Control strategies for inverted pendulum: A comparative analysis of linear, nonlinear, and artificial intelligence approaches.

An inverted pendulum is a challenging underactuated system characterized by nonlinear behavior. Defining an effective control strategy for such a system is challenging. This paper presents an overview of the IP control system augmented by a comparative analysis of multiple control strategies. Linear techniques such as linear quadratic regulators (LQR) and progressing to nonlinear methods such as Sliding Mode Control (SMC) and back-stepping (BS), as well as artificial intelligence (AI) methods such as Fuzzy Logic Controllers (FLC) and SMC based Neural Networks (SMCNN). These strategies are studied and analyzed based on multiple parameters. Nonlinear techniques and AI-based approaches play key roles in mitigating IP nonlinearity and stabilizing its unbalanced form. The aforementioned algorithms are simulated and compared by conducting a comprehensive literature study. The results demonstrate that the SMCNN controller outperforms the LQR, SMC, FLC, and BS in terms of settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error. Furthermore, SMCNN exhibit superior performance for IP systems, albeit with a complexity trade-off compared to other techniques. This comparative analysis sheds light on the complexity involved in controlling the IP while also providing insights into the optimal performance achieved by the SMCNN controller and the potential of neural network for inverted pendulum stabilization.

Highly Selective Tandem Photoelectrochemical C-H Activation via Bromine Evolution Reaction in Two-Phase Electrolyte.

The development of environmentally friendly and safe chemical processes using renewable energy sources is important. In this study, a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell was used for the tandem bromination of sp3 carbon within a unique two-phase electrolyte system. By incorporation of a RuOx cocatalyst, the Ta3N5 photoelectrode demonstrated a remarkable selectivity for Br2 close to 100%. The kinetic study for charge carriers of photoelectrodes reveals that the improved charge transfer at Ta3N5/RuOx interfaces contributed to excellent photoelectrochemical Br2 evolution activity. The photoelectrochemically produced Br2 was utilized for bromination of α-sp3 carbon in toluene, 1-methylnaphthalene, ethylbenzene, or cyclohexane by the Ta3N5/RuOx photoanode with 100% regioselectivity. The coupling of the Ta3N5 photoanode and InP photocathode generated H2 and Br2 under light illumination without external bias. This study provides systematic insights into the design of photoelectrodes for solar-driven tandem bromination systems within the unique environment of a two-phase electrolyte system.