Growth predictability models in Mangalarga marchador horses / Modelos de previsibilidade de crescimento em cavalos Mangalarga marchador

This study evaluated the suitability of the Brody, logistic, and quadratic response plateau models to describe chest and cannon girth data obtained cross-sectionally in Mangalarga Marchador horses, in order to select the best model and predict the growth and maturity of males and females of this breed. Data were collected from 230 horses aged 6 to 176 months, divided by sex and age (16 age classes). The studied models were compared according to each quality evaluator by computing the adjusted coefficient of determination (R²adj) and residual standard deviation (RSD) with R statistical software. The chest girths obtained by the models ranged from 172.06 (males) to 181.50 cm (females) (Brody), 172.51 (males) to 181.89 cm (females) (logistic), and 177.67 (males) to 183.09 cm (females) (plateau). For cannon girth, the values were 18.18 (females) to 19.33 cm (males) (Brody), 18.11 (females) to 19.41 cm (males) (logistic), and 18.70 (females) to 19.40 cm (males) (plateau). The logistic model was best suited to describe the growth in chest girth of male and female Mangalarga Marchador horses. For cannon girth growth, the model best suited for males was the logistic model, and the one best suited for females was the Brody model.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o ajuste dos modelos Brody, Logístico e Platô de resposta quadrática aos dados de perímetros torácico e de canela em equinos Mangalarga Marchador obtidos pelo método transversal, a fim de selecionar o melhor modelo e predizer sobre o crescimento e a maturidade de machos e fêmeas desta raça. Foram utilizados dados de 230 equinos de seis a 176 meses de idade que foram divididos por sexo e em 16 classes de idade. Os modelos estudados foram comparados segundo os avaliadores de qualidade: coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R²adj) e desvio padrão residual (DPR), utilizando-se o software estatístico R. Os perímetros torácicos obtidos pelos modelos variaram de 172,06 a 181,50 cm (Brody), 172,51 a 181,89 cm (Logístico) e 183,09 a 177,67 cm (Platô) para fêmeas e machos, respectivamente. Para o perímetro de canela os valores variaram de 18,18 a 19,33 cm (Brody), 18,11 a 19,41 cm (Logístico) e 18,70 a 19,40 cm (Platô) para fêmeas e machos, respectivamente. O modelo logístico é mais indicado para expressar o crescimento em perímetro torácico de machos e fêmeas da raça Mangalarga Marchador. Já para a variável perímetro de canela, o modelo mais indicado para os machos foi o modelo Logístico e para as fêmeas o modelo de Brody.

Practical procedures to body weight estimation and correction factors applied to Campolina horses

The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the following six body weight (BW) estimation methods in Campolina (CAM) horses: A - weight tape placed at three different positions on the animal's thorax; B - Crevat and Quetelet's formula; C - Hall's formula; D - Hintz and Griffiths's table; E - Santos's table; and F - Cintra's formula. A total of 380 CAM horses were separated according to sex, age class, and gestational stage and evaluated. To determine their accuracy, weights measured on a scale and weight estimates of the six methods were compared by paired t-test, mean prediction error (MPE), and coefficient of determination (R²), using R software. The predictive capacity of method F was lower in the 6-12 months age class, so this formula is not indicated. The BW was overestimated compared with the actual weight by methods A (with weight tape placed in position 3) and B and underestimated by method C. Methods D and E accurately estimated BW of CAM horses. Correction factors are required to accurately estimate BW in this breed using methods B and C. Method A with the weight tape placed in position 2 is the most accurate for predicting BW, including pregnant female horses, and can, therefore, be considered the most suitable method for estimating BW of CAM horses.

Growth curve for height at withers and body length of Mangalarga Marchador horses / Curva de crescimento em altura na cernelha e comprimento corporal de equinos Mangalarga Marchador

This study aimed to evaluate the logistic and quadratic response plateau models to describe the growth of Mangalarga Marchador horses to identify the model that best describes growth for the variables height at withers and body length. Data were used from 230 horses aged 6 to 176 months, divided by sex and 16 age classes. All computational work was performed using R statistical software. The logistic model was the best suited to express growth in height at withers and body length of male and female Mangalarga Marchadors aged 6 to 176 months. This allowed creating a table of reference values for these measurements over time based on the confidence interval of the model parameters. Estimates of height at withers obtained by the logistic model ranged from 144 to 154 cm in adult males and from 143 to 151 cm in adult females. For body length, values ranged from 146 to 156 cm in adult males and 143 to 156 cm in adult females. Females achieved stability in both height at withers and body length at earlier ages than did males.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os modelos logístico e platô de resposta quadrática na descrição do crescimento de equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador identificando o que melhor descreve o crescimento das variáveis altura de cernelha e comprimento corporal. Foram utilizados dados de 230 equinos de 6 a 176 meses de idade que foram divididos por sexo e em 16 classes de idade. Toda a parte computacional envolvida foi realizada utilizando-se o software estatístico R. O modelo logístico foi o mais indicado para expressar o crescimento em altura na cernelha e comprimento corporal de machos e fêmeas da raça Mangalarga Marchador. Foi criada uma tabela de valores referência para estas medidas ao longo da idade com base no intervalo de confiança dos parâmetros deste modelo. Estimativas das alturas de cernelha adultas obtidas pelo modelo logístico variaram de 144 a 154 cm nos machos e de 143 a 151 cm para fêmeas. Já em comprimento corporal os valores adultos variaram de 146 a 156 cm nos machos e 143 a 156 cm para fêmeas. As fêmeas apresentam maior precocidade do que os machos para atingir a estabilidade em ambas variáveis estudadas.(AU)

Growth curve for height at withers and body length of Mangalarga Marchador horses / Curva de crescimento em altura na cernelha e comprimento corporal de equinos Mangalarga Marchador

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the logistic and quadratic response plateau models to describe the growth of Mangalarga Marchador horses to identify the model that best describes growth for the variables height at withers and body length. Data were used from 230 horses aged 6 to 176 months, divided by sex and 16 age classes. All computational work was performed using R statistical software. The logistic model was the best suited to express growth in height at withers and body length of male and female Mangalarga Marchadors aged 6 to 176 months. This allowed creating a table of reference values for these measurements over time based on the confidence interval of the model parameters. Estimates of height at withers obtained by the logistic model ranged from 144 to 154 cm in adult males and from 143 to 151 cm in adult females. For body length, values ranged from 146 to 156 cm in adult males and 143 to 156 cm in adult females. Females achieved stability in both height at withers and body length at earlier ages than did males.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os modelos logístico e platô de resposta quadrática na descrição do crescimento de equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador identificando o que melhor descreve o crescimento das variáveis altura de cernelha e comprimento corporal. Foram utilizados dados de 230 equinos de 6 a 176 meses de idade que foram divididos por sexo e em 16 classes de idade. Toda a parte computacional envolvida foi realizada utilizando-se o software estatístico R. O modelo logístico foi o mais indicado para expressar o crescimento em altura na cernelha e comprimento corporal de machos e fêmeas da raça Mangalarga Marchador. Foi criada uma tabela de valores referência para estas medidas ao longo da idade com base no intervalo de confiança dos parâmetros deste modelo. Estimativas das alturas de cernelha adultas obtidas pelo modelo logístico variaram de 144 a 154 cm nos machos e de 143 a 151 cm para fêmeas. Já em comprimento corporal os valores adultos variaram de 146 a 156 cm nos machos e 143 a 156 cm para fêmeas. As fêmeas apresentam maior precocidade do que os machos para atingir a estabilidade em ambas variáveis estudadas.

Tournaments between markers as a strategy to enhance genomic predictions.

Analysis of a large number of markers is crucial in both genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and genome-wide selection (GWS). However there are two methodological issues that restrict statistical analysis: high dimensionality (p≫n) and multicollinearity. Although there are methodologies that can be used to fit models for data with high dimensionality (eg, the Bayesian Lasso), a big problem that can occurs in this cases is that the predictive ability of the model should perform well for the individuals used to fit the model, but should not perform well for other individuals, restricting the applicability of the model. This problem can be circumvent by applying some selection methodology to reduce the number of markers (but keeping the markers associated with the phenotypic trait) before adjusting a model to predict GBVs. We revisit a tournament-based strategy between marker samples, where each sample has good statistical properties for estimation: n>p and low collinearity. Such tournaments are elaborated using multiple linear regression to eliminate markers. This method is adapted from previous works found in the literature. We used simulated data as well as real data derived from a study with SNPs in beef cattle. Tournament strategies not only circumvent the p≫n issue, but also minimize spurious associations. For real data, when we selected a few more than 20 markers, we obtained correlations greater than 0.70 between predicted Genomic Breeding Values (GBVs) and phenotypes in validation groups of a cross-validation scheme; and when we selected a larger number of markers (more than 100), the correlations exceeded 0.90, showing the efficiency in identifying relevant SNPs (or segregations) for both GWAS and GWS. In the simulation study, we obtained similar results.

Heat tolerance responses in a Bos taurus cattle herd raised in a Brazilian climate.

Knowledge of thermoregulatory responses in taurine cattle contribute to identification of animals most adapted to heat and productive when raised under Brazilian climate. The objectives were to verify the morphological and physiological responses related to adaptation to heat of taurine breeds raised under in Brazilian meteorological conditions in different seasons of the year and day periods, and to detect differences within and between breeds to know breed is most adapted. Measurements were made of 74 young bulls (n = 31 Angus; n = 43 Simmental) for the morphological traits: hair length (HL), number of hairs (NH), and coat thickness (CT); and for the physiological traits: respiratory rate (RR) and hair coat surface temperature (ST). The temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated. The data were subjected to analyses of variance, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA). The THI (<74) indicates thermal comfort. In the winter, the HL and CT higher than in the spring season (P < 0.0001) in both breeds. Angus exhibited higher HL and CT (P < 0.0001). Within each breed, the animals differed from one another for HL (P < 0.0005). In the spring, CT was similar between the breeds, differing only in the winter season. Angus had higher values (P < 0.0005) of RR and lower values (P < 0.0001) of ST. Both breeds had higher (P < 0.0001) RR and ST in the afternoon. PCA showed that NH and HL better explained variation in adaptation. In general, the breeds have similar morphological responses in the hottest months, but have different physiological responses; Simmental proves to be more physiologically resistant. The afternoon was more stressful than the morning, even though the animals were in a thermal comfort zone. Measuring traits related to hair coat is sufficient for effective evaluation of adaptation, and the season affects the morphological and physiological traits of taurine cattle raised.

HSF1 and HSPA6 as functional candidate genes associated with heat tolerance in Angus cattle

The purpose of this study was to access and characterize single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) located within the HSF1 and HSPA6 candidate genes for adaptability in Angus breed raised in subtropical climate. Samples of DNA from 20 animals representing extreme phenotypes for adaptability traits were obtained. Sequence variations in the candidate genes were described by sequencing target regions. We identified 12 SNP located in the HSF1 gene. Moreover, four of the six SNP found in the HSPA6 gene cause amino acid substitutions in protein-coding regions. We also identified a representative SNP (called tag SNP) in a region of the HSF1 gene with high linkage disequilibrium (r2 = 0.87) that may represent 11 SNP located in this gene. Minor allele frequency observed for the SNP ranged from 0.10 to 0.50 and 0.02 to 0.21 for the HSF1 and the HSPA6 genes, respectively. Overall, almost all SNP analyzed showed significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and half of the loci had heterozygosity greater than 0.50. The data suggest that there is sequence variability in these genes that could be exploited by breeding programs. There is genetic variation in HSF1 and HSPA6 genes in this populations of Angus breed, which is fundamental to obtain response to selection.(AU)

Nonlinear modeling growth body weight of Mangalarga Marchador horses / Modelagem não linear do crescimento em peso vivo de equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador

The analysis of the growth and development of various species has been done using the growth curves of the specific animal based on non-linear models. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the fit of the Brody, Gompertz, Logistic and von Bertalanffy models to the cross-sectional data of the live weight of the MangalargaMarchador horses to identify the best model and make accurate predictions regarding the growth and maturity in the males and females of this breed. The study involved recording the weight of 214 horses, of which 94 were males and 120 were non-pregnant females, between 6 and 153 months of age. The parameters of the model were estimated by employing the method of least squares, using the iteratively regularized Gauss-Newton method and the R software package. Comparison of the models was done based on the following criteria: coefficient of determination (R²); Residual Standard Deviation (RSD); corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc). The estimated weight of the adult horses by the models ranged between 431kg and 439kg for males and between 416kg and 420kg for females. The growth curves were studied using the cross-sectional data collection method. For males the von Bertalanffymodel was found to be the most effective in expressing growth, while in females the Brody model was more suitable. The Mangalarga Marchador femalesachieve adult body weight earlier than the males.

O estudo sobre curvas de crescimento animal com base em modelos não lineares tem sido utilizado para análise do crescimento e desenvolvimento de diversas espécies. Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar o ajuste dos modelos Brody, Gompertz, Logístico e vonBertalanffy a dados transversais de peso vivo de equinos Mangalarga Marchador, a fim de selecionar o melhor modelo e predizer sobre o crescimento e a maturidade de machos e fêmeas desta raça. Foram pesados 214 equinos, sendo 94 machos e 120 fêmeas não gestantes, com idade variando entre seis e 153 meses. A estimação dos parâmetros dos modelos foi realizada pelo método de mínimos quadrados, utilizando o processo iterativo de Gauss-Newton, seguindo rotinas do Software R. Os modelos foram comparados pelos critérios: coeficiente de determinação (R²); desvio padrão residual (DPR); critério de informação de Akaike corrigido (AICc ). O peso adulto, estimado pelos modelos, variou entre 431kg e 439kg para os machos e entre 416kg e 420kg para fêmeas. O método transversal de obtenção de dados pode ser aplicado no estudo de curvas de crescimento. O modelo de von Bertalanffy foi o mais eficiente para expressar o crescimento nos machos, enquanto que para as fêmeas, o modelo Brody se mostrou mais apropriado. As fêmeas Mangalarga Marchador são mais precoces que os machos para atingir o peso vivo adulto.

Nonlinear modeling growth body weight of Mangalarga Marchador horses / Modelagem não linear do crescimento em peso vivo de equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador

The analysis of the growth and development of various species has been done using the growth curves of the specific animal based on non-linear models. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the fit of the Brody, Gompertz, Logistic and von Bertalanffy models to the cross-sectional data of the live weight of the MangalargaMarchador horses to identify the best model and make accurate predictions regarding the growth and maturity in the males and females of this breed. The study involved recording the weight of 214 horses, of which 94 were males and 120 were non-pregnant females, between 6 and 153 months of age. The parameters of the model were estimated by employing the method of least squares, using the iteratively regularized Gauss-Newton method and the R software package. Comparison of the models was done based on the following criteria: coefficient of determination (R²); Residual Standard Deviation (RSD); corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc). The estimated weight of the adult horses by the models ranged between 431kg and 439kg for males and between 416kg and 420kg for females. The growth curves were studied using the cross-sectional data collection method. For males the von Bertalanffymodel was found to be the most effective in expressing growth, while in females the Brody model was more suitable. The Mangalarga Marchador femalesachieve adult body weight earlier than the males.(AU)

O estudo sobre curvas de crescimento animal com base em modelos não lineares tem sido utilizado para análise do crescimento e desenvolvimento de diversas espécies. Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar o ajuste dos modelos Brody, Gompertz, Logístico e vonBertalanffy a dados transversais de peso vivo de equinos Mangalarga Marchador, a fim de selecionar o melhor modelo e predizer sobre o crescimento e a maturidade de machos e fêmeas desta raça. Foram pesados 214 equinos, sendo 94 machos e 120 fêmeas não gestantes, com idade variando entre seis e 153 meses. A estimação dos parâmetros dos modelos foi realizada pelo método de mínimos quadrados, utilizando o processo iterativo de Gauss-Newton, seguindo rotinas do Software R. Os modelos foram comparados pelos critérios: coeficiente de determinação (R²); desvio padrão residual (DPR); critério de informação de Akaike corrigido (AICc ). O peso adulto, estimado pelos modelos, variou entre 431kg e 439kg para os machos e entre 416kg e 420kg para fêmeas. O método transversal de obtenção de dados pode ser aplicado no estudo de curvas de crescimento. O modelo de von Bertalanffy foi o mais eficiente para expressar o crescimento nos machos, enquanto que para as fêmeas, o modelo Brody se mostrou mais apropriado. As fêmeas Mangalarga Marchador são mais precoces que os machos para atingir o peso vivo adulto.(AU)

Nonlinear modeling growth body weight of Mangalarga Marchador horses / Modelagem não linear do crescimento em peso vivo de equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador

ABSTRACT: The analysis of the growth and development of various species has been done using the growth curves of the specific animal based on non-linear models. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the fit of the Brody, Gompertz, Logistic and von Bertalanffy models to the cross-sectional data of the live weight of the MangalargaMarchador horses to identify the best model and make accurate predictions regarding the growth and maturity in the males and females of this breed. The study involved recording the weight of 214 horses, of which 94 were males and 120 were non-pregnant females, between 6 and 153 months of age. The parameters of the model were estimated by employing the method of least squares, using the iteratively regularized Gauss-Newton method and the R software package. Comparison of the models was done based on the following criteria: coefficient of determination (R²); Residual Standard Deviation (RSD); corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc). The estimated weight of the adult horses by the models ranged between 431kg and 439kg for males and between 416kg and 420kg for females. The growth curves were studied using the cross-sectional data collection method. For males the von Bertalanffymodel was found to be the most effective in expressing growth, while in females the Brody model was more suitable. The MangalargaMarchador females achieve adult body weight earlier than the males.

RESUMO: O estudo sobre curvas de crescimento animal com base em modelos não lineares tem sido utilizado para análise do crescimento e desenvolvimento de diversas espécies. Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar o ajuste dos modelos Brody, Gompertz, Logístico e vonBertalanffy a dados transversais de peso vivo de equinos Mangalarga Marchador, a fim de selecionar o melhor modelo e predizer sobre o crescimento e a maturidade de machos e fêmeas desta raça. Foram pesados 214 equinos, sendo 94 machos e 120 fêmeas não gestantes, com idade variando entre seis e 153 meses. A estimação dos parâmetros dos modelos foi realizada pelo método de mínimos quadrados, utilizando o processo iterativo de Gauss-Newton, seguindo rotinas do Software R. Os modelos foram comparados pelos critérios: coeficiente de determinação (R²); desvio padrão residual (DPR); critério de informação de Akaike corrigido (AICc). O peso adulto, estimado pelos modelos, variou entre 431kg e 439kg para os machos e entre 416kg e 420kg para fêmeas. O método transversal de obtenção de dados pode ser aplicado no estudo de curvas de crescimento. O modelo de vonBertalanffy foi o mais eficiente para expressar o crescimento nos machos, enquanto que para as fêmeas, o modelo Brody se mostrou mais apropriado. As fêmeas Mangalarga Marchador são mais precoces que os machos para atingir o peso vivo adulto.

Genome-wide association study for backfat thickness in Canchim beef cattle using Random Forest approach.

BACKGROUND: Meat quality involves many traits, such as marbling, tenderness, juiciness, and backfat thickness, all of which require attention from livestock producers. Backfat thickness improvement by means of traditional selection techniques in Canchim beef cattle has been challenging due to its low heritability, and it is measured late in an animal's life. Therefore, the implementation of new methodologies for identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to backfat thickness are an important strategy for genetic improvement of carcass and meat quality. RESULTS: The set of SNPs identified by the random forest approach explained as much as 50% of the deregressed estimated breeding value (dEBV) variance associated with backfat thickness, and a small set of 5 SNPs were able to explain 34% of the dEBV for backfat thickness. Several quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fat-related traits were found in the surrounding areas of the SNPs, as well as many genes with roles in lipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: These results provided a better understanding of the backfat deposition and regulation pathways, and can be considered a starting point for future implementation of a genomic selection program for backfat thickness in Canchim beef cattle.