sensitive method that is easy to carry put and to interpretate for the detection and characterization in type and subtype of the influenza viruses starting from the nasopharyngeal exudates or gargarisms.

Quistes de giardia en aguas negras / Giardia cysts in raw sewage

El estudio de las aguas negras ha sido propuesto para conocer el estatus de infección de una comunidad y para indicar la presencia y variación estacional de los agentes infecciosos. Esta investigación fue llevada a cabo para evaluar un método para determinar la concentración de quistes de Giardia en aguas negras. En una primera etapa se realizó la prueba de eficiencia de recuperación de quistes siguiendo el método de floculación con carbonato de calcio descrito por Vesey y Cols., 1993, a partir de muestras estériles de aguas negras y agua destilada sembradas con una concentración conocida de quistes. En una etapa siguiente fueron analizadas muestras de aguas negras. Los quistes de Giardia fueron cuantificados con un hemocitómetro luego de la concentración de estos en solución de sacarosa (gravedad específica 1,15) o mediante centrifugación simple. La eficiencia de recuperación osciló entre 66 por ciento y 75 por ciento para las muestras de aguas negras y agua destilada respectivamente. Las recuperaciones mayores (87 por ciento) fueron obtenidas cuando se omitió el paso de clarificación. Las concentraciones de quistes de Giardia estuvieron entre 2 por diez elevado a la tres y 3.7 por diez elevado a la cuatro quistes/ml