Biogeographic history and environmental gradients modulate non-stationary patterns of tropical tree diversity.

Here we studied the entire Atlantic Forest hotspot to investigate whether the effect of different environmental predictors depends on the phylogenetic extension and the biogeographical history of different Atlantic Forest sectors. We used occurrence data of 3,183 plant species with arboreal or arborescent habits. We reconstructed climatic stability across 120,000 years using the Random Forest method. Then, we compared the effect of biogeographical history, topographic, and climatic variables on species richness and phylogenetic diversity using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models. Niche conservatism drives the strength and direction of environmental correlates with tree diversity, interacting with the biogeographical and phylogenetic extension considered. Low current climate seasonalities were the main drivers of species richness and phylogenetic diversity variation across the Atlantic Forest. Whereas in higher phylogenetic extension, topographic heterogeneity increased the number of tree species independent of the sector, deep-past climate stability favored phylogenetic diversity by increasing relict lineages of distant clades in all forests, but with anomalies in the southern sector. This investigation yields substantial evidence that the response of the northern and southern sectors of the Atlantic Forest to identical environmental conditions diverges significantly, providing compelling support for the imprint of phylogenetic heritage in generating non-linear diversity patterns.

MelastomaTRAITs 1.0: A database of functional traits in Melastomataceae, a large pantropical angiosperm family.

The recent availability of open-access repositories of functional traits has revolutionized trait-based approaches in ecology and evolution. Nevertheless, the underrepresentation of tropical regions and lineages remains a pervasive bias in plant functional trait databases, which constrains large-scale assessments of plant ecology, evolution, and biogeography. Here, we present MelastomaTRAITs 1.0, a comprehensive and updatable database of functional traits for the pantropical Melastomataceae, the ninth-largest angiosperm family with 177 genera and more than 5800 species. Melastomataceae encompass species with a wide diversity of growth forms (herbs, shrubs, trees, epiphytes, and woody climbers), habitats (including tropical forests, savannas, grasslands, and wetlands from sea level to montane areas above the treeline), ecological strategies (from pioneer, edge-adapted and invasive species to shade-tolerant understory species), geographic distribution (from microendemic to continental-wide distribution), reproductive, pollination, and seed dispersal systems. MelastomaTRAITs builds on 581 references, such as taxonomic monographs, ecological research, and unpublished data, and includes four whole-plant traits, six leaf traits, 11 flower traits, 18 fruit traits, and 27 seed traits for 2520 species distributed in 144 genera across all 21 tribes. Most data come from the Neotropics where the family is most species-rich. Miconieae (the largest tribe) contains the highest number of trait records (49.6%) and species (41.1%) records. The trait types with the most information in the database were whole-plant traits, flowers, and leaf traits. With the breadth of functional traits recorded, our database helps to fill a gap in information for tropical plants and will significantly improve our capacity for large-scale trait-based syntheses across levels of organization, plant-animal interactions, regeneration ecology, and thereby support conservation and restoration programs. There are no copyright restrictions on the dataset; please cite this data paper when reusing the data.

O brincar no hospital: uma self de enfermeiros que atuam em unidade pediátrica / Playing in hospital: a self of nurses acting in a pediatric unit / Jugando en el hospital: una self de enfermeiras trabajando en una unidad pediátrica

Objetivo: Conhecer a importância da atividade do brincar sob a ótica do enfermeiro durante o cuidado à criança hospitalizada. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo-exploratório prospectivo, qualitativo. Realizou-se entrevista semiestruturada em unidade pediátrica de referência de um município no estado do Amazonas, no mês de janeiro de 2015. Participaram cinco enfermeiras que atuam na unidade pediátrica. Da análise, emergiram categorias temáticas: "A importância do brincar no olhar da Enfermagem como Direito da Criança." e "Obstáculos para inclusão da brincadeira no assistir à criança hospitalizada". Resultados: O brincar é relatado pelas enfermeiras como uma atividade ímpar durante a hospitalização. Entretanto, referem não inseri-lo por desconhecerem como realizá-lo, valorizando apenas procedimentos técnicos em suas ações de enfermagem, engessando o cuidado durante seu atendimento. Conclusão: O brincar em clínica pediátrica deve ser uma atividade inserida no plano de cuidados dos enfermeiros (AU).

Objective: To know the importance of playing activity from the nurse's point of view during the care of hospitalized children. Methodology: Prospective, qualitative descriptive exploratory study. A semi-structured interview was carried out in a pediatric reference unit in a municipality in the state of Amazonas, in January 2015. Participants were five nurses who work in the unit. From the analysis, thematic categories emerged: "The importance of playing in the view of Nursing as the Right of the Child." And "Obstacles for the inclusion of playing in assisting hospitalized children". Results: Playing is reported by nurses as a unique activity during hospitalization. However, they refer not to insert it because they do not know how to do it, valuing only technical procedures in Nursing actions, plastering care during their assistance. Conclusion: Playing in a pediatric clinic should be an activity included in the nurses' care plan (AU).

Objetivo: Conocer la importancia de la actividad de juego desde el punto de vista de la enfermera durante el cuidado de niños hospitalizados. Metodología: Estudio exploratorio prospectivo, cualitativo, descriptivo. Se realizó una entrevista semiestructurada en una unidad de referencia pediátrica en un municipio del estado de Amazonas, en enero de 2015. Participaron cinco enfermeras que trabajan en la unidad. Del análisis, surgieron categorías temáticas: "La importancia de jugar desde la perspectiva de la Enfermería como el derecho del niño". Y "Obstáculos para la inclusión del juego en la asistencia a niños hospitalizados". Resultados: Las enfermeras informan que el juego es una actividad única durante la hospitalización, sin embargo, se refieren a no insertarlo porque no saben cómo hacerlo, valoran solo los procedimientos técnicos en las acciones de Enfermería, echan atención durante su cuidado. Conclusión: Jugar en una clínica pediátrica debería ser una actividad incluida en el plan de atención de enfermeira (AU).

Area and distance from mainland affect in different ways richness and phylogenetic diversity of snakes in Atlantic Forest coastal islands.

AIM: The Theory of Island Biogeography posits that ecological and evolutionary processes regulate species richness of isolated areas. We assessed the influences of an island area and distance from the mainland on species richness, phylogenetic diversity, and phylogenetic composition of snakes on coastal islands. LOCATION: Coastal islands of the megadiverse Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. METHODS: We compiled the species composition of 17 coastal islands in southeastern Brazil. Species richness and phylogenetic diversity were calculated for each island. Phylogenetic composition was measured using principal coordinates of phylogenetic structure. We then employed generalized linear models to test the influence of area and distance from the mainland on the diversity metrics. RESULTS: We found a prominent influence of area on species richness, whereas phylogenetic diversity was more affected by distance from the mainland. Snake clades were distinctly associated with area and distance. The Boidae family was associated with nearer and larger islands, whereas Elapidae was broadly distributed. Distance from the mainland was associated with the distribution of Dipsadidae, whereas Colubridae was influenced by both the area and distance. The Viperidae family attained higher values of phylogenetic diversity in smaller and more remote islands. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: This island system conserved a considerable piece of snake richness from southeastern Brazil, including island endemic species. Area and distance from the mainland were important drivers of snake diversity in the Atlantic Forest coastal islands. However, these predictors affected the different components of diversity in different ways. Phylogenetic composition analysis enables us to understand how basal nodes contributed to high levels of phylogenetic diversity on smaller and farther islands regardless of the decrease in species richness.

Práticas populares de cura e o uso de plantas medicinais pormães ribeirinhas no cuidado infantil / Prácticas populares de cura y plantas medicinales usados por las madresribereñas en el cuidado infantil / Popular healing practices and medical plants use for riparian mothers in early childhood care

Objetivo: analisar as praticas populares de cura com plantas medicinais pelas mães ribeirinhas durante o cuidado dos filhos. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de etnoenfermagem, com coleta de dados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e observação participante. Participaram do estudo 15 mães da comunidade ribeirinha Vila Nova Maringá, Amazonas. Para análise dos dados foi utilizada a análise temática. Pesquisa aprovada pelo CEP EEAN/HESFA n°54/08. Resultados: Constatou-se que as praticas populares de cura variam de acordo com a etiologia; que 17 problemas físicos de saúde infantis podem ser tratados com 37 plantas medicinais; e que grande parte das plantas utilizadas encontram respaldo no saber científico. Conclusão: Acredita-se que a pesquisa tenha relevância para a enfermagem e comunidade, pois permitiu o intercâmbio de saberes popular e científico, bem como apontou uma necessidade de investimentos que trabalhem com esta temática.

Objectives: to analyze the popular healing practices with the use of medicinal plants by the riverside mothers during child care. Methods: This is a qualitative research, ethnonursing with data collection through semi-structured interview and participant observation.Study participants were 15 mothers of the riverside community Vila Nova Maringa, Amazonas, Brazil. For data analysis it was used the thematic analysis. Research approved by the CEP EEAN/HESFA n°54/08. Results: It was found that the popular healing practices vary according to the etiology; 17 that infant physical health problems can be treated with 37 medicinal plants; and that many of the plants used are supported by the scientific knowledge. Conclusion: It is believed that research has relevance for nursing and community, because it allowed the exchange of popular and scientific knowledge, and pointed to a need for investment into works with this theme.

Objetivo: analizar las practicas de curacion populares con el uso de plantas medicinales por las madres de ribera durante el cuidado del nino. Métodos: Se trata de una investigacion cualitativa, etnoenfermeria con la recopilacion de datos a traves de entrevistas semiestructuradas y observacion participante. Los participantes del estudio fueron 15 madres de la comunidad riberena Vila Nova Maringa, Amazonas. Para el analisis de datos se utilizo el analisis tematico. De investigacion aprobado por el CEP EEAN/HESFA n°54/08. Resultados: Se encontro que las practicas de curacion populares varian de acuerdo a la etiologia; 17 que los problemas de salud fisica para ninos pueden ser tratados con 37 plantas medicinales; y que muchas de las plantas utilizadas estan basadas en el conocimiento cientifico. Conclusión: Se cree que la investigacion tiene relevancia para el mal gema y la comunidad debido a que permitia el intercambio de conocimiento popular y cientifica, y senalo una necesidad de inversion para trabajar con este tema.

Low doses of simvastatin therapy ameliorate cardiac inflammatory remodeling in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected dogs.

Chagas cardiomyopathy remodeling is based on the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi in heart tissue and on the complex inflammatory response leading to a myocardium fibrosis and alterations in conductive and functional heart parameters. This study aims to evaluate Simvastatin on the inflammatory response and heart functionality using dogs infected with Y strain of T. cruzi. Animals were treated daily with Simvastatin (20 mg) for 6 months and submitted to clinical and immunopathological evaluations. Simvastatin reduced heart expression and serum levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) but not interleukin-10 (IL-10), possibly favoring blood parasitism but reducing inflammation and fibrosis in the left ventricle and right atrium. Simvastatin also ameliorated ejection fraction, diastolic diameter, and mass index of the left ventricle 6 months after infection. This study suggests that more investigation should be performed on the use of statins as a prophylactic therapy against cardiac remodeling because of their effects on modifying immune response and benefiting functional parameters in dogs with T. cruzi-induced ventricular dysfunctions.

Acidentes com material biológico ocorridos com profissionais de laboratórios de análises clínicas / Accidents with biological material involving clinical analysis laboratory professionals

Introdução: o risco de exposição à material biológico em laboratórios de análises clínicas é alto devido à manipulação constante de fluidos orgânicos e sangue. Objetivo: identificar a freqüência e as principais causas de acidentes ocupacionais com material biológico entre profissionais que atuam em laboratórios de análises clínicas. Métodos: estudo descritivo realizado em laboratórios de análises clínicas de dois hospitais de ensino de Goiânia/GO. Resultados: dos 81 profissionais entrevistados, 9 (11,1%) não haviam recebido nenhuma dose de vacina contra hepatite B; 45 (55,5%) referiram ter sofrido acidente com material biológico, sendo que 36 (80%) sujeitos sofreram acidentes percutâneos e , 9 (20%), respingos em mucosa oral e ocular; 22 (48,9%) não notificaram o acidente, e um trabalhador foi infectado pelo vírus da hepatite B após o acidente. As principais causas atribuídas à ocorrência de acidentes foram o uso inadequado ou a falta de uso de equipamentos de proteção individual, a sobrecarga de trabalho, a autoconfiança e o número insuficiente de caixas coletoras para perfurocortantes, dentre outras. Conclusão: a alta prevalência de acidentes, aliada ao alto índice de subnotificação podem causar sérios prejuízos aos profissionais e às instituições, merecer esforços prementes para a implementação de um programa de prevenção de acidentes e de promoção de saúde.

Introduction: the risk of exposure to biological material in clinical analysis laboratories is high, due to the constant manipulation of organic fluids and blood. Objective: identify the frequency and main causes of occupational accidents with biological material among professionals that work in clinical analysis laboratories. Methods: this descriptive study was conducted in clinical analysis laboratories at two teaching hospitals in Goiânia/GO, Brazil. Results: considering 81 professionals interviewed, 9 (11,1%) had not been vaccinated against hepatitis B; 45 (55,5%) referred accident with biological material; being 36 (80%) exposed to percutaneous injuries and 9 (20%) to mouth and ocular mucosa splashes; 22 (48,9%) subjects did not notify any accidents, and one worker was infected by the hepatitis B virus after the accident. The main causes attributed to accident occurrence included inadequate or lack of personal protective equipment, work overload, self confidence and insufficient piercing and cutting material collectors. Conclusion: the high prevalence of accidents, allied to insufficient notification, can cause serious damage to professionals and institutions. This deserves urgent efforts to implement an accident prevention and health promotion program.

Administracion de nutricion a traves de sonda nasogastrica: problemas comunes e intervenciones de enfermeria / Nutrition administration through nasogastric tube: common problems and nursing intervention

La alimentación a través de sonda nasogástrica es un procedimiento con frecuencia realizado por el enfermero quien debe estar capacitado no sólo para la ejecución de la técnica de inserción de la sonda y administración de la dieta, sino también, para intervenir ante las complicaciones. Este es un estudio descriptivo cuyo objetivo fue el de identificar, averiguar, entre pacientes hospitalizados que recibían alimentación a través de la sonda nasogástrica, las complicaciones presentadas e identificar las intervenciones efectuadas frente a estas complicaciones. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de una entrevista a 85 pacientes y a través de la consulta de sus historias clínicas. Las complicaciones más frecuentes encontradas fueron las gastrointestinales seguidas de las mecánicas (salida y obstrucción de la sonda). La mayoría de las intervenciones de enfermería estuvieron relacionadas con la disminución de la velocidad de infusión y suspensión de la dieta, inserción de otra sonda, cuidados de higiene y comodidad del paciente

Conhecimento de gestantes acerca dos sinais e sintomas do início do trabalho de parto / Expectant mothers' knowledge of the signs and symptoms of the onset of labor

Este trabalho tem como finalidade identificar o conhecimento das gestante acerca dos sinais e sintomas do início do trabalho de parto. Foi realizado em uma maternidade do município de Ribeirão Preto, onde a população assistida, gestantes de baixo risco, é dependente do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), em 2001. Para identificar o conhecimento da gestante, foi aplicado um formulário (perguntas abertas e check-list), o qual foi respondido por 30 gestantes de acordo com o seu conhecimento na primeira consulta pré-natal na referida maternidade, na segunda consulta subseqüente e na admissão para resolução da gravidez. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria das gestantes, apesar de conhecer os sinais de início de trabalho de parto, fica ansiosa e, muitas vezes, adianta a ida à maternidade