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INTRODUCTION: Children whose parents with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and family of index clients are at high risk of HIV infection. Family testing is an efficient and effective way of identifying children's HIV. The number of children becoming newly infected with HIV remains unacceptably high. This study is to assess human immune deficiency, virus serostatus, and associated factors among children of adult index cases in central Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia, 2019. METHODS: An institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted to select a total of 454 index cases from February 01 to April 30, 2019. Data were collected from adult clients on antiretroviral treatment who have children using administered questionnaires and data extraction from the hospital antiretroviral register. Simple random sampling was used to select the index cases using the medical record number. Binary logistic regression analysis, odds ratio, and 95% confidence interval were used to determine the strength of association between dependent and independent variables. Statistical significance was declared a P-value <0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of HIV in children from family index case testing was 8.9% with 95% CI (6.5-11.6). Female index clients [AOR=0.18, 95% CI: 06-0.55], the age of the child [AOR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.76, 0.97], importance of HIV testing [AOR=5.20, 95% CI: 2.2011.96], and discussion HIV testing [AOR=3.22, 95% CI: 1.5-16.84]. Participants who did not discuss HIV were 3.2 more likely have HIV positive child than who discussed with family members. CONCLUSION: The majority of the index clients test their children, but the prevalence rate of HIV in children from family index case testing is high. Strategies should be developed on how to communicate with household members about HIV.
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INTRODUCTION: The development of modern automated machines in industries has considerably decreased the physical burden of workers in addition to increasing the productivity of the industries resulting in noise pollution. Noise exposure above the limit value of 90 dB (A) is known to cause temporary hearing loss among exposed workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional-based cross-sectional study design was employed for a total of 406 study participants using a simple random sampling technique from January 15 to April 30, 2019. The data collection methods were observational checklist and a self-administered questionnaire. The collected data were entered into EpiData software version 4.2 and exported to SPSS software version 21 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic analyses wwere used to identify the associated factors. Statistical significance was declared using a 95% confidence interval and a p-value of less than 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 388 study participants were included in the study with a response rate of 95.6%, of which 254 (65.5%) were females. The overall temporary hearing loss among the textile factory workers was found to be 49% with COR=1.53; 95% CI (1.15-2.03). The workers from the spinning department were 2.38 times more likely to develop temporary hearing loss after exiting from work than workers from the dyeing department (95% CI= (1.16-4.90). Similarly, workers from the knitting department were 3.67 times more likely to develop temporary hearing loss after exiting from work than workers from the dyeing department (95% CI=1.42-9.47). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that the workforce in the spinning and knitting departments of the textile factory had a high prevalence of temporary hearing loss than the workers in dyeing and garment working sections. Therefore, the textile factory should provide hearing protection devices to the workers.
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BACKGROUND: Flour mill workers are at high risk of developing respiratory symptoms due to exposure to flour dust in their working environment. Exposure to flour dust linked with the development of chronic respiratory disorders. However, very little evidence has been available on the respiratory symptoms of exposed workers in large-scale flour mill factories. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess chronic respiratory health symptoms and associated factors among flour mill workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS: Cross-sectional study was conducted among a sample of 424 randomly selected workers from Addis Ababa flour mill factories. Respiratory health symptoms were assessed using an American Thoracic Society standard questionnaire customized with local context. Data were checked for completeness and Epi-Info V. 7.2 and SPSS V.21 statistical software were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify variables associated with chronic respiratory health symptoms. Variables that had significant association were identified based on adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and p <0.05. Data were presented using tables, texts and figures. RESULTS: The prevalence of chronic respiratory health symptoms among flour mill factory workers was 58.3% (95% CI: 53.7-63.4). Chronic respiratory health symptoms were significantly associated with age group (AOR=1.95, 95% CI; 1.17-2.79 and AOR=12.3, 95% CI; 4.39-34.6), monthly income (AOR=1.68, 95% CI; 1-2.79), work experience (AOR=2.58, 95% CI; 1-6.62), past dust exposure (AOR=1.86, 95% CI; 1.08-3.2) and utilization of respiratory protective equipment (AOR=2.29, 95% CI; 1.27-4.13). CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: Chronic respiratory health symptoms were highly prevalent among flour mill factory workers. Supportive supervision and cooperation between Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, flour mill managers and workers are needed to reduce exposure and improve working environment.