Organ Donation in the United States: The Tale of the African-American Journey of Moving From the Bottom to the Top.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to review the increase of minority organ donation. METHODS: The methodology was based on the efforts of the DC Organ Donor Program and the Dow Take Initiative Program that focused on increasing donors among African Americans (AAs). From 1982 to 1988, AA donor card signings increased from 20/month to 750/month, and Black donations doubled. A review of the data, including face-to-face grassroots presentations combined with national media, was conducted. Gallup polls in 1985 and 1990 indicated a tripling of black awareness of transplantation and the number of blacks signing donor cards. Based on the applied successful methodologies, in 1991, the National Minority Organ Tissues Transplant Education Program was established targeting AA, Hispanic, Asian, and other ethnic groups. A review of the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database from 1990 to 2010 was accomplished. RESULTS: Nationally, ethnic minority organ donors per million (ODM) increased from 8-10 ODM (1982) to 35 ODM (AA and Latino/Hispanics) in 2002. In 1995, ODMs were white 34.2, black 33.1, Hispanic 31.5, and Asian 17.9. In 2010, Black organ donors per million totaled 35.36 versus white 27.07, Hispanic 25.59, and Asian 14.70. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the data retrieved from UNOS in 2010, blacks were ranked above whites and other ethnic minority populations as the number one ethnic group of organ donors per million in the US.

Preemptive kidney transplantation in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Preemptive kidney transplantation is associated with superior outcomes. Patients who have kidney failure due to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may not receive a preemptive kidney transplant because of the concern for risk of disease recurrence with shortened graft and patient survival. We identified 8001 patients in the United Network for Organ Sharing dataset who underwent kidney transplantation between October 1987 and February 2009 with kidney failure due to SLE. Seven hundred thirty patients received a preemptive kidney transplant with 7271 patients who were on dialysis before transplantation; their mean ages were 40.0±11.6 years and 36.9±11.7 years, respectively, (P<.01). Women constituted 82.5% of preemptive and 81.4% of non-preemptive groups (P=.47). Preemptive transplant recipients were more likely to receive a living donor kidney transplant (odds ratio [OR]=3.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]=3.3-4.5; P<.01). In unadjusted analyses, preemptive transplantation was associated with lower risk of recipient death (hazard ratio [HR]=0.52; 95% CI=0.38-0.70; P<.01). The difference remained significant after adjustment fr covariates (HR=0.55; 95% CI=0.36-0.84; P<.01). Graft survival was also superior among preemptive kidney transplant recipients in both unadjusted (HR=0.56; 95% CI=0.49-0.68; P<.01), and adjustment analyses (HR=0.69; 95% CI=0.55-0.86; P<.01). We concluded that preemptive kidney transplantation among patients with SLE was associated with superior patient and graft outcomes and should be considered when feasible.

Autotransplantation of solitary kidney with renal artery aneurysm treated with laparoscopic nephrectomy and ex vivo repair: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Renal artery aneurysms (RAA) are extremely rare clinical entities with associated morbidities including hypertension and rupture. Although most RAA can be treated with in vivo repair or endovascular techniques, these may not be possible in patients with complex RAA beyond the renal artery bifurcation. We report a case of RAA in a patient with a solitary kidney that we treated successfully by extracorporeal repair and autotransplantation and the 2-years follow-up. CASE REPORT: A 64-year-old woman with a history of right nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma presented with RAA found on routine computed tomography (CT). Preoperative workup demonstrated a 2.2 × 2.1 × 3-cm aneurysm in the distal left renal artery that was not amendable to in vivo or endovascular repair. The patient underwent a laparoscopic-assisted left nephrectomy, ex vivo renal artery aneurysm repair, and autotransplantation. She did well postoperatively and in clinic follow-up was found to have a creatinine of 1.2 mg/dL at the end of 2 years and stable blood pressure control. DISCUSSION: This patient with RAA in her solitary kidney was successfully treated with laparoscopic-assisted nephrectomy, ex vivo repair, and autotransplantation. Her creatinine was stable postoperatively despite absence of a second kidney.

Impact of Medicare coverage on disparities in access to simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation.

In the setting of disparities in access to simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPKT), Medicare coverage for this procedure was initiated July 1999. The impact of this change has not yet been studied. A national cohort of 22 190 type 1 diabetic candidates aged 18-55 for kidney transplantation (KT) alone or SPKT was analyzed. Before Medicare coverage, 57% of Caucasian, 36% of African American and 38% of Hispanic type 1 diabetics were registered for SPKT versus KT alone. After Medicare coverage, these proportions increased to 68%, 45% and 43%, respectively. The overall increase in SPKT registration rate was 27% (95% CI 1.16-1.38). As expected, the increase was more substantial in patients with Medicare primary insurance than those with private insurance (Relative Rate 1.18, 95% CI 1.09-1.28). However, racial disparities were unaffected by this policy change (African American vs. Caucasian: 0.97, 95% CI 0.87-1.09; Hispanic vs. Caucasian: 0.94, 95% CI 0.78-1.05). Even after Medicare coverage, African Americans and Hispanics had almost 30% lower SPKT registration rates than their Caucasian counterparts (95% CI 0.66-0.79 and 0.59-0.80, respectively). Medicare coverage for SPKT succeeded in increasing access for patients with Medicare, but did not affect the substantial racial disparities in access to this procedure.

The use of antibody to complement protein C5 for salvage treatment of severe antibody-mediated rejection.

Desensitized patients are at high risk of developing acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). In most cases, the rejection episodes are mild and respond to a short course of plasmapheresis (PP) / low-dose IVIg treatment. However, a subset of patients experience severe AMR associated with sudden onset oliguria. We previously described the utility of emergent splenectomy in rescuing allografts in patients with this type of severe AMR. However, not all patients are good candidates for splenectomy. Here we present a single case in which eculizumab, a complement protein C5 antibody that inhibits the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), was used combined with PP/IVIg to salvage a kidney undergoing severe AMR. We show a marked decrease in C5b-C9 (MAC) complex deposition in the kidney after the administration of eculizumab.

Solving the organ shortage crisis: the 7th annual American Society of Transplant Surgeons' State-of-the-Art Winter Symposium.

The 2007 American Society of Transplant Surgeons' (ASTS) State-of-the-Art Winter Symposium entitled, 'Solving the Organ Shortage Crisis' explored ways to increase the supply of donor organs to meet the challenge of increasing waiting lists and deaths while awaiting transplantation. While the increasing use of organs previously considered marginal, such as those from expanded criteria donors (ECD) or donors after cardiac death (DCD) has increased the number of transplants from deceased donors, these transplants are often associated with inferior outcomes and higher costs. The need remains for innovative ways to increase both deceased and living donor transplants. In addition to increasing ECD and DCD utilization, increasing use of deceased donors with certain types of infections such as Hepatitis B and C, and increasing use of living donor liver, lung and intestinal transplants may also augment the organ supply. The extent by which donors may be offered incentives for donation, and the practical, ethical and legal implications of compensating organ donors were also debated. The expanded use of nonstandard organs raises potential ethical considerations about appropriate recipient selection, informed consent and concerns that the current regulatory environment discourages and penalizes these efforts.

The utility of splenectomy as rescue treatment for severe acute antibody mediated rejection.

Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) after desensitization for a positive crossmatch (+XM) live donor renal transplant can be severe and result in sudden onset oliguria and loss of the allograft. Attempts to rescue these kidneys using plasmapheresis (PP) and IVIg may be ineffective due to the magnitude of antibody burden that must be controlled to prevent renal thrombosis or cortical necrosis. We review our experience using splenectomy combined with PP/IVIg as rescue therapy for patients experiencing an acute deterioration in renal function and a rise in donor-specific antibody within the first posttransplant week after desensitization for a +XM. Five patients underwent immediate splenectomy followed by PP/IVIg and had return of allograft function within 48 h of the procedure. Emergent splenectomy followed by PP/IVIg may be an effective treatment for reversing severe AMR.

Mild preischemia hypothermia adversely affects postischemic myocardial function in the neonatal piglet heart.

BACKGROUND: During cardiac surgery, operative hypothermia has been shown to be beneficial in certain situations, although in children perioperative hypothermia has been associated with several physiologic alterations that have proven detrimental to their postoperative function. Little attention has been given to the effects of mild (34.5 degrees C) perioperative hypothermia on postischemic myocardial function in the pediatric population. It was hypothesized that mild hypothermia would be detrimental to postischemic ventricular function in the neonatal heart. METHODS: Neonatal (0-2 days old) piglets were subjected to mild perioperative hypothermia without rewarming (HT-only, n = 6), hypothermia followed by rewarming (HT-RW, n = 6), or continuous normothermia (NT, n = 8). The hearts were rapidly excised, suspended on an isolated perfusion apparatus, and allowed to spontaneously beat while being perfused with an asanguinous solution. All hearts were subjected to 20 min global, normothermic, zero-flow ischemia followed by 45 min oxygenated crystallite buffer reperfusion (I-R). RESULTS: Compared to that of NT piglets, there were significant (P < 0.05) reductions in recovery of left ventricular (LV) diastolic and systolic function following ischemia and reperfusion in HT-RW animals. When the hearts were rendered ischemic without first rewarming, the degree of myocardial dysfunction was not as severe. In contrast to the NT piglets, HT-RW animals demonstrated significant (P < 0.05) reductions in the final recovery of LV developed pressure (71 +/- 6 vs 105 +/- 6 in NT), LV rate pressure product (52 +/- 4 vs 102 +/- 9 NT), and LV end diastolic pressure (32 +/- 7 vs 3 +/- 1 in NT) following I-R. When compared to the HT-RW group, HT-only piglets did not exhibit significant differences in systolic function, although diastolic function was minimally altered initially as evidenced by the slight elevation of LV end diastolic pressure at 5 min, with reperfusion in the HT-only group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this newborn piglet model, mild hypothermia significantly reduces recovery of systolic and diastolic left ventricular function when followed by an episode of global myocardial ischemia-reperfusion only when the animals are returned to normothermia prior to the ischemic insult. When hypothermia is immediately followed by the ischemic event, left ventricular function is unaffected.