Bibliometric investigation of the integration of animal personality in conservation contexts.

Consistent individual differences in behavior, commonly termed animal personality, are a widespread phenomenon across taxa that have important consequences for fitness, natural selection, and trophic interactions. Animal personality research may prove useful in several conservation contexts, but which contexts remains to be determined. We conducted a structured literature review of 654 studies identified by combining search terms for animal personality and various conservation subfields. We scored the relevance of personality and conservation issues for each study to identify which studies meaningfully integrated the 2 fields as opposed to surface-level connections or vague allusions. We found a taxonomic bias toward mammals (29% of all studies). Very few amphibian or reptile studies applied personality research to conservation issues (6% each). Climate change (21%), invasive species (15%), and captive breeding and reintroduction (13%) were the most abundant conservation subfields that occurred in our search, though a substantial proportion of these papers weakly integrated conservation and animal personality (climate change 54%, invasive species 51%, captive breeding and reintroduction 40%). Based on our results, we recommend that researchers strive for consistent and broadly applicable terminology when describing consistent behavioral differences to minimize confusion and improve the searchability of research. We identify several gaps in the literature that appear to be promising and fruitful avenues for future research, such as disease transmission as a function of sociability or exploration as a driver of space use in protected areas. Practitioners can begin informing future conservation efforts with knowledge gained from animal personality research.

Investigación bibliométrica sobre la integración de la personalidad animal a los contextos de conservación Resumen Las diferencias individuales y constantes en el comportamiento, comúnmente llamadas personalidad animal, son un fenómeno generalizado en los taxones con consecuencias importantes para la aptitud, selección natural e interacciones tróficas. Las investigaciones sobre la personalidad animal pueden ser útiles en varios contextos de conservación, aunque falta determinar cuáles son estos contextos. Realizamos una revisión literaria estructurada de 654 estudios identificados mediante la combinación de los términos de búsqueda para la personalidad animal y varios subcampos de la conservación. Puntuamos la relevancia de la personalidad y los temas de conservación en cada estudio para identificar cuáles de estos integraron significativamente a ambos campos, contrario a las conexiones a nivel superficial o alusiones vagas. Descubrimos un sesgo taxonómico por los mamíferos (29% de todos los estudios). Pocos estudios enfocados en anfibios o reptiles aplicaron un estudio de personalidad a los temas de conservación (6% para cada uno). El cambio climático (21%), las especies invasoras (15%) y la reproducción en cautiverio y las reintroducciones (13%) fueron los subcampos de conservación más abundantes que aparecieron en nuestra búsqueda, aunque una proporción significativa de estos artículos integraron muy poco a la conservación y la personalidad animal (cambio climático 54%, especies invasoras 51%, reproducción en cautiverio y reintroducciones 40%). Con base en nuestros resultados, recomendamos que los investigadores procuren tener terminologías consistentes y de aplicación generalizada cuando describan las diferencias conductuales para así minimizar las confusiones y facilitar la búsqueda durante la investigación. Identificamos varios vacíos en la literatura que prometen ser vías fructíferas para las investigaciones en el futuro, como la transmisión de enfermedades como una función sociable o la exploración como un impulsor del uso del espacio en las áreas protegidas. Los practicantes pueden comenzar por guiar los siguientes esfuerzos de conservación con el conocimiento obtenido de las investigaciones sobre la personalidad animal.

Assessment of Attentional Processes in Patients with Anxiety-Depressive Disorders Using Virtual Reality.

To characterize the attention deficits in one-hundred-fifteen participants, comprising two types of clinical profiles (affective and anxiety disorder), through a test of continuous VR execution. Method: Three tests (i.e., Nesplora Aquarium, BDI, and STAI) were used to obtain a standardized measure of attention, as well as the existence and severity of depression and anxiety, respectively. Results: Significant differences (CI = 95%) were found between the control group and the group with depression, in variables related to the speed of visual processing (p = 0.008) in the absence of distractors (p = 0.041) and during the first dual execution task (p = 0.011). For scores related to sustained attention, patients with depression and those with anxiety did not differ from controls. Our results suggest attentional deficits in both clinical populations when performing a continuous performance test that involved the participation of the central executive system of working memory.

New virtual reality tool (Nesplora Aquarium) for assessing attention and working memory in adults: A normative study.

Attentional and working memory (WM) processes undergo significant changes during different stages of development. However, currently there are not many continuous performance tools based on virtual reality (VR) for measuring attentional capacity in adults. The present study aimed to obtain normative data for the Nesplora Aquarium VR test in a Spanish population, looking at sex and age variables. In addition, this study also aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the tool such as scale, internal consistency, and item difficulty and discrimination indices. A total of 1,469 participants from different regions of Spain (57.6% female) with ages ranging from 16 to 90 years old took part in this normative study. Nesplora Aquarium was developed in order to support clinicians in the assessment of attentional processes and WM in adults over 16 years old. It is an 18-minute individual test performed through a VR system. The system provides better visual and auditory immersion in the task than computerized CPTs. This study revealed that the new VR tool, designed to measure adult attention and working memory levels, exhibited good psychometric properties related to reliability and internal consistency. In addition, item difficulty and discrimination values were also acceptable.

Relationships of song structure to phylogenetic history, habitat, and morphology in the vireos, greenlets, and allies (Passeriformes: Vireonidae).

Acoustic signals show immense variation among passerines, and several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this diversity. In this study, we tested, for the first time, the relationships of song structure to phylogeny, habitat type, and morphology in the vireos and allies (Vireonidae). Every measure of song structure considered in this study had moderate and significant phylogenetic signal. Furthermore, two song-constraining morphological traits, bill shape and body mass, also exhibited significant phylogenetic signal. Song length showed the largest within-clade similarity; longer songs were highly conserved in part of the greenlet (Hylophilus) clade, whereas shorter songs characterized the remaining seven genera. We found no differences in song structure among vireonids living in different habitat types. However, vireonids with shorter, stouter bills and larger bodies sang songs with lower minimum and maximum peak frequency, compared with species with longer, thinner bills and smaller bodies. We conclude that Vireonidae song evolution is driven partially by phylogenetically conserved morphological traits. Our findings support the phylogenetic signal and morphological constraints hypotheses explaining structural diversity in avian acoustic signals.

Convolutional decoding of thermographic images to locate and quantify honey adulterations.

In this research, 56 samples of pure honey have been mixed with different concentrations of rice syrup simulating a set of adulterated samples. A thermographic camera was used to extract data regarding the thermal development of the honey. The resulting infrared images were processed via convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a subset of algorithms within deep learning. The CNNs have been trained and optimized using these images to detect the commonly elusive rice syrup in honey in concentrations as low as 1% in weight, as well as quantify it. Finally, the model was successfully validated using images which were initially isolated from the training database. The result was an algorithm capable of identifying adulterated honey from different floral origins and quantifying rice syrup with accuracies of 95% and 93%, respectively. Therefore, CNNs have complemented the thermographic analysis and have shown to be a compelling tool for the control of food quality, thanks to traits such as high sensitivity, speed, and being independent of highly specialized personnel.

Combination of LEDs and cognitive modeling to quantify sheep cheese whey in watercourses.

The concentration of sheep cheese whey (CW) in water obtained from two Spanish reservoirs, two Spanish rivers, and distilled water has been estimated by combining spectroscopic measurements, obtained with light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and linear or non-linear algorithms. The concentration range of CW that has been studied covers from 0 to 25% in weight. Every sample was measured by six different types of LEDs possessing different emission wavelengths (blue, orange, green, pink, white, and UV). 1,800 fluorescence measurements were carried out and used to design different types of models to estimate the concentration of CW in water. The fluorescence spectra provided by the pink LED originated the most accurate mathematical models, with mean square errors lower than 3.3% and 2.5% for the linear and non-linear approaches, respectively. The pink LED combined with the non-linear model, which was an artificial neural network, was further validated through a k-fold cross-validation and an internal validation. It should be noted that the sensor used here has been designed and produced by a 3D printer and has the potential of being implemented in situ for real-time and cost-effective analysis of natural watercourses.

Chaotic parameters from fluorescence spectra to resolve fraudulent mixtures of fresh and expired protected designation of origin extra virgin olive oils.

One of the most profitable products from the Mediterranean basin is extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), and, therefore, some of them have protected designation of origin (PDO) labels. In order to prevent fraudulent practices, a method to quantify adulterants has been developed. 459 binary blends composed of PDO EVOO in date (Saqura, Oleoestepa, and Duque de Baena) mixed with expired PDO EVOO (Quinta do Vallouto, Señorío de Segura, and Planeta) to serve as adulterants (<17%) have been analyzed. Using a laser diode as a source light, the fluorescence emission has been measured and 20 chaotic parameters from the resulting spectra have been calculated. Using these as independent variables of multi-parameter regression models, the concentration of adulterant has been estimated. Every model was evaluated through the mean square error, adjusted correlation coefficient, Mallows' Cp, Akaike information criterion, Hannan-Quinn criterion, and Bayesian information criterion. This approach was validated by the leave-one-out cross-validation method and the results were promising (lower than 10% quantification error). Additionally, the structure of the sensor has been designed and developed by a 3D printer and has the potential of being applied in situ for real-time and cost-effective analysis at oil mills or for quality control.

Chaotic parameters extracted from fluorescence spectra to quantify sheep cheese whey in natural bodies of water.

Sheep cheese whey (SCW) is a by-product from the dairy industry, and due to its composition, it is very hazardous for natural bodies of water. However, illegal discharges of this product have been commonly reported in watercourses and reservoirs. To prevent this type of actions, a simple and affordable sensor has been designed and validated using diverse water samples from different sources containing SCW, such as water from two Spanish reservoirs and two Spanish rivers located in the province of Madrid. Using these waters, different SCW solutions (lower than 20% in weight) have been prepared and measured. The equipment used to sense the samples is based on combining fluorescence measurements, obtained with light emitting diodes (LEDs), and algorithms which rely on chaotic parameters. Every sample was measured by six different types of LEDs possessing distinct emission wavelengths (blue, orange, green, pink, white, and UV), leading to 1786 fluorescence spectra that were employed during the modeling phase. After the mathematical analysis, the dataset that generates the best statistical results was from the blue LED. This approach was dually validated via leave-one-out cross-validation as well as externally validation, and the results were very promising (error around 6.5% and 8% quantification error, respectively). Additionally, it is important to note that the sensor used has been designed and developed by a 3D printer and has the potential of being applied in situ for real-time and cost-effective analysis of natural bodies of water.

Characterization of an array of honeys of different types and botanical origins through fluorescence emission based on LEDs.

A set of 10 honeys comprising a diverse range of botanical origins have been successfully characterized through fluorescence spectroscopy using inexpensive light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as light sources. It has been proven that each LED-honey combination tested originates a unique emission spectrum, which enables the authentication of every honey, being able to correctly label it with its botanical origin. Furthermore, the analysis was backed up by a mathematical analysis based on partial least square models which led to a correct classification rate of each type of honey of over 95%. Finally, the same approach was followed to analyze rice syrup, which is a common honey adulterant that is challenging to identify when mixed with honey. A LED-dependent and unique fluorescence spectrum was found for the syrup, which presumably qualifies this approach for the design of uncomplicated, fast, and cost-effective quality control and adulteration assessing tools for different types of honey.

Decreased waterborne pathogenic bacteria in an urban aquifer related to intense shallow geothermal exploitation.

The implications of intensive use of shallow geothermal energy resources in shallow urban aquifers are still not known for waterborne pathogens relevant to human health. Firstly, we hypothesized that waterborne enteric pathogens would be relatively increased in heated groundwater plumes. To prove this, microbiological sampling of 31 piezometers covering the domain of an urban groundwater body affected by microbiological contamination and energetically exploited by 70 groundwater heat pump systems was performed. Mean differences of pathogenic bacteria contents between impacted and non-impacted monitoring points were assessed with a two-tailed independent Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U and correlation coefficients were also calculated. Surprisingly, the results obtained revealed a significant and generalized decrease in waterborne pathogen contents in thermally impacted piezometers compared to that of non-impacted piezometers. This decrease is hypothesized to be caused by a heat shock to bacteria within the heat exchangers. The statistically significant negative correlations obtained between waterborne pathogen counts and temperature could be explained by the spatial distribution of the bacteria, finding that bacteria start to recover with increasing distance from the injection point. Also, different behavior groups fitting exponential regression models were found for the bacteria species studied, justified by the different presence and influence of several aquifer parameters and major, minor and trace elements studied, as well as the coexistence with other bacteria species. The results obtained from this work reinforce the concept of shallow geothermal resources as a clean energy source, as they could also provide the basis to control the pathogenic bacteria contents in groundwater bodies.

Interpreting DTBZ binding data in rodent: Inherent variability and compensation.

[11C]-dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) Positron Emission Tomography was used to evaluate the vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 as an index of dopaminergic function in the striatum of adult Sprague-Dawley rats obtained from two different animal sources (Charles River Laboratories [CR] or UBC's Animal Care Centre [ACC]) and later submitted to two different unilateral lesions of the nigro-striatal pathway. The results showed a significant difference in the striatal binding potential (BP(ND)) at baseline (before lesioning) between the CR and ACC groups providing evidence that the origin of the animals, possibly due to differences in early environmental factors or breeding conditions associated with different animal vendors plays a role in the development of the adult dopaminergic system. Further, in both animal models, an increase in DTBZ BP(ND) was observed, after unilateral intervention, in the striatum contralateral to the lesion, likely reflecting compensatory effects. Based on these findings, we conclude that in unilateral models, the unlesioned side/hemisphere may not be an appropriate control and that care should be taken to control for the origin of the animals in any given study, especially in longitudinal and replication studies.

[50th anniversary of the Hospital Virgen de las Nieves in Granada (1953-2003). Historical summary of the Department of Urology]. / A propósito del 50 aniversario (1953-2003) del Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves de Granada. Reseña histórica del Servicio de Urología.

OBJECTIVES: After the 50th anniversary of the Hospital Virgen de las Nieves in Granada we perform a historical summary of its Department of Urology. METHODS/RESULTS: We mention some data related to Granada's urology during the 20th century until 1975, when the Department of Urology was created. We highlight the figures of José Martín Vivaldi and José Macías Godoy. CONCLUSIONS: The historical summary of the Department of Urology, initially directed by the aforementioned Jose Macías and later on by Miguel Tallada, collects various events happening over the years, emphasizing the human side and the achievements in health care, education and research.

A propósito del 50 aniversario (1953-2003 ) del hospital universitario virgen de las nieves de granada. Reseña histórica del servicio de urología / 50th anniversary of the Hospital Virgen de las Nieves de Granada (1953-2003). Historical summary of the department of urology

OBJETIVO: Con motivo del 50 Aniversario del Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves de Granada, se hace una reseña histórica del Servicio de Urología de dicho Hospital. MÉTODO/RESULTADOS: Se mencionan algunos datos relacionados con la urología granadina en el siglo XX hasta 1975, fecha de creación del Servicio de Urología, destacándose las figuras de José MartínVivaldi y José Macías Godoy. CONCLUSIONES: En la reseña histórica del servicio de Urología, dirigido inicialmente por el mencionado José Macías y posteriormente por Miguel Tallada, se hacen constar las diversas vicisitudes acaecidas a lo largo de los años, resaltando los aspectos humanos y los logros asistenciales, docentes e investigadores (AU)

Heridas por arma de fuego en pacientes hospitalizados del segundo semestre año 1996: Hospital Dr. Ricardo Baquero González / Fire arm wounds, in patients hospitezation the second semestre, years 1996: Hospital Dr. Ricardo Baquero Gonzalez

La siguiente investigación documental, retrospectiva, de corte transversal (01/07/96 al 01/01/97) se realizó con la finalidad de conocer la distribución por edad y sexo, las regiones anatómicas más afectadas y dilucidar el número de días de hospitalización de los pacientes que ingresan al hospital con herida por arma de fuego. La información recolectada fue a través del libro de pacientes hospitalizados y las respectivas historias médicas de una muestra de 77 pacientes. Se obtuvo como resultado la incidencia de heridos por arma de fuego en adultos masculinos jóvenes, cuya región anatómica más afectada fue la abdominal, concluyéndose por los datos obtenidos que deben existir algunos factores sociales y ambientales que estan influyendo en el aumento progresivo de la patología descrita en los servicios de hospitalización del centro de salud en estudio