Inclusive Design in the Field of Education from the Paradigm of Early Intervention.

Inclusive education and early intervention go hand in hand in the early educational stages to reach the maximum potential of the student body. The aim of this study was to analyze the inclusive profile of an educational center and assess the effectiveness of an inclusive task (designed for this study) in a group of students of early childhood education. This analytical, prospective, descriptive and longitudinal study was conducted from both qualitative and quantitative approaches. From the qualitative approach, an interview was carried out with early childhood education teachers. A total of nine participants were interviewed. Their mean age was 42.25 ± 9.30 years, with a mean experience of 14.25 ± 9.25 years. The quantitative part of the study was carried out with 97 students of early childhood education. After delivering a learning workshop about awareness of functional diversity, three variables were analyzed: story memory, demonstrated emotion, and game memory. The qualitative study indicates that it is necessary to develop coping strategies, such as including special education tasks in the classroom, prior to specific staff training and programming in specific aspects of awareness. Moreover, it is shown that the perception of treatment among peers is already present at this educational stage. The quantitative study reveals that the task was exciting and motivating for the students, which promotes learning and awareness.

Barriers and Benefits of the Scheduled Telephone Referral Model (DETELPROG): A Qualitative Approach.

The recently developed scheduled mobile-telephone referral model (DETELPROG) has achieved especially important results in reducing waiting days for patients, but it has been decided to explore what barriers and positive aspects were detected by both primary care physicians (PCPs) and hospital attending physicians (HAPs) regarding its use. For this, a qualitative descriptive study was carried out through six semi-structured interviews and two focus groups in a sample of eleven PCPs and five HAPs. Interviews were carried out from September 2019 to February 2020. Data were analysed by creating the initial categories, recording the sessions, transcribing the information, by doing a comprehensive reading of the texts obtained, and analysing the contents. The results show that DETELPROG gives the PCP greater prominence as a patient's health coordinator by improving their relationship and patient safety; it also improves the relationship between PCP and HAP, avoiding unnecessary face-to-face referrals and providing safety to the PCP when making decisions. The barriers for DETELPROG to be used by PCP were defensive medicine, patients' skepticism in DETELPROG, healthcare burden, and inability to focus on the patient or interpret a sign, symptom, or diagnostic test. For HAP, the barriers were lack of confidence in the PCP and complexity of the patient. As a conclusion, DETELPROG referral model provides a lot of advantages and does not pose any new barrier to face-to-face referral or other non-face-to-face referral models, so it should be implemented in primary care.

DETELPROG Study. Effectiveness of a New Model of Scheduled Telephone Referral from Primary Care to Internal Medicine. A Randomised Controlled Study.

In Spain, the average waiting time for a specialist consultation is 58 days. A determinant factor that contributes to this situation is the poor communication between primary care and specialised care, which is mainly due to the waiting days for a consultation, number of avoided/avoidable face-to-face referrals, and waiting days for the resolution of the process. DETELPROG is a referral system in which the family physician requests a scheduled outpatient internal medicine consultation, integrated into the usual consultations agenda of both physicians, the family, and the outpatient clinic physician, in order to have a telephone consultation. A randomized controlled clinical trial has been carried out to assess the effectiveness of DELTELPROG. In a sample of 255 patients, the experimental group was referred via a scheduled telephone call, and those in the control group, by face-to-face hospital consultation area. The results showed statistically significant differences between both groups of 27 days (95% confidence interval (CI): 20-33) regarding specialised consultation, 47 days (95% CI: 17-74) as for the resolution of the process, and 91.7% for avoided face-to-face consultations. The DETELPROG resulted as a low coverage system (53%), which makes it a complementary referral model. It is necessary to make an in-depth analysis of the causes that have led to this technologically low coverage.

Efectividad de un nuevo modelo de derivación telefónica compartida entre atención primaria y atención hospitalaria / Effectiveness of a new model of telephone derivation shared between primary care and hospital care

Objetivo: Averiguar si la derivación telefónica desde Atención Primaria a consultas externas de Medicina Interna (CCEE de MI) reduce días de espera, con respecto a la derivación presencial. Averiguar la aceptación de la consulta telefónica por parte de los médicos de familia (MF) de Atención Primaria y de sus pacientes. Diseño: Ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado sin enmascaramiento. Emplazamiento: Área de Gestión Sanitaria Norte de Huelva. Participantes: Ciento cincuenta y cuatro pacientes. Intervenciones: Los pacientes de los MF del grupo experimental fueron derivados vía telefónica (salvo cumplimiento criterios exclusión) y los del grupo control vía presencial. Mediciones: Número de días desde la solicitud de derivación hasta la consulta en MI. Número de derivaciones telefónicas y presenciales. Número de médicos y de pacientes rechazados. Causas de los rechazos. Resultados: Diferencia estadísticamente significativa, estimándose en 27 (21-34) días entre ambos grupos. De los 58 MF, 8 prealeatorización, y 6 de los 20 asignados al grupo experimental rechazaron participar por «suponer consumo excesivo de tiempo y esfuerzo». Para un 50% de los pacientes derivados por los 14 MF que quedaron finalmente en el grupo experimental se rechazó la vía telefónica, siendo la complejidad de los pacientes la principal causa. Conclusiones: La derivación telefónica reduce considerablemente los días de espera para CCEE de MI, elimina las principales barreras de la consulta telefónica a tiempo real, no supuso un mayor gasto de tiempo ni de esfuerzo para los médicos y no se consideró tan beneficiosa en pacientes complejo

Aim: The purpose of this study is to find out whether telephone referral from Primary Health Care to Internal Medicine Consult manages to reduce waiting days as compared to traditional referral. This study also aims to know how acceptable is the telephone referral to general practitioners and their patients. Design: No blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting: Northern Huelva Health District. Participants: 154 patients. Interventions: Patients referrals from intervention clinicians were sent via telephone consultation, whereas patients referrals from control clinicians were sent by traditional via. Measurements: Number of days from referral request to Internal Medicine Consult. Number of telephone and traditional referrals. Number of doctors and patients denied. Denial reasons. Results: A statistically significant difference was found between groups, with an average of 27 (21-34) days. Among General Practitioners, 8 of the first 58 total doctors after randomization and, subsequently, 6 of the 20 doctors of the test group refused to engage in the trial because they considered "excessive time and effort consuming". 50% of patients referred by the 14 General Practitioners finally randomized to the intervention group were denied referral by telephone due to patient's complexity. Conclusions: Telephone referral significantly reduces waiting days for Internal Medicine consult. This type of referral did not mean an "excessive time and effort consuming" to General Practitioners and was not all that beneficial to complex patients

[Effectiveness of a new model of telephone derivation shared between primary care and hospital care]. / Efectividad de un nuevo modelo de derivación telefónica compartida entre atención primaria y atención hospitalaria.

AIM: The purpose of this study is to find out whether telephone referral from Primary Health Care to Internal Medicine Consult manages to reduce waiting days as compared to traditional referral. This study also aims to know how acceptable is the telephone referral to general practitioners and their patients. DESIGN: No blind randomized controlled clinical trial. SETTING: Northern Huelva Health District. PARTICIPANTS: 154 patients. INTERVENTIONS: Patients referrals from intervention clinicians were sent via telephone consultation, whereas patients referrals from control clinicians were sent by traditional via. MEASUREMENTS: Number of days from referral request to Internal Medicine Consult. Number of telephone and traditional referrals. Number of doctors and patients denied. Denial reasons. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was found between groups, with an average of 27 (21-34) days. Among General Practitioners, 8 of the first 58 total doctors after randomization and, subsequently, 6 of the 20 doctors of the test group refused to engage in the trial because they considered "excessive time and effort consuming". 50% of patients referred by the 14 General Practitioners finally randomized to the intervention group were denied referral by telephone due to patient's complexity. CONCLUSIONS: Telephone referral significantly reduces waiting days for Internal Medicine consult. This type of referral did not mean an "excessive time and effort consuming" to General Practitioners and was not all that beneficial to complex patients.