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PURPOSE: Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) education continues to progress with contemporary content and innovative teaching methods. The purpose of this study was to examine clinical assessment data from the Physical Therapist Clinical Performance Instrument (PT-CPI) focused on professionalism and safety in an initial clinical experience between an accelerated-hybrid and traditional DPT program. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on mid-term and final Safety, Professional Behavior, and Communication PT-CPI scores of each program's first clinical experience. The traditional program served as a control group. A total 186 students were examined: 100 from the traditional program and 86 from the accelerated-hybrid program. RESULTS: There was a significant effect of learning environment on final test scores while controlling for midterm scores in Safety (p < 0.001), Professional Behavior (p < 0.001), and Communication (p < 0.001) with students in the accelerated-hybrid program scoring higher. Each program showed improvements from midterm to final PT-CPI, outperforming the set benchmark score with the accelerated-hybrid program showing larger growth in Communication and Safety. CONCLUSION: Students in both DPT programs display acceptable levels of professionalism and safety according to program benchmarks and demonstrate growth in these areas throughout the clinical experiences despite differences in program design.
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Profesionalismo , Estudiantes , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Competencia Clínica , Modalidades de Fisioterapia/educaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Understanding which patient-reported outcome measures are being collected and utilized in clinical practice and research for patients with neck pain will help to inform recommendations for a core set of measures that provide value to patients and clinicians during diagnosis, clinical decision-making, goal setting and evaluation of responsiveness to treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a review of systematic reviews using a qualitative synthesis on the use of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for patients presenting with neck pain to physical therapy. METHODS: An electronic search of systematic reviews and guideline publications was performed using MEDLINE (OVID), Embase (Elsevier), CINAHL Complete (EBSCOhost), and Web of Science (Clarivate) databases to identify reviews that evaluated physical therapy interventions or interventions commonly performed by a physical therapist for individuals with neck pain and included at least one patient-reported outcome measure. The frequency and variability in which the outcome measures were reported among the studies in the review and the constructs for which they measured were evaluated. The evaluation of a core set of outcome measures was assessed. Risk of bias and quality assessment was performed using A Measurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews 2. RESULTS: Of the initial 7,003 articles, a total of 37 studies were included in the final review. Thirty-one PROMs were represented within the 37 reviews with eleven patient-reported outcome measures in three or more reviews. The eleven PROMs assessed the constructs of disability, pain intensity, psychosocial factors and quality of life. The greatest variability was found amongst individual measures assessing psychosocial factors. Assessment of psychosocial factors was the least represented construct in the included studies. Overall, the most frequently utilized patient reported outcome measures were the Neck Disability Index, Visual Analog Scale, and Numeric Pain Rating Scale. The most frequently used measures evaluating the constructs of disability, pain intensity, quality of life and psychosocial functioning included the Neck Disability Index, Visual Analog Scale, Short-Form-36 health survey and Fear Avoidance Belief Questionnaire respectively. Overall risk of bias and quality assessment confidence levels ranged from critically low (2 studies), low (12 studies), moderate (8 studies), and high (15 studies). CONCLUSION: This study identified a core set of patient-reported outcome measures that represented the constructs of disability, pain intensity and quality of life. This review recommends the collection and use of the Neck Disability Index and the Numeric Pain Rating Scale or Visual Analog Scale. Recommendation for a QoL measure needs to be considered in the context of available resources and administrative burden. Further research is needed to confidently recommend a QoL and psychosocial measure for patients presenting with neck pain. Other measures that were not included in this review but should be further evaluated for patients with neck pain are the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Physical function, PROMIS Pain Interference and the Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome Yellow Flag (OSPRO-YF) tool.
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Dolor de Cuello , Calidad de Vida , Humanos , Dolor de Cuello/diagnóstico , Revisiones Sistemáticas como Asunto , Modalidades de Fisioterapia , Medición de Resultados Informados por el PacienteRESUMEN
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a major ingredient in skin care products because of its anti-wrinkle effects, although it has some side effects especially at higher amounts. In this study, we compare the anti-wrinkle related properties of CoQ10 and a proprietary Commiphora mukul gum resin (guggul) and triheptanoin preparation (GU-TC7). GU-TC7 is prepared with a supercritical CO2-co-solvent extraction with ethanol, standardized to 2% guggulsterones and triheptanoin, a triglyceride composed of three 7-carbon fatty acids. Treatment of CCL-110 skin fibroblasts with GU-TC7 demonstrates a mild proliferative effect compared to CoQ10 and increased type I collagen synthesis. Additionally, GU-TC7 inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression in a dose-dependent manner at 20-100 µg mL⻹ and inhibited human elastase expression by more than 50% as compared to no elastase inhibition with CoQ10 treatment. These results suggest that GU-TC7 possesses properties that are applicable to the treatment of wrinkles and may be considered for its further evaluation in skin care products.
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Commiphora/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Triglicéridos/farmacología , Línea Celular , Colágeno Tipo I/biosíntesis , Colágeno Tipo I/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Humanos , Metaloproteinasa 1 de la Matriz/metabolismo , Elastasa Pancreática/antagonistas & inhibidores , Piel/citología , Piel/enzimología , Piel/metabolismoRESUMEN
It has been proposed that VF waves emanate from stable localized sources, often called "mother rotors." However, evidence for the existence of these rotors is conflicting. Using a new panoramic optical mapping system that can image nearly the entire ventricular epicardium, we recently excluded epicardial mother rotors as the drivers of Wiggers' stage II VF in the isolated swine heart. Furthermore, we were unable to find evidence that VF requires sustained intramural sources. The present study was designed to test the following hypotheses: 1. VF is driven by a specific region, and 2. Rotors that are long-lived, though not necessarily permanent, are the primary generators of VF wavefronts. Using panoramic optical mapping, we mapped VF wavefronts from 6 isolated swine hearts. Wavefronts were tracked to characterize their activation pathways and to locate their originating sources. We found that the wavefronts that participate in epicardial reentry were not confined to a compact region; rather they activated the entire epicardial surface. New wavefronts feeding into the epicardial activation pattern were generated over the majority of the epicardium and almost all of them were associated with rotors or repetitive breakthrough patterns that lasted for less than 2 s. These findings indicate that epicardial wavefronts in this model are generated by many transitory epicardial sources distributed over the entire surface of the heart.
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Most cases of breast and prostate cancer are not associated with mutations in known high-penetrance genes, indicating the involvement of multiple low-penetrance risk alleles. Studies that have attempted to identify these genes have met with limited success. The National Cancer Institute Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium--a pooled analysis of multiple large cohort studies with a total of more than 5,000 cases of breast cancer and 8,000 cases of prostate cancer--was therefore initiated. The goal of this consortium is to characterize variations in approximately 50 genes that mediate two pathways that are associated with these cancers--the steroid-hormone metabolism pathway and the insulin-like growth factor signalling pathway--and to associate these variations with cancer risk.
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Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Genes Relacionados con las Neoplasias , Penetrancia , Neoplasias de la Próstata/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/metabolismo , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Hormonas Esteroides Gonadales/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias de la Próstata/metabolismoRESUMEN
The present investigation focuses on learning and working memory capabilities of adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats that were exposed to either cocaine (50 mg/kg/day sc) or distilled water during infancy (postnatal days 11-20). Learning and memory were assessed at 4 months using the eight-arm radial maze. Training was carried out in three phases in order to separate procedural learning from spatial capacity. Once criterion (entering at least seven arms without repeating arms for four out of five trials) was achieved in the first training room (Room 1), testing was moved to a second room (Room 2) with unique visual cues and an identical maze. Upon reaching criterion in Room 2, animals were returned to Room 1 and examined again. Cocaine-pretreated rats were less accurate than vehicle-pretreated rats during the first 10 trials of training. During the first five trials in Room 2 cocaine-pretreated animals made more errors, and made errors earlier within trials, than the vehicle-pretreated animals. Upon return to Room 1, reliable Gender x Pretreatment interactions were found for errors and total arms entered. These data demonstrate that a brief period of postnatal cocaine exposure can impair spatial cognition in adulthood and tentatively suggest that females are more sensitive than males.
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Envejecimiento/fisiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Cocaína/psicología , Cocaína/efectos adversos , Aprendizaje/efectos de los fármacos , Exposición Materna , Memoria/efectos de los fármacos , Percepción Espacial/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/psicología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Valores de Referencia , DesteteRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), a common condition among HIV-infected women, has been linked to HIV load and immune status. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) improves immunologic and virologic status. This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between HAART use and CIN. DESIGN: Cohort study. The Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) in five cities in the USA (Bronx/Manhattan, New York; Brooklyn, New York; Chicago, Illinois; Los Angeles, California; San Francisco Bay area, California; Washington, District of Columbia). METHODS: HIV-infected women were followed every 6 months with Papanicolaou smears and cervicovaginal lavage for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing. To characterize exposures that changed over time and to capture the dynamic nature of cytologic changes, Papanicolaou smear findings from each participant's consecutive visits were defined as a pair. We determined the proportion of all pairs that exhibited either regression or progression, according to HAART exposure, HPV results and Papanicolaou smear status. As participants could contribute multiple pairs, inferences were based on robust methods to adjust for correlated observations. RESULTS: Women with persistent HPV infection were more likely to have progression of their lesions. After adjustment for CD4 cell count and Papanicolaou smear status, women on HAART were 40% (95% confidence interval, 4-81%) more likely to demonstrate regression and less likely (odds ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.88) to demonstrate progression CONCLUSIONS: HAART altered the course of HPV disease in HIV-infected women, reducing progression and increasing regression. As HPV disease is a common sex-specific manifestation of HIV disease this effect of HAART would be a major additional benefit from this modality of therapy.
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Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa , Cuello del Útero/patología , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/tratamiento farmacológico , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/tratamiento farmacológico , Adolescente , Recuento de Linfocito CD4 , Cuello del Útero/citología , Cuello del Útero/virología , Estudios de Cohortes , ADN Viral/análisis , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por VIH/virología , VIH-1/fisiología , Humanos , Prueba de Papanicolaou , Papillomaviridae/genética , Papillomaviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/patología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Resultado del Tratamiento , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/complicaciones , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/patología , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/virología , Frotis Vaginal , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/complicaciones , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/patologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine incidence, progression, and regression rates for abnormal cervical cytology and their correlates among women with HIV. METHODS: In a multicenter prospective cohort study conducted October 1, 1994, through September 30, 1999 at university, public, and private medical centers and clinics, 1639 HIV-seropositive and 452 seronegative women were evaluated every 6 months for up to 5 years using history, cervical cytology, T-cell subsets, and quantitative plasma HIV RNA. Human papillomavirus (HPV) typing at baseline was determined by polymerase chain reaction. Cytology was read using the Bethesda system, with any smear showing at least atypia considered abnormal. Poisson regression identified factors associated with incident cytologic abnormalities whereas logistic regression identified those associated with progression and regression after an abnormality. RESULTS: At least one abnormal smear was found during all of follow-up among 73.0% of HIV-seropositive patients and 42.3% of seronegatives (p <.001). Only 5.9% of seropositives ever developed high-grade lesions, and the proportion with high-grade findings did not rise over time. Incidence of atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance (ASCUS) or more severe lesions among HIV-seropositive patients and seronegative patients was 26.4 and 11.0/100 woman-years (rate ratio [RR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9-3.0), whereas that of at least low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) was 8.9 and 2.2/100 (RR, 4.0; CI, 2.6-6.1). HIV status, detection of the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV), CD4 lymphocyte count, and HIV RNA level predicted incidence of abnormal cytology (p <.05); HPV detection and HIV RNA level predicted progression (p <.01); and HPV detection, CD4 lymphocyte count, and HIV RNA level predicted regression (p <.001). Rates of incidence, progression, and regression of abnormal cytology did not differ between HIV seronegative women and seropositive women with CD4 lymphocyte counts >200/mm(3) and HIV RNA levels <4000/ml of similar HPV status. CONCLUSIONS: Although HIV infected women were at high risk for abnormal cytology, high-grade changes were uncommon. HIV status, HPV detection, CD4 lymphocyte count, and HIV RNA level predicted the incidence of cervical cytologic abnormalities. Progression was significantly increased only among the most immunosuppressed women, while regression was significantly reduced in all HIV seropositive women except those with the best controlled HIV disease.
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Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/epidemiología , Enfermedades del Cuello del Útero/epidemiología , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/epidemiología , Frotis Vaginal , Adulto , Recuento de Linfocito CD4 , Estudios de Cohortes , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , VIH-1/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Incidencia , Papillomaviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Vigilancia de la Población , Pronóstico , Estudios Prospectivos , ARN Viral/sangre , Factores de Riesgo , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/complicaciones , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/diagnóstico , Enfermedades del Cuello del Útero/diagnóstico , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/complicaciones , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/diagnósticoRESUMEN
A newborn baby boy was diagnosed with the mixed form of congenital mesoblastic nephroma (CMN) representing both classic and cellular histology features in the renal tumor. Additionally, the patient had skin and bone lesions consistent with multifocal involvement of a generalized infantile fibromatosis (IFS). Both skin and bone lesions were distinctly different from CMN and did not represent metastasis. The primary tumor cell line (MCH-MN-1), established from the resected right kidney tumor, had a diploid DNA content. Cytogenetic studies revealed deletion on the long arm of chromosome 3 (q21q24) and duplication on the short arm of chromosome 11 (p15). MCH-MN-1 cells expressed ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion transcripts, characteristic of cellular and mixed forms of CMNs. The cells had high p21 and low Bax mRNA expression in the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. The high level of proliferative marker (Ki67) mRNA expression correlated well with the pluripotent nature of MCH-MN-1 in tissue culture (cell doubling time = 12.4 h). Our results showed that MCH-MN-1 might be a good model cell line for investigations on mesoblastic nephroma.
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Neoplasias Renales , Neoplasias Renales/congénito , Nefroma Mesoblástico , Deleción Cromosómica , Cartilla de ADN/química , ADN de Neoplasias/análisis , Fibroma/complicaciones , Fibroma/congénito , Fibroma/genética , Fibroma/patología , Citometría de Flujo , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Cariotipificación , Neoplasias Renales/complicaciones , Neoplasias Renales/genética , Neoplasias Renales/patología , Masculino , Nefroma Mesoblástico/complicaciones , Nefroma Mesoblástico/congénito , Nefroma Mesoblástico/genética , Nefroma Mesoblástico/patología , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Células Tumorales Cultivadas/fisiologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Unsuccessful defibrillation shocks may reinitiate fibrillation by causing postshock reentry. METHODS AND RESULTS: To better understand why some waveforms are more efficacious for defibrillation, reentry was induced in six dogs with 1-, 2-, 4-, 8-, and 16-msec monophasic and 1/1- (both phases 1 msec) 2/2-, 4/4-, and 8/8-msec biphasic shocks. Reentry was initiated by 141+/-15 V shocks delivered from a defibrillator with a 150-microF capacitance during the vulnerable period of paced rhythm (183+/-12 msec after the last pacing stimulus). The shock potential gradient field was orthogonal to the dispersion of refractoriness. Activation was mapped with 121 electrodes covering 4 x 4 cm of the right ventricular epicardium, and potential gradient and degree of recovery of excitability were estimated at the sites of reentry. Defibrillation thresholds (DFTs) were estimated by an up-down protocol for the same nine waveforms in eight dogs internally and in nine other dogs externally. DFT voltages for the different waveforms were positively correlated with the magnitude of shock potential gradient and negatively correlated with the recovery interval at the site at which reentry was induced by the waveform during paced rhythm for both internal (DFT = 1719 + 64.5VV - 11.1RI; R2 = 0.93) and external defibrillation (DFT = 3445 + 150VV - 22RI; R2 = 0.93). CONCLUSION: The defibrillation waveforms with the lowest DFTs were those that induced reentry at sites of low shock potential gradient, indicating efficacious stimulation of myocardium. Additionally, the site of reentry induced by waveforms with the lowest DFTs was in myocardium that was more highly recovered just before the shock, perhaps because this high degree of recovery seldom occurs during defibrillation due to the rapid activation rate during fibrillation.
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Cardioversión Eléctrica , Fibrilación Ventricular/terapia , Animales , Perros , Electrofisiología , Electrochoque/métodos , Modelos Cardiovasculares , Inducción de Remisión/métodos , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
The impact of cocaine exposure during development on behavioral sensitization as measured by locomotor activity and stereotypy following repeated intermittent administration of amphetamine is examined. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to cocaine at 50 mg/kg/day during postnatal days (PND) 11-20 and, as adults (PND193-212), were administered seven daily injections of 2.0 mg/kg amphetamine. Both locomotor activity and stereotypic behavior were assessed following the first and seventh injections. Control males and females showed sensitized behavior following repeated amphetamine injections with females showing greater locomotion while males showed increased stereotypy. Male rats pretreated with cocaine failed to develop sensitized locomotor or stereotypic responses following repeated amphetamine injections consistent with dampened D(1) receptor activity. Females pretreated with cocaine did not show a sensitized locomotor response but did display sensitization of stereotypy following repeated amphetamine administration. Thus, it appears that postnatal cocaine treatment produces differential effects on the circuits mediating sensitization behavior in male and female rats.
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Anfetamina/farmacología , Animales Recién Nacidos/fisiología , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/farmacología , Cocaína/farmacología , Inhibidores de Captación de Dopamina/farmacología , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Animales , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Masculino , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Embarazo , Ratas , Caracteres Sexuales , Conducta Estereotipada/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Male rats were trained at three separate currents to bar press for intracranial self-stimulation. On days 1 and 15, all subjects were given 1-(2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-methoxy)-ethyl-4-(3-phenylpropyl) piperazine, also known as GBR 12909 (10 mg/kg, i.p.), prior to test session. Between these days, the paired Chronic-before group was injected (every other day) with GBR 12909 prior to intracranial self-stimulation, while unpaired, Chronic-after group was given the drug just after the end of the session. A third group (Control) received saline injections (i.p.) 20 min following the session. Although GBR 12909 was found to be reward enhancing, neither sensitization nor tolerance developed to the rewarding and performance/motor effects regardless of the injection regimen. In addition, the rewarding effects of intracranial self-stimulation were found to be independent of both current and environment-specific pairing. The present data obtained for GBR 12909 agree with previous observations of the effects of repeated administration of drugs of abuse on intracranial self-stimulation.
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Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Condicionamiento Operante/efectos de los fármacos , Aprendizaje Discriminativo/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de Captación de Dopamina/farmacología , Piperazinas/farmacología , Animales , Estimulación Eléctrica , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , RecompensaRESUMEN
Little is known about the epidemiology of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infections among women. A cross-sectional study was conducted of HHV-8 infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and high-risk HIV-uninfected women. Serological tests with noninduced (latent) and induced (lytic) HHV-8 antigens were used to detect infection among 2483 participants of a multisite cohort. Reactivity to latent antigen was present in 4.1% and to induced antigens in 12.0% of women. Seven of 8 women who reported Kaposi's sarcoma had HHV-8 antibodies. Among HIV-positive women, HHV-8 infection was associated with use of crack, cocaine, or heroin (76% vs. 65%; P<.001), past syphilis (29% vs. 20%; P<.001), an injection drug-using male sex partner (61% vs. 53%; P=.014), black race (P=.010), and enrollment site (P=.015). In multivariate analysis, HIV infection, older age, past syphilis, black race, and enrollment site were independently associated with HHV-8 infection. In this cohort of North American women, HHV-8 infection was associated with HIV infection, drug use, and risky sexual behavior.
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Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Seropositividad para VIH/complicaciones , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/complicaciones , Herpesvirus Humano 8/inmunología , Sarcoma de Kaposi/complicaciones , Adulto , California/epidemiología , Cocaína , Estudios de Cohortes , Cocaína Crack , Estudios Transversales , District of Columbia/epidemiología , Femenino , Seronegatividad para VIH , Heroína , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/epidemiología , Humanos , New York/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Sarcoma de Kaposi/epidemiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Factores Sexuales , Abuso de Sustancias por Vía Intravenosa , Sífilis/complicacionesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine associations among cervical cytology, colposcopy, and biopsy in HIV-seropositive women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HIV-seropositive women and uninfected comparison women in a multicenter prospective cohort study underwent colposcopy for protocol indications. Women were eligible if they had a cervix, satisfactory cytology, and colposcopy between October 1994 and September 1999. Cytology, colposcopic impression, and biopsy were compared using equivalent categorizations. Kappa statistics with bootstrap sampling assessed strength of associations. RESULTS: Colposcopy was performed in 978/1370 HIV-seropositive women and in 154/224 seronegative women. Biopsies were performed on 603 (44%) seropositive women at least once during 1015 colposcopy visits and on 82 (37%) seronegative women at 116 visits. The positive predictive value of cytology was 72% for seropositive women and 60% for seronegative women. The positive predictive value of colposcopy was 71% for seropositive women and 55% for seronegative women. CONCLUSION: The correlation between either cervical cytology or colposcopic impression and colposcopic biopsy was poor.
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The relationship between the pattern of virus load response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and CD4 lymphocyte response was assessed in a cohort of 249 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1-infected women at 3 times: 1 before and 2 after initiation of therapy, with follow-up of 6-12 months. Patients with a durable response to HAART (i.e., >1 log decrease in HIV-1 RNA sustained for the study periods) had a continuous and significant increase in CD4 cell counts over time, whereas those with no response (<0.5 log decrease in HIV-1 RNA) had a slight decline. Patients with a mixed response (initial decrease >1 log, followed by a subsequent decrease <0.5 log) had an increase in CD4 cell count, followed by a plateau. The trend in CD4 cell count differed significantly by response to HAART, with those patients who experienced a durable response having significantly higher CD4 cell counts than others.
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Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/tratamiento farmacológico , Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa , Recuento de Linfocito CD4 , VIH-1/aislamiento & purificación , ARN Viral/análisis , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/inmunología , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/virología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
CONTEXT: HIV-1 RNA and lymphocyte subset levels are the principal indications for antiretroviral treatment. Past reports have differed with regard to the effect of gender and race on these measures and in measures of disease progression. OBJECTIVE: To assess racial and gender differences in HIV-1 RNA levels and CD4+ lymphocyte decline. DESIGN: A longitudinal study based in the two largest HIV natural history cohort studies conducted in 7 metropolitan areas of the United States. RESULTS: In all, 1256 adult women and 1603 adult men for whom multiple data points were available prior to initiation of antiretroviral therapy were included. Women were more likely to be nonwhite, to have a history of injection drug use, and to have HIV-associated symptoms. After adjustment for differences in measurement method, baseline CD4+ cell count, age, and clinical symptoms, HIV-1 RNA levels were 32% to 50% lower in women than in men at CD4+ counts >200 cells/mm3 (p <.001) but not at CD4+ cell counts <200 cells/mm3. HIV-1 RNA levels were also 41% lower in nonwhites than in whites (p <.001) and 21% lower in persons reporting a prior history of injection drug use (p <.001). Women had more rapid declines in CD4+ cell counts over time than men (difference in slope of 46 cells/year) and nonwhite individuals had slower decline in CD4 cell counts than whites (difference of 39 cells/year). CONCLUSIONS: Both race and gender influence the values of HIV-1 RNA and the rate of HIV-1 disease progression as indicated by decline in CD4 cell counts over time. These effects could provide clues regarding the factors that influence HIV-disease progression and may indicate that guidelines for therapy should be adjusted for demographic characteristics.
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Infecciones por VIH/virología , VIH-1/aislamiento & purificación , ARN Viral/análisis , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/etnología , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/virología , Adolescente , Adulto , Negro o Afroamericano , Anciano , Recuento de Linfocito CD4 , Ciudades , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/etnología , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , VIH-1/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Multicéntricos como Asunto , Análisis Multivariante , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Abuso de Sustancias por Vía Intravenosa/inmunología , Abuso de Sustancias por Vía Intravenosa/virología , Estados Unidos , Población BlancaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Controlled reperfusion and secondary cardioplegia are used to minimize reperfusion injury. The mechanisms for their benefit are incompletely defined and may include attenuation of myocyte sodium uptake. METHODS: Pigs had 1 hour of cardioplegic arrest followed by reperfusion with blood (control) or warm cardioplegic solution followed by blood (test). Reperfusion injury in the control and test groups was quantified by measuring changes of intramyocyte ion content with atomic absorption spectrometry and by analyzing electrophysiologic recovery from recordings of reperfusion arrhythmias. RESULTS: Control animals had an increase in intramyocyte sodium content at 5 minutes after initiating reperfusion (+20.2 micromol/g dry weight, P <.04), whereas the test group had an insignificant decrease (-14.0 micromol/g dry weight, P =.33). The first rhythm after initiating reperfusion was more often ventricular fibrillation in the control group (100% vs 50%, P <.02), and the control group required more defibrillations to establish a nonfibrillating rhythm (4.5 +/- 1.2 vs 1.1 +/- 0.3, P <.03). CONCLUSIONS: Controlled reperfusion eliminated the increase in intramyocyte sodium that was observed in the control group at 5 minutes after cardioplegic arrest. This improvement in myocyte ion homeostasis during postcardioplegia reperfusion was associated with fewer reperfusion arrhythmias. These data support the hypothesis that attenuation of myocyte sodium gain during postischemic reperfusion is a mechanism by which controlled reperfusion and secondary cardioplegia are beneficial.
Asunto(s)
Soluciones Cardiopléjicas/uso terapéutico , Paro Cardíaco Inducido , Daño por Reperfusión Miocárdica/terapia , Animales , Electrocardiografía , Electrofisiología , Femenino , Paro Cardíaco Inducido/métodos , Masculino , Miocardio/citología , Miocardio/metabolismo , PorcinosRESUMEN
Two patients with neonatal onset of arm weakness resulting from neoplastic involvement of the brachial plexus who were initially considered to have obstetric brachial plexus palsies are reported. The first patient was a 7-day-old female who presented with a left supraclavicular mass that was first detected at 2 days of age and left proximal arm weakness. The weakness involved the whole arm within 3 days. The mass was a malignant rhabdoid tumor. The second patient was a 28-month-old male who presented with slowly progressive right arm weakness, which began at 3 weeks of age, and episodes of scratch marks on the arm that began at 4 months of age. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a plexiform neurofibroma of the brachial plexus. The features that are suggestive of a brachial plexus palsy caused by a neoplasm rather than of obstetric brachial plexus palsy include the following: the onset of weakness after the first day of age, with a progressive course; a history of a normal delivery and birth weight; the absence of signs of a traumatic injury or injuries; the appearance before 7 days of age of a growing supraclavicular mass without radiographic evidence of a clavicular fracture; and recurrent scratch marks on the weak arm.
Asunto(s)
Neuropatías del Plexo Braquial/etiología , Parálisis/etiología , Neoplasias del Sistema Nervioso Periférico/complicaciones , Brazo , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , MasculinoRESUMEN
Children's emotion regulation strategies and parenting responses in a family task that elicited frustration are investigated by comparing core attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) symptomatology, emotional reactivity, and emotional regulation in the prediction of social behaviors and peer social preference. Participants were boys, ages 6-12 years, either with AD/HD (n = 45) or without problem behaviors (comparison; n = 34). A high-aggressive subgroup of AD/HD boys showed a significantly less constructive pattern of emotional coping than did both a low-aggressive AD/HD subgroup of boys and nondiagnosed comparison boys, who did not differ. With statistical control of core AD/HD symptomatology, noncompliance in a naturalistic summer camp was predicted by boys' overall emotion regulation and three specific strategies (emotional accommodation, problem solving, negative responses) during the parent-child interaction. Emotional accommodation and negative responses to the frustration task also marginally predicted social preference at the camp. These emotion regulation variables outperformed emotional reactivity in predicting such outcomes. Some emotion-related parenting behaviors were associated with child coping in the task. We discuss the relationship of emotion regulation to core AD/HD symptomatology and emotional reactivity, and the role of parents' behaviors in influencing children's emotional responses.
Asunto(s)
Afecto , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/terapia , Conducta de Elección , Responsabilidad Parental , Grupo Paritario , Conducta Social , Niño , Humanos , Masculino , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , SocializaciónRESUMEN
A 1995 survey of clinical flow cytometry laboratories in the United States determined that 63% of clinical laboratories used one or two-color, 33% used three-color, 4% used four-color, and none used five-color panels. We show the feasibility and advantages of acquiring routine clinical four-color, six-parameter and five-color, seven-parameter analysis on blood samples derived from a pediatric population. The panels were evaluated by comparing the following cell characteristics: size, internal structure, and up to five distinct fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies to cell surface antigens: CD3, CD16+CD56, CD19, CD8, and CD4. These samples were processed on a commercially available instrument without any special modifications. A comparison of two-color and four-color as well as four-color and five-color panel analysis showed no statistical difference between the groups. We propose that the five-color, single-tube panel will (1) eliminate the need for isotype controls; (2) the relative proportions of lymphocyte subpopulations may be used to validate the operator-defined window, replacing CD45; (3) eliminate the need to run a common factor, in order to establish and maintain a reproducible lymphocyte window between tubes; and (4) create a more complete clinical picture by generating 32 unique, mutually exclusive phenotypes (permutations). Our results show that it is feasible to acquire and integrate seven-parameter data. This may be a powerful tool for immunophenotyping cells in a modern clinical diagnostic cytometry laboratory.