Increases in drug-related infant mortality in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: We explored temporal trends in drug-related infant deaths in the United States (U.S.) from 2018 to 2022. METHODS: We used data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER). A total of 295 drug-involved infant deaths were identified from 2018 to 2022 (provisional mortality data for year 2022) based on the underlying cause of death. RESULTS: In the U.S. from 2018 to 2022, there was a significant 2.2-fold increase in drug-involved infant mortality. The observed increases were higher in non-Hispanic White and Black infants. The findings show that drug-involved infant deaths were more likely to occur in the postneonatal period, defined as ages 28-364 days (81.4 %) compared to the neonatal period. The most prevalent underlying causes of death included assault (homicide) by drugs, medicaments and biological substances (35.6 %) followed by poisoning due to exposure to narcotics and psychodysleptics (hallucinogens) (15.6 %). The most common multiple causes of drug-involved infant deaths were psychostimulants with abuse potential of synthetic narcotics. CONCLUSIONS: Drug-related infant mortality has increased significantly from 2018 to 2022. These increases are particularly evident among White and Black infants and occurred predominantly in the postneonatal period. These findings require more research but also indicate the need to address drug-involved infant deaths as preventable clinical and public health issues. Effective strategies to reduce drug-involved infant deaths will require preventing and treating maternal substance use disorders, enhancing prenatal care access, and addressing broader social and behavioral risk factors among vulnerable maternal and infant populations.

Out-of-pocket expenses and parent reported quality of life in children with cow's milk protein allergy in Bogotá, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the out-of-pocket expenses and parent-reported quality of life (QoL) of children with a diagnosis of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) between the ages of 0 and 5 using the Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire - Parent Form. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two tertiary care centers in Bogotá. Demographic, medical information, and QoL scores were collected by parental interview. We carried out a cost-of-illness analysis based on self-reported out-of-pocket expenses attributed to the treatment as a whole and the family's monthly income. Exploratory analyses used the QoL scores and the percentage of out-of-pocket expenses attributable to treatment as outcomes. RESULTS: 122 families were analyzed. Median subject age was 17 months (Q1-Q3: 11-26.75 months) and female subjects made up 71% of the sample. The median QoL score was 3.21 points (Q1-Q3: 2.43-4.34) and only differed by age groups and personal history of other food allergies. The median out-of-pocket treatment related costs was 300,000 Colombian pesos (COP) (Q1-Q3: 280,000-340,000 COP). About 17% of the families had to pay over 15% of their monthly income to purchase food and dietary products. Out-of-pocket treatment related costs differed depending on whether the treatment included formulas (Mann-Whitney test p < 0.001). Out-of-pocket treatment expenses were uncorrelated with the QoL scores. CONCLUSION: Food allergy related QoL scores were not associated with out-of-pocket expenses as a whole or as a fraction of monthly income but were higher in children with additional food allergies and in older age groups, suggesting a lower QoL.

Efecto de un programa de autocuidado en hábitos de vida saludable con relación a la obesidad en personal de salud de una institución de tercer nivel / Efeito de um programa de autocuidado nos hábitos de vida saudáveis em relação à obesidade em profissionais de saúde de uma instituição terciária / Effect of a self-care program on healthy lifestyle habits in relation to obesity in health personnel of a tertiary institution

Introducción. A nivel mundial, la obesidad es considerada como un problema de salud pública debido a que afecta a la población de todas las edades, incluso al mismo personal que trabaja en instituciones de salud, situación que repercute en su ámbito personal, familiar, pero sobre todo laboral, causando en el trabajador dificultad para realizar algunos procedimientos, ausentismo laboral, discapacidad parcial o total y/o necesidad de cuidado, entre otros.  Objetivo.  Evaluar el efecto de una intervención de autocuidado en hábitos de vida saludable con relación a la obesidad en personal de salud de una institución de tercer nivel.  Metodología. Estudio cuasi experimental, muestra 30 trabajadores con sobrepeso o algún grado de obesidad de una institución de salud de tercer nivel. Se impartieron 10 temas con relación a la obesidad, para cambiar hábitos deficientes por hábitos saludables, además de 10 sesiones de actividad física.    Resultados. Al final de la intervención, dos personas bajaron el nivel de su índice de masa corporal, una persona con obesidad grado III y una de grado II bajaron a peso normal. En cuanto a las medidas antropométricas posterior a la intervención, hubo reducción en cada uno de los parámetros, referente a la evaluación del cuestionario hábitos de vida saludable, relacionados con la obesidad posterior a la intervención, se encontraron cambios positivos en cada una de las dimensiones. Sin embargo, tanto en la reducción de IMC, así como en las dimensiones del cuestionario, la diferencia encontrada, no fue estadísticamente significativa.  Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren que una intervención educativa en hábitos de vida saludable vinculados con la obesidad en personal de salud, son eficaces para contribuir al autocuidado de los trabajadores en el ámbito laboral

Introduction. Worldwide, obesity is considered a public health problem because it affects the population of all ages, including the same personnel who work in health institutions, a situation that has repercussions in their personal and family environment, but above all at work, causing the worker difficulty in performing some procedures, absenteeism, partial or total disability and/or need for care, among others. Objective. To evaluate the effect of a self-care intervention on healthy life habits in relation to obesity in health personnel of a third level institution. Methodology. Quasi-experimental study, sample of 30 workers with overweight or some degree of obesity in a tertiary health institution. Ten topics related to obesity were taught in order to change deficient habits for healthy habits, in addition to 10 sessions of physical activity. Results. At the end of the intervention, two people lowered their body mass index level, one person with grade III obesity and one with grade II obesity lowered to normal weight. Regarding the anthropometric measures after the intervention, there was a reduction in each one of the parameters, regarding the evaluation of the healthy life habits questionnaire, related to obesity after the intervention, positive changes were found in each one of the dimensions. However, both in the reduction of BMI and in the dimensions of the questionnaire, the difference found was not statistically significant. Conclusions. The results suggest that an educational intervention on healthy lifestyle habits related to obesity in health personnel is effective in contributing to the self-care of workers in the workplace

Introdução. A nível mundial, a obesidade é considerada um problema de saúde pública porque afecta a população de todas as idades, incluindo o próprio pessoal que trabalha nas instituições de saúde, situação que tem repercussões no seu ambiente pessoal e familiar, mas sobretudo no trabalho, causando ao trabalhador dificuldade na realização de alguns procedimentos, absentismo, incapacidade parcial ou total e/ou necessidade de cuidados, entre outros. Objectivos. Avaliar o efeito de uma intervenção de autocuidado sobre hábitos de vida saudáveis em relação à obesidade em profissionais de saúde de uma instituição de cuidados terciários. Metodologia. Estudo quase-experimental, amostra de 30 trabalhadores com excesso de peso ou algum grau de obesidade numa instituição de saúde terciária. Foram ensinados dez temas relacionados com a obesidade, com o objetivo de mudar hábitos deficientes por hábitos saudáveis, além de 10 sessões de atividade física. Resultados. No final da intervenção, duas pessoas baixaram o índice de massa corporal, uma pessoa com obesidade de grau III e uma com obesidade de grau II passaram para o peso normal. Relativamente às medidas antropométricas após a intervenção, verificou-se uma redução em cada um dos parâmetros, e relativamente à avaliação do questionário de hábitos de vida saudáveis relacionados com a obesidade após a intervenção, verificaram-se alterações positivas em cada uma das dimensões. No entanto, tanto na redução do IMC como nas dimensões do questionário, a diferença encontrada não foi estatisticamente significativa. Conclusões. Os resultados sugerem que uma intervenção educativa sobre hábitos de vida saudáveis ligados à obesidade no pessoal de saúde é eficaz para contribuir para o autocuidado dos trabalhadores no local de trabalho

Expanding Treatment, Recovery, and Reentry Services for Female Offenders: Improving Outcomes through Client-Centered Interventions.

This study investigated the impact of a specialized program aimed at improving substance use disorder and trauma treatment, recovery, and reentry services for adult female offenders. Trained recovery coaches delivered pretreatment interventions such as prescreening, motivational interviewing, and support-building to facilitate treatment entry and improve outcomes. Of 113 participants, 40% identified as racial/ethnic minorities, and 72% fell within the 25-45 age range. A notable 44.5% reduction in self-reported psychiatric symptoms was observed, alongside significant improvements in abstinence and trauma symptoms. Recovery capital and psychosocial functioning showed marked improvement including significant changes in employment status and housing stability and a decrease in criminal justice involvement. The results suggest that targeted, client-centered approaches can effectively improve recovery and psychosocial functioning among female offenders while reducing re-incarceration rates. These findings underscore the importance of addressing the unique needs of this population in both pre-and post-release settings to ensure equitable access to reentry services.

Emerging data in COVID-19 create urgent challengers for health providers: Updates on COVID-19 vaccine and Paxlovid.

In this original research we present new emerging data in COVID-19 that create urgent challenges for health providers in prevention and treatment. Health providers should be aware that COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths have increased markedly in August 2023. Further, recent data demonstrate a new emerging strain resistant to prior natural and vaccine immunity. The most recent emerging data show that only this updated COVID-19 vaccine produces the same immune response as previous vaccines that reduced mortality by over 95 % and morbidity by over 99 %. This recommendation encompasses all adults and children aged 6 months and older, regardless of whether they have had a prior COVID-19 infection or even if they have never received a prior vaccination. This updated COVID-19 vaccine, approved in September 2023, will be the best means to prevent COVID-19 during this upcoming season of respiratory viruses. In the meanwhile, all members of the US population regardless of previous natural infection, vaccines, or boosters are equally susceptible. At present, health providers should counsel all their patients about masking, social distancing, and avoiding crowds, especially indoors where regions of extreme weather conditions are keeping people indoors in closed quarters. In the treatment of COVID-19 the major clinical challenge to health providers, especially in their Black patients, is to prescribe Paxlovid during the first 5 days after onset of symptoms and a positive test.

Usefulness of Ultrasonography and Radiography in the Evaluation of Distal Forearm Fractures in Children: A Narrative Review / Utilidad de la ecografía y la radiografía en la evaluación de las fracturas distales del antebrazo en niños: una revisión narrativa

Pediatric fractures, especially distal forearm fractures, represent a significant global medical concern, affecting up to 50% of pediatric fracture cases. This narrative review aims to compare diagnostic modalities to determine which offers higher accuracy, minimizes radiation exposure, and is adaptable to diverse clinical settings. In the choice between ultrasound and X-ray for diagnosing distal forearm fractures in children, each modality has its merits. X-ray provides accuracy and value in wellequipped facilities, while ultrasound, being radiation-free, is effective in resourcelimited areas and is essential for pediatric patients to avoid radiation exposure. Professional training and continual updates are crucial. Moreover, it underscores that alongside diagnostic imaging, comprehensive clinical assessment remains pivotal for making informed medical decisions. The choice of method should consider individual case factors and prioritize patient safety. (AU)

Las fracturas pediátricas, especialmente las fracturas distales del antebrazo, representan una importante preocupación médica mundial y afectan hasta el 50% de los casos de fracturas pediátricas. Esta revisión narrativa tiene como objetivo comparar modalidades de diagnóstico para determinar cuál ofrece mayor precisión, minimiza la exposición a la radiación y es adaptable a diversos entornos clínicos. A la hora de elegir entre ecografía y rayos X para diagnosticar fracturas distales del antebrazo en niños, cada modalidad tiene sus ventajas. Los rayos X proporcionan precisión y valor en instalaciones bien equipadas, mientras que el ultrasonido, al no tener radiación, es eficaz en áreas con recursos limitados y es esencial para que los pacientes pediátricos eviten la exposición a la radiación. La formación profesional y la actualización continua son cruciales. Además, subraya que, junto con el diagnóstico por imágenes, la evaluación clínica integral sigue siendo fundamental para tomar decisiones médicas informadas. La elección del método debe considerar factores de cada caso individual y priorizar la seguridad del paciente. (AU)

What Do We Know About Heart Failure in Latin American Women?

Data about heart failure in Latin America is scarce. Women living in this region of the world are exposed to a mix of traditional risk factors for heart failure, neglected diseases, and social determinants of health. The aim of this review is to present what we know about heart failure in Latin American women and to establish the needs for future research.

Trends in Cigarette Smoking Among United States Adolescents.

Background: Cigarette smoking remains the leading avoidable cause of premature death in the United States, accounting for approximately 500,000, or 1 in 5, deaths annually. We explored trends in cigarette smoking among US adolescents. Methods: We used data for adolescents in grades 9 through 12 from 1991 to 2021 from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey provided by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We explored trends overall as well as by sex, race/ethnicity, and school grade. Results: All cigarette use-assessed as ever, occasional, frequent, or daily-among adolescents declined markedly from 1991 to 2021. Specifically, ever use significantly decreased from 70.1% in 1991 to 17.8% in 2021 (P<0.05), an almost 4-fold decline. Occasional use significantly decreased from 27.5% in 1991 to 3.8% in 2021 (P<0.05), a greater than 7-fold decline. Frequent use significantly decreased from 12.7% to 0.7%, a greater than 18-fold decline. Daily use declined from 9.8% in 1991 to 0.6% in 2021, a greater than 16-fold decline. Cigarette smoking significantly decreased from 1999 to 2021 across sex, race/ethnicity, and school grade (P<0.05). In 2021, daily use was higher in boys vs girls; Hispanic/Latino and White youth vs Black and Asian youth; and 12th graders vs 9th, 10th, and 11th graders. Conclusion: These data show large and significant decreases in cigarette use among US adolescents in high school grades 9 through 12 from 1991 to 2021. Nonetheless, the data also suggest residual clinical and public health challenges that will require targeted interventions.

Evolving Trends in US Mortality from Opioid Overdose: Heroin and Beyond.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to explore evolving trends in US drug overdose mortality, overall and by age, sex, race, urbanization, and geography from 1999-2020. METHODS: This is a descriptive epidemiologic study. We used the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research and Multiple Cause of Death files from the National Center for Health Statistics. We used crude and age-adjusted cause of death and mortality rate ratios as measures of effects and 95% confidence limits to test for significance. RESULTS: From 1999-2020, drug overdoses caused 1,013,852 deaths and 4.3-fold increase in mortality rate ratios. Subgroup findings were sex (4.5 men, 4.0 women), race (4.6 White, 3.9 Black or African American, 4.0 Asian or Pacific Islanders, 5.1 Native Americans or Alaskan Natives), age (highest 5.6 in 25-34 years, lowest 1.1 in 75-84, and 0.77 in 85+), geography (highest 6.0 in Midwest, lowest 2.6 in West), and urbanization (highest 6.2 in non-metro, lowest 3.7 in metro). CONCLUSIONS: Drug overdoses in the United States from 1999-2020 increased 4.3-fold, with the highest increase in White and Native American or Alaskan Native populations, and Midwest and non-metro areas. The data create preventive and therapeutic challenges, including restrictions on pharmaceutical industries and enhanced efforts by health care providers in safer prescribing. Addiction care should be integrated into all clinical practices, regardless of specialty, and into undergraduate, graduate, and continuing medical education. Targeted interventions are needed to adequately assess patients and provide care. Analytic studies designed a priori are necessary to test hypotheses formulated from these data.

Increasing the meaningful involvement of women in HIV cure-related research: a qualitative interview study in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Cisgender women represent over half of people living with HIV globally. However, current research efforts toward a cure for HIV focus predominantly on cisgender men. The under-representation of women in HIV cure clinical studies is particularly problematic given data suggesting that sex-dependent phenotypes limit scientific discovery. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to generate considerations to increase the meaningful involvement of women in HIV cure-related research. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted in-depth interviews with biomedical researchers and community members to better understand factors that could increase the meaningful involvement of women in HIV cure clinical trials. Participants were affiliated with academia, industry, community advisory boards, and community-based organizations, and were identified using listings from the AIDS Clinical Trials Group and the Martin Delaney Collaboratories. We used conventional content analysis to analyze the qualitative data. RESULTS: We recruited 27 participants, of whom 11 were biomedical researchers and 16 were community members. Participants included 25 cisgender women, 1 transgender woman, and 1 cisgender man. Key considerations emerged, including the need to ensure that HIV cure studies reflect HIV epidemiologic trends and having accurate representation by sex and gender in HIV cure research. To increase the meaningful involvement of women, recommendations included instituting intentional enrollment goals, frequent and mandatory reporting on enrollment, and incentives for sites to enroll women. Additional themes included the need for agency and self-determination, attention to lived experiences, trauma and healing, and adequate support for women (e.g. logistical, psychosocial, mental, emotional, and physical). Participants noted that women would be willing to participate in HIV cure trials, related procedures (e.g. biopsies), and analytical treatment interruptions. They also expressed a desired for women-centered and holistic clinical trial designs that account for intersectionality. CONCLUSIONS: Our empirical inquiry extends recent calls to action to increase diversity of people involved in HIV cure research. Redressing the under-inclusion of women in HIV cure research is an urgent imperative. The entire field must mobilize and reform to achieve this goal. Meaningfully involving women across the gender spectrum in HIV cure research is needed to ensure that interventions are safe, effective, scalable, and acceptable for all people with HIV.

Pantothenate Auxotrophy in a Naturally Occurring Biocontrol Yeast.

The genus Hanseniaspora is characterized by some of the smallest genomes among budding yeasts. These fungi are primarily found on plant surfaces and in fermented products and represent promising biocontrol agents against notorious fungal plant pathogens. In this work, we identify pantothenate auxotrophy of a Hanseniaspora meyeri isolate that shows strong antagonism against the plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Furthermore, strong biocontrol activity in vitro required both pantothenate and biotin in the growth medium. We show that the H. meyeri isolate APC 12.1 can obtain the vitamin from plants and other fungi. The underlying reason for the auxotrophy is the lack of two key pantothenate biosynthesis genes, but six genes encoding putative pantothenate transporters are present in the genome. By constructing and using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae reporter strain, we identified one Hanseniaspora transporter that conferred pantothenate uptake activity to S. cerevisiae. Pantothenate auxotrophy is rare and has been described in only a few bacteria and in S. cerevisiae strains that were isolated from sake. Such auxotrophic strains may seem an unexpected and unlikely choice as potential biocontrol agents, but they may be particularly competitive in their ecological niche and their specific growth requirements are an inherent biocontainment strategy preventing uncontrolled growth in the environment. Auxotrophic strains, such as the H. meyeri isolate APC 12.1, may thus represent a promising strategy for developing biocontrol agents that will be easier to register than prototrophic strains, which are normally used for such applications. IMPORTANCE As a precursor of the essential coenzyme A (CoA), pantothenate is present in all organisms. Plants, bacteria, and fungi are known to synthesize this vitamin, while animals must obtain it through their diet. Pantothenate auxotrophy has not been described in naturally occurring, environmental fungi and is an unexpected property for an antagonistic yeast. Here, we report that yeasts from the genus Hanseniaspora lack key enzymes for pantothenate biosynthesis and identify a transporter responsible for the acquisition of pantothenate from the environment. Hanseniaspora isolates are strong antagonists of fungal plant pathogens. Their pantothenate auxotrophy is a natural biocontainment feature that could make such isolates interesting candidates for new biocontrol approaches and allow easier registration as plant protection agents than prototrophic strains.

Accuracy of Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika diagnoses by primary healthcare physicians in Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

BACKGROUND: Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika are co-endemic in Honduras and are often misdiagnosed due to similar clinical and epidemiological behavior. Most arboviral infections reported in primary care are based on clinical diagnoses without laboratory confirmation. Therefore, the accuracy of physicians' diagnoses and the factors that affect them needs to be evaluated. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with convenience sampling at primary healthcare centers was conducted from June to September 2016 and 2017. Clinical data and dried blood spots on Whatman 903 filter paper from 415 arboviral cases and 248 non-arboviral febrile cases were collected. Viral RNA was extracted from a 6-mm DBS paper disc and confirmed by RT-qPCR and sequencing. RESULTS: Only 30.84% of diagnostic accuracy was observed in physicians in primary care when comparing arboviral clinical diagnosis with RT-qPCR detection. Moreover, in Dengue and Zika clinical cases, only 8.23% and 27.08% were RT-qPCR confirmed, respectively. No Chikungunya cases were confirmed. In 2017, 20.96% of febrile cases were RT-qPCR confirmed arboviral infections. The symptoms of 45.5% of arboviral cases can fit more than one case definition for arboviruses. The "symptom compliance" and "patient with suspected close contact" were the criteria most utilized by physicians for arboviral diagnosis. The pattern of the epidemiological curves of the arboviral clinical cases didn't match the one of the RT-qPCR confirmed cases. CONCLUSIONS: Low diagnostic accuracy for overall and individual arboviral infections was observed in physicians. Unspecific symptomatology, overlapping case definitions, and reported close contact to an arboviral patient might contribute to misdiagnosis. Without laboratory confirmation, surveillance data may not reflect the real behavior of these diseases and could impact health interventions.

[Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in pediatrics: experience of a high complexity center in Latin-America]. / Endoscopia digestiva superior en pediatría: experiencia de un centro de alta complejidad de Latinoamérica.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize pediatric patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in a high-complexity hospital. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Retrospective study in patients under 14 years of age who underwent EGD at the Hospital San Vicente Fundación de Medellín, between January 2019 and June 2020. The following sociodemographic characteristics were evaluated: age, sex, type of health insurance, place of origin, service where the procedure was indicated, indications for endoscopy, type of care, purpose of the procedure, endoscopic findings, endoscopic intervention, complications associated with the procedure or anesthesia, and relevance of the procedure. RESULTS: 466 patients who underwent 552 endoscopies were included. Fifty-seven percent of the patients were male. In diagnostic EGD, the main indications were abdominal pain (23%) and upper gastrointestinal bleeding (17%). In therapeutic EGD, the most frequently performed procedures were percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (41%), foreign body removal (27%), and esophageal dilation (24%). The complication rate related to the procedure was 0.5% and in relation to anesthesia was 0.7%. CONCLUSIONS: EGD in pediatric patients is an effective and safe tool if performed with an appropriate indication. One-third of therapeutic EGD could be avoided from primary prevention.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Izalpinin Derived from Chromolaena leivensis: λ-Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema and In Silico Model.

The flavonoid izalpinin was isolated from the aerial parts of Chromolaena leivensis. Its structural determination was carried out using MS and NMR spectroscopic techniques (1H, 13C). This compound was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory effect in a rat model on λ-carrageenan-induced plantar edema. Paw inflammation was measured at one-hour intervals for seven hours following the administration of λ-carrageenan. Serum creatine kinase (CK) levels were evaluated, obtaining statistically significant results with the treatments at doses of 10 mg/kg (* p < 0.01) and 20 mg/kg (** p < 0.005). The anti-inflammatory effect of the compound was evaluated by using plethysmography, and the results showed significant differences at the three concentrations (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg) in the first and third hours after treatment. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001 vs. the negative control group treated with vehicle (DMSO). Lastly, molecular docking analyses reveal that izalpinin has a strong binding affinity with five target proteins involved in the inflammatory process. The analysis using molecular dynamics allowed demonstrating that the ligand-protein complexes present acceptable stability, with RMSD values within the allowed range.

Sanitary and environmental conditions related to food poisoning among informal street vendors in downtown Medellín, Colombia, 2016.

Introduction: Although studies with informal workers have been conducted in Latin America and the Caribbean, there is still scarce evidence on the prevalence of food poisoning among workers with subsistence jobs on the streets and sidewalks of cities and on the factors that influence its presentation. Objectives: To determine sociodemographic, labor, sanitary, and environmental conditions that influence the prevalence of food poisoning in informal workers in downtown Medellín, Colombia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using a workers' survey as the primary source. A total of 686 workers aged ≥18 years who had been working for ≥ 5 years were surveyed. An assisted survey was initially applied as a pilot test for training purposes and to obtain informed consent. Results: We identified several associations and explanatory factors of food poisoning using chi-square tests and prevalence ratios, with unadjusted and adjusted 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). A higher prevalence of food poisoning (p < 0.05) was observed in workers with lower frequency of waste collection (PR = 2.09; 95%CI = 1.04-4.19), who left cooked food (PR = 6.40; 95%CI = 2.34-17.8), beverages or chopped fruits uncovered at their workplace (PR = 3.92; 95%CI = 1.40-10.48), with inadequate waste management (PR = 4.84; 95%CI = 2.12-11.06), exposure to polluted water (PR = 3.00; 95%CI = 1.20-7.50) and acceptable water supply (PR = 5.40; 95%CI = 1.60-17.8). The factors that explained higher rates of food poisoning were not having a waste collection service (PRadjusted = 5.58; 95%CI = 3.38-13.10), inadequate waste management (PRadjusted = 6.61; 95%CI = 1.25-34.84), and having sanitary services next to worker's stall (PRadjusted = 14.44; 95%CI = 1.26-165.11). Conclusions: The conditions that are associated with and explain the higher prevalence of food poisoning in this working population can be addressed with health promotion and disease prevention interventions.

Introducción: Aunque se han realizado estudios con trabajadores informales en América Latina y el Caribe, aun es escasa la evidencia con respecto a la prevalencia de intoxicaciones alimentarias en trabajadores con empleos de subsistencia en las calles y aceras de las ciudades y a los factores que influyen en su presentación. Objetivos: Determinar las condiciones sociodemográficas, laborales, sanitarias y ambientales que influyen en la prevalencia de intoxicación alimentaria en trabajadores informales del centro de Medellín. Métodos: Estudio transversal con fuente primaria de información en un censo de 686 trabajadores, ≥18 años y con ≥5 años en su oficio. Se aplicó encuesta asistida previa realización de prueba piloto, estandarización de encuestadores y toma de consentimiento. Resultados: Se identificaron asociaciones y factores explicativos de intoxicación alimentaria, con pruebas del chi-cuadrado y razones de prevalencia (RP), con intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%) crudos y ajustados. Mayor prevalencia de intoxicación alimentaria (p < 0,05) en trabajadores con menor frecuencia de recolección de residuos (RP = 2,09; IC95% = 1,04-4,19), en quienes dejaban alimentos preparados (RP = 6,40; IC95% = 2,34-17,8), bebidas o fruta picada descubiertos en el puesto de trabajo (RP = 3,92; IC95% = 1,40-10,48), con inadecuado manejo de residuos (RP = 4,84; IC95% = 2,12-11,06), exposición a agua contaminada (RP = 3,00; IC95% = 1,20-7,50) y de aceptable calidad (RP = 5,40; IC95% = 1,60-17,8). Explicaron mayor intoxicación alimentaria no tener servicio de recolección de residuos (RPajustada = 5,58; IC95% = 3,38-13,10), inadecuado manejo de residuos (RPajustada = 6,61; IC95% = 1,25-34,84), y tener servicios sanitarios al lado del puesto de trabajo (RPajustada = 14,44; IC95% = 1,26-165,11). Conclusiones: Las condiciones que se asocian y explican mayor prevalencia de intoxicación alimentaria en esta población trabajadora, pueden ser revertidas con acciones de promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad.

Optical coherence tomography angiography as predictor of visual outcomes in retinal vein occlusion treated with antiangiogenic therapy.

PURPOSE: Evaluate optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) features in retinal vein occlusions (RVO) associated with visual outcomes after anti-VEGF. METHODS: Analytical observational study performed in eyes with macular edema secondary to RVO treated with anti-VEGF, with at least 6 months of follow-up. Bradley et al. classification of macular ischemia was used. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate associations between final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and OCT-A. RESULTS: A total of 62 eyes, 61 subjects, mean age of 70 ± 12,6 years were included. Median follow up time 21,2 months (IQR 24.8), 53,2% had central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and 46,8% branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Median BCVA pre-treatment was 0,84 logMAR (IQR 0,83) and post-treatment 0,47 logMAR (IQR 0,52). BCVA improved at the end of follow-up (p = 0,01), as well as central retinal thickness (CRT) (p = 0,02). Regarding capillary densities (CD), there was a decrease for both plexus, Superficial CD (p = 0,01) and Deep CD (p = 0,01), being more involved the superficial plexus. The lower the capillary density in both plexus, the worse BCVA, Superficial CD (r - 0,27, p = 0,03) and Deep CD (r - 0,29, p = 0,02). Media FAZ pre-treatment was 0,30 mm2 (IQR 0,23), with enlargement to 0,37 mm2 (IQR 0,32) (p = 0,01) post-treatment. Preservation of External Limiting Membrane/ Ellipsoid Zone (ELM/EZ) was seen in 60% of subjects (n = 37). The majority had grade 3 macular ischemia. Variables that best explain visual results were, baseline visual acuity (p = 0,01), pre-treatment CRT (p = 0,02) and pretreatment foveal superficial CD (p = 0,02). CONCLUSIONS: Variables that best explain final vision after anti-VEGF were baseline visual acuity, CRT and foveal superficial CD.

¿Influye la fiebre en la saturación de oxígeno de los niños? Un estudio observacional de centro único a 2800 msnm / Does fever influence the oxygen saturation of children?: A cross-sectional study applied to 2800 masl

Introducción: Hasta el 20% de pacientes que acuden a emer-gencias pediátricas presentan alza térmica, al cual tiene efectos fisiológicos sobre la frecuencia cardiaca, respiratoria y presión arterial. El objetivo del presente estudio fue medir la influencia de la temperatura sobre la saturación de oxígeno en niños con fiebre, que viven en Quito (2800 msnm), atendidos en un hospital de segundo nivel. Métodos: El presente estudio observacional-cruzado, se realizó en el Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez, en el período Julio a diciembre del 2019. Con muestra no probabilística se incluyeron niños con fiebre y se registraron edad, temperatura, frecuencia cardíaca, frecuencia respiratoria, tensión arterial, saturación de oxígeno al ingreso y 1 hora luego del tratamiento antipirético. Se comparan promedios con T de student; la asociación se presenta con el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman (R) y Odds ratio. Resultados: Se incluyeron 196 pacientes. Hubo una disminución de la saturación ante el aumento de la temperatura en niños lactantes menores, lactantes mayores y pre-escolares. Este efecto no ocurre en niños escolares y tampoco en pre-adolescentes o adolescentes. El punto de corte a partir del cual ocurre este evento es 38.35°C con un OR de 3.33 y un OR de 22 cuando la hipertermia ocurre en etapa pre-escolar. El cambio de disminución -1.26±0.03°C, incrementa 1.28 ±0.98% la saturación de oxígeno. Conclusión: La temperatura >38.4°C disminuye la saturación de oxígeno en niños pre-escolares, lactantes menores y mayores.

Introduction: Up to 20% of patients who come to pediatric emergencies have a temperature rise, which has physiological effects on heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. The objective of this study was to measure the influence of temperature on oxygen saturation in children with fever living in Quito (2800 masl) treated in a second-level hospital. Methods: The present observational-crossover study was carried out at the Pablo Arturo Suárez Hospital from July to December 2019. With a nonprobabilistic sample, children with fever were included; age, temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation were recorded on admission and 1 hour after antipyretic treatment. Means are compared with Student's t test; the association is presented with Spearman's (R) correlation coefficient and odds ratio. Results: A total of 196 patients were included. There was a decrease in saturation with increasing temperature in younger infants, older infants, and preschool children. This effect does not occur in school children or in preadolescents or adoles-cents. The cutoff point from which this event occurs is 38.35°C with an OR of 3.33 and an OR of 22 when hyperthermia occurs in the preschool stage. The decrease of -1.26 ± 0.03°C°C increases oxygen saturation by 1.28 ± 0.98%. Conclusion: Temperature >38.4°C decreases oxygen saturation in preschool children and younger and older infants.

Efecto del extracto hexánico de Tagetes lucida sobre la inhibición del crecimiento de enterobacterias Shigella flexneri y Salmonella typhi / Effect of the hexanic extract of Tagetes lucida on the inhibition of the growth of enterobacteria Shigella flexneri and Salmonella typhi

La resistencia a los antibióticos aumenta la búsqueda de nuevas estrategias para combatir las enfermedades que causan, y el uso de plantas medicinales representa una estrategia altamente efectiva y valiosa, como el uso de Tagetes lucida con diferentes bacterias gram positivas y gram negativas.Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad biológica que tiene el extracto hexanico de la planta Tagetes lucida a diferentes concentraciones sobre la inhibición del crecimiento en placa y tubo de dos enterobacterias, Shigella flexneri y Salmonella typhiMétodos: En el siguiente trabajo, se evaluó un extracto de hexano de Tagetes lucida sobre la inhibición del crecimiento de dos enterobacterias, Shigella flexneri y Salmonella typhi utilizando diferentes concentraciones de vehículo para evaluar si afectaba el crecimiento bacteriano y también diferentes concentraciones de extracto para evaluar la actividad.Resultados: Realizados los estudios por triplicado se logró concretar que a partir de 75µl/µg de extracto se logra una inhibición casi total del crecimiento de ambas bacterias, tanto en método de placa, como en método de tubo. Y a partir de 100 µl/µg se logra una inhibición total.Conclusiones: Los resultados favorables obtenidos con 75 µl/µg, permiten confirmar que los extractos de plantas medicinales son una estrategia importante para combatir infecciones bacterianas multi-resistentes. Por otro lado permite dar paso a un estudio para evaluar los metabolitos más activos del extracto, así como, el mecanismo de acción sobre la inhibición del crecimiento de las bacterias en estudio. (AU)

Antibiotic resistance increases the search for new strategies to combat the diseases they cause, and the use of medicinal plants represents a highly effective and valuable strategy, such as the use of Tagetes lucida with different gram positive and gram negative bacteria.Objective: To evaluate the biological activity of the hexane extract of the Tagetes lucida plant at different concentrations on the inhibition of growth in plaque and tube of two enterobacteriaceae, Shigella flexneri and Salmonella typhiMethods: In the following work, a hexane extract from Tagetes lucida was evaluated on the growth inhibition of two enterobacteriaceae, Shigella flexneri and Salmonella typhi using different concentrations of vehicle to evaluate if it affected bacterial growth and also different concentrations of extract to evaluate activity.Results: Once the studies were carried out in triplicate, it was possible to specify that from 75µl/µg of extract, almost total inhibition of the growth of both bacteria was achieved, both in the plate method and in the tube method. And from 100 µl/µg total inhibition is achieved.Conclusions: The favorable results obtained with 75 µl/ µg, confirm that medicinal plant extracts are an important strategy to combat multi-drug resistant bacterial infections. On the other hand, it allows a study to be carried out to evaluate the most active metabolites of the extract, as well as the mechanism of action on the inhibition of the growth of the bacteria under study. (AU)

A Systematic Review to Evaluate a Possible Association Between Congenital Toxoplasmosis and Preterm Labor.

BACKGROUND: Congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) is a widespread infection in several countries, and it is defined as an infection of a fetus, newborn, or infant under 1 year of age. Moreover, it represents a thread to pregnant women globally. The objective of our study is to evaluate a potential association between prematurity and CT and whether intrauterine transmission impacts gestational length during pregnancy. METHODS: PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar databases were searched from 1950 to 2019. Case-control studies, retrospective, and prospective cohort studies were eligible. Seven studies were included from a total of 314. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to establish the quality of the articles included. RESULTS: Based on our review, an association between CT and preterm labor was not established, which may reflect heterogeneity in screening, treatments administered, and differing reported incidences of CT across continents over 69 years. A multicenter prospective cohort study powered to investigate a potential association is indicated. CONCLUSION: Further studies are needed including multicenter prospective cohort studies powered to investigate key clinical associations such as vertical transmission and preterm birth.