RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To examine the physical function and respiratory muscle strength of patients - who recovered from critical COVID-19 - after intensive care unit discharge to the ward on Days one (D1) and seven (D7), and to investigate variables associated with functional impairment. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of adult patients with COVID-19 who needed invasive mechanical ventilation, non-invasive ventilation or high-flow nasal cannula and were discharged from the intensive care unit to the ward. Participants were submitted to Medical Research Council sum-score, handgrip strength, maximal inspiratory pressure, maximal expiratory pressure, and short physical performance battery tests. Participants were grouped into two groups according to their need for invasive ventilation: the Invasive Mechanical Ventilation Group (IMV Group) and the Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation Group (Non-IMV Group). RESULTS: Patients in the IMV Group (n = 31) were younger and had higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores than those in the Non-IMV Group (n = 33). The short physical performance battery scores (range 0 - 12) on D1 and D7 were 6.1 ± 4.3 and 7.3 ± 3.8, respectively for the Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation Group, and 1.3 ± 2.5 and 2.6 ± 3.7, respectively for the IMV Group. The prevalence of intensive care unit-acquired weakness on D7 was 13% for the Non-IMV Group and 72% for the IMV Group. The maximal inspiratory pressure, maximal expiratory pressure, and handgrip strength increased on D7 in both groups, but the maximal expiratory pressure and handgrip strength were still weak. Only maximal inspiratory pressure was recovered (i.e., > 80% of the predicted value) in the Non-IMV Group. Female sex, and the need and duration of invasive mechanical were independently and negatively associated with the short physical performance battery score and handgrip strength. CONCLUSION: Patients who recovered from critical COVID-19 and who received invasive mechanical ventilation presented greater disability than those who were not invasively ventilated. However, they both showed marginal functional improvement during early recovery, regardless of the need for invasive mechanical ventilation. This might highlight the severity of disability caused by SARS-CoV-2.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Respiración Artificial , Sobrevivientes , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/terapia , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Anciano , Sobrevivientes/estadística & datos numéricos , SARS-CoV-2 , Fuerza Muscular , Fuerza de la Mano , Músculos Respiratorios/fisiopatología , Rendimiento Físico FuncionalRESUMEN
Resumo Fundamento: Gráficos de recorrência (GR) permitem uma análise não linear da variabilidade de frequência cardíaca (VFC) e fornecem informações sobre o sistema nervoso autônomo (SNA). Objetivos: Avaliar se a mobilização precoce em pacientes submetidos a angioplastia coronária transluminal percutânea (ACTP) influencia os componentes quantitativos e qualitativos dos GR. Métodos: Um total de 32 participantes que foram submetidos a ACTP foram divididos entre um grupo de controle (GC - sem exercícios físicos) e grupo de mobilização precoce (GMP - com exercícios físicos) A frequência cardíaca batimento a batimento foi registrada utilizando um cardiofrequencímetro em ambos os grupos na admissão e na alta. Os índices lineares nos domínios de tempo e frequência foram analisados, bem como os índices não lineares obtidos pelos GR. O protocolo fisioterapêutico de mobilização precoce começou 12-18 horas após a ACTP. Um teste T não pareado bicaudal foi utilizado para as comparações, e p-valores <0,05 foram aceitos como significativos. Resultados: Ao comparar os dois grupos, na alta, o GMP apresentou um aumento no SDNN (23,55 ± 12,05 a 37,29 ± 16,25; p=0,042), índice triangular (8,99 ± 3,03 a 9,66 ± 3,07; p=0,014) e VLF (694,20 ± 468,20 a 848,37 ± 526,51; p=0,004), mas não apresentou alterações significativas na avaliação não linear. Além disso, na análise qualitativa dos GR, observou-se um padrão mais difuso e menos geométrico no GMP, indicando maior variabilidade, enquanto no GC, notou-se um padrão geométrico mais alterado. Conclusão: O protocolo de mobilização precoce promove uma melhoria no comportamento autonômico, conforme avaliado por VFC e GR, e pode ser considerado um procedimento útil para a melhor recuperação de pacientes submetidos a ACTP.
Abstract Background: Recurrence Plots (RP) enable a nonlinear analysis of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and provide information on the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). Objectives: To evaluate whether early ambulation in patients undergoing Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) influences the quantitative and qualitative components of RP. Methods: A total of 32 participants who underwent PTCA were divided into a Control Group (CG - no physical exercises) and an Early Ambulation Group (EAG - with physical exercises). Beat-to-beat heart rate was recorded using a heart rate monitor in both groups upon admission and discharge. The linear indices in the time and frequency domains were analyzed, and nonlinear indices were obtained through RP. The Early Ambulation Physical Therapy Protocol began 12-18 hours after PTCA. A two-tailed unpaired t-test was used for comparisons, and p-values < 0.05 were accepted as significant. Results: When comparing both groups, upon discharge, EAG showed an increase in SDNN (23.55 ± 12.05 to 37.29 ± 16.25; p=0.042), Triangular Index (8.99 ± 3.03 to 9.66 ± 3.07; p=0.014), and VLF (694.20 ± 468.20 to 848.37 ± 526.51; p=0.004), but without significant changes in the nonlinear evaluation. In addition, in the qualitative analysis of RP, a more diffuse and less geometric pattern was observed in EAG, indicating greater variability, while in CG, an altered and more geometric pattern was noted. Conclusion: The Early Ambulation Protocol promotes an improvement in autonomic behavior as evaluated by HRV and by RP, which can thus be considered a useful procedure for better recovery of patients undergoing PTCA.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Recurrence Plots (RP) enable a nonlinear analysis of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and provide information on the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether early ambulation in patients undergoing Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) influences the quantitative and qualitative components of RP. METHODS: A total of 32 participants who underwent PTCA were divided into a Control Group (CG - no physical exercises) and an Early Ambulation Group (EAG - with physical exercises). Beat-to-beat heart rate was recorded using a heart rate monitor in both groups upon admission and discharge. The linear indices in the time and frequency domains were analyzed, and nonlinear indices were obtained through RP. The Early Ambulation Physical Therapy Protocol began 12-18 hours after PTCA. A two-tailed unpaired t-test was used for comparisons, and p-values < 0.05 were accepted as significant. RESULTS: When comparing both groups, upon discharge, EAG showed an increase in SDNN (23.55 ± 12.05 to 37.29 ± 16.25; p=0.042), Triangular Index (8.99 ± 3.03 to 9.66 ± 3.07; p=0.014), and VLF (694.20 ± 468.20 to 848.37 ± 526.51; p=0.004), but without significant changes in the nonlinear evaluation. In addition, in the qualitative analysis of RP, a more diffuse and less geometric pattern was observed in EAG, indicating greater variability, while in CG, an altered and more geometric pattern was noted. CONCLUSION: The Early Ambulation Protocol promotes an improvement in autonomic behavior as evaluated by HRV and by RP, which can thus be considered a useful procedure for better recovery of patients undergoing PTCA.
FUNDAMENTO: Gráficos de recorrência (GR) permitem uma análise não linear da variabilidade de frequência cardíaca (VFC) e fornecem informações sobre o sistema nervoso autônomo (SNA). OBJETIVOS: Avaliar se a mobilização precoce em pacientes submetidos a angioplastia coronária transluminal percutânea (ACTP) influencia os componentes quantitativos e qualitativos dos GR. MÉTODOS: Um total de 32 participantes que foram submetidos a ACTP foram divididos entre um grupo de controle (GC - sem exercícios físicos) e grupo de mobilização precoce (GMP - com exercícios físicos) A frequência cardíaca batimento a batimento foi registrada utilizando um cardiofrequencímetro em ambos os grupos na admissão e na alta. Os índices lineares nos domínios de tempo e frequência foram analisados, bem como os índices não lineares obtidos pelos GR. O protocolo fisioterapêutico de mobilização precoce começou 12-18 horas após a ACTP. Um teste T não pareado bicaudal foi utilizado para as comparações, e p-valores <0,05 foram aceitos como significativos. RESULTADOS: Ao comparar os dois grupos, na alta, o GMP apresentou um aumento no SDNN (23,55 ± 12,05 a 37,29 ± 16,25; p=0,042), índice triangular (8,99 ± 3,03 a 9,66 ± 3,07; p=0,014) e VLF (694,20 ± 468,20 a 848,37 ± 526,51; p=0,004), mas não apresentou alterações significativas na avaliação não linear. Além disso, na análise qualitativa dos GR, observou-se um padrão mais difuso e menos geométrico no GMP, indicando maior variabilidade, enquanto no GC, notou-se um padrão geométrico mais alterado. CONCLUSÃO: O protocolo de mobilização precoce promove uma melhoria no comportamento autonômico, conforme avaliado por VFC e GR, e pode ser considerado um procedimento útil para a melhor recuperação de pacientes submetidos a ACTP.
