Fluid overload: clinical outcomes in pediatric intensive care unit

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of fluid overload related to mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy, and evolution to discharge or death in critically ill children. Methods A retrospective study in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit for two years. Patients who required invasive ventilatory support and vasopressor and/or inotropic medications were considered critically ill. Results 70 patients were included. The mean age was 6.8 ± 6 years. There was a tolerable increase in fluid overload during hospitalization, with a median of 2.45% on the first day, 5.10% on the third day, and 8.39% on the tenth day. The median fluid overload on the third day among those patients in pressure support ventilation mode was 4.80% while the median of those who remained on controlled ventilation was 8.45% (p = 0.039). Statistical significance was observed in the correlations between fluid overload measurements on the first, third, and tenth days of hospitalization and the beginning of renal replacement therapy (p = 0.049) and between renal replacement therapy and death (p = 0.01). The median fluid overload was 7.50% in patients who died versus 4.90% in those who did not die on the third day of hospitalization (p = 0.064). There was no statistically significant association between death and the variables sex or age. Conclusions The fluid overload on the third day of hospitalization proved to be a determinant for the clinical outcomes of weaning from mechanical ventilation, initiation of renal replacement therapy, discharge from the intensive care unit, or death among these children.

High and low-fidelity simulation for respiratory diseases pediatric training: a prospective and randomized study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare high and low-fidelity simulations for the recognition of respiratory distress and failure in urgency and emergency pediatric scenarios. METHODS: 70 fourth-year medical students were randomly distributed in high and low-fidelity groups and simulated different types of respiratory problems. Theory tests, performance checklists, and satisfaction and self-confidence questionnaires were used in the assessment. Face-to-face simulation and memory retention was applied. The statistics were evaluated by averages and quartiles, Kappa, and generalized estimating equations. The p-value was considered 0.05. RESULTS: In the theory test there was an increase in scores in both methodologies (p < 0.001); in memory retention (p = 0.043) and at the end of the process the high-fidelity group had better results. The performance in the practical checklists was better after the second simulation (p > 0,05). The high-fidelity group felt more challenged in both phases (p = 0.042; p = 0.018) and showed greater self-confidence to recognize changes in clinical conditions and in memory retention (p = 0.050). The same group, in relation to the hypothetical real patient to be treated in the future, felt better confident to recognize respiratory distress and failure (p = 0.008; p = 0.004), and better prepared to make a systematic clinical evaluation of the patient in memory retention (p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: The two levels of simulations enhance diagnostic skills. High fidelity improves knowledge, leads the student to feel more challenged and more self-confident in recognizing the severity of the clinical case, including memory retention, and showed benefits regarding self-confidence in recognizing respiratory distress and failure in pediatric cases.

Fluid overload: clinical outcomes in pediatric intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of fluid overload related to mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy, and evolution to discharge or death in critically ill children. METHODS: A retrospective study in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit for two years. Patients who required invasive ventilatory support and vasopressor and/or inotropic medications were considered critically ill. RESULTS: 70 patients were included. The mean age was 6.8 ± 6 years. There was a tolerable increase in fluid overload during hospitalization, with a median of 2.45% on the first day, 5.10% on the third day, and 8.39% on the tenth day. The median fluid overload on the third day among those patients in pressure support ventilation mode was 4.80% while the median of those who remained on controlled ventilation was 8.45% (p = 0.039). Statistical significance was observed in the correlations between fluid overload measurements on the first, third, and tenth days of hospitalization and the beginning of renal replacement therapy (p = 0.049) and between renal replacement therapy and death (p = 0.01). The median fluid overload was 7.50% in patients who died versus 4.90% in those who did not die on the third day of hospitalization (p = 0.064). There was no statistically significant association between death and the variables sex or age. CONCLUSIONS: The fluid overload on the third day of hospitalization proved to be a determinant for the clinical outcomes of weaning from mechanical ventilation, initiation of renal replacement therapy, discharge from the intensive care unit, or death among these children.

High and low-fidelity simulation for respiratory diseases pediatric training: a prospective and randomized study

Abstract Objective: To compare high and low-fidelity simulations for the recognition of respiratory distress and failure in urgency and emergency pediatric scenarios. Methods: 70 fourth-year medical students were randomly distributed in high and low-fidelity groups and simulated different types of respiratory problems. Theory tests, performance checklists, and satisfaction and self-confidence questionnaires were used in the assessment. Face-to-face simulation and memory retention was applied. The statistics were evaluated by averages and quartiles, Kappa, and generalized estimating equations. The p-value was considered 0.05. Results: In the theory test there was an increase in scores in both methodologies (p < 0.001 ); in memory retention (p = 0.043) and at the end of the process the high-fidelity group had better results. The performance in the practical checklists was better after the second simulation (p > 0,05). The high-fidelity group felt more challenged in both phases (p = 0.042; p = 0.018) and showed greater self-confidence to recognize changes in clinical conditions and in memory retention (p = 0.050). The same group, in relation to the hypothetical real patient to be treated in the future, felt better confident to recognize respiratory distress and failure (p = 0.008; p = 0.004), and better prepared to make a systematic clinical evaluation of the patient in memory retention (p = 0.016). Conclusion: The two levels of simulations enhance diagnostic skills. High fidelity improves knowledge, leads the student to feel more challenged and more self-confident in recognizing the severity of the clinical case, including memory retention, and showed benefits regarding self-confidence in recognizing respiratory distress and failure in pediatric cases.

Increased Home Death Due to Cardiopulmonary Arrest in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic. / Aumento de Óbitos Domiciliares devido a Parada Cardiorrespiratória em Tempos de Pandemia de COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases constitute an important group of causes of death in the country. Ischemic heart diseases that are the main causes of cardiopulmonary arrest, leading to an impact on the mortality of the cardiovascular diseases in the health system. OBJECTIVE: Assess the number of home deaths by cardiopulmonary arrest notified by the Mobile Emergency Medical Service (SAMU) in March 2018, 2019 and 2020. METHODS: Observational study carried out from the analysis of cardiopulmonary arrest mortality data of citizens assisted by SAMU in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Social and clinical characteristics and occurrence information of the patients were analyzed. The mortality rate due to cardiopulmonary arrest in relation to the total number of attendances was assessed. A significance level of 95% was considered. RESULTS: There was increase of home deaths due to cardiopulmonary arrest in March 2020 compared to March 2018 (p<0.001) and March 2019 (p=0.050). Of the deaths reported in 2020, 63.8% of the patients were aged 60 years or older, 63.7% of the occurrences were performed in the afternoon and approximately 87% of the cardiopulmonary arrest notified had associated clinical comorbidities, with systemic arterial hypertension and heart failure represented by 22.87% and 13.03% of the reported cases, respectively. The majority of the evaluated sample of this study did not have any medical care follow-up (88.7%). CONCLUSION: Considering the increase in the number of the deaths, we suggest reflections and readjustments regarding the monitoring of chronic non-transmissible diseases during a pandemic, as well as improvements in death surveillance. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):266-271).

FUNDAMENTO: As doenças cardiovasculares constituem um grupo importante de causas de morte no Brasil. As doenças isquêmicas do coração são as principais causas de parada cardiorrespiratória, levando a um impacto na mortalidade devido às doenças cardiovasculares no sistema de saúde. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o número de óbitos domiciliares por parada cardiorrespiratória notificados pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) em março de 2018, 2019 e 2020. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo observacional realizado a partir da análise de dados de mortalidade por parada cardiorrespiratória de cidadãos atendidos pelo SAMU em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram analisadas as características sociais e clínicas e as informações de ocorrência. Foi avaliada a taxa de mortalidade por parada cardiorrespiratória em relação ao número total de atendimentos. Foi considerado um nível de significância de 95%. RESULTADOS: Houve um aumento nos óbitos domiciliares por parada cardiorrespiratória em março de 2020, em comparação com março de 2018 (p < 0,001) e março de 2019 (p = 0,050). Dos óbitos relatados em 2020, 63,8% dos pacientes tinham 60 anos ou mais; 63,7% das ocorrências foram à tarde e aproximadamente 87% dos casos de parada cardiorrespiratória notificados apresentavam comorbidades clínicas, com hipertensão arterial sistêmicas e parada cardíaca correspondendo a 22,87% e 13,03% dos casos relatados, respectivamente. A maioria da amostra avaliada deste estudo não teve acompanhamento médico (88,7%). CONCLUSÃO: Considerando o aumento do número de óbitos, sugerimos reflexões e reajustes quanto ao monitoramento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis durante a pandemia, bem como melhorias na vigilância dos óbitos. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):266-271).

Aumento de Óbitos Domiciliares devido a Parada Cardiorrespiratória em Tempos de Pandemia de COVID-19 / Increased Home Death Due to Cardiopulmonary Arrest in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic

Resumo Fundamento As doenças cardiovasculares constituem um grupo importante de causas de morte no Brasil. As doenças isquêmicas do coração são as principais causas de parada cardiorrespiratória, levando a um impacto na mortalidade devido às doenças cardiovasculares no sistema de saúde. Objetivo Avaliar o número de óbitos domiciliares por parada cardiorrespiratória notificados pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) em março de 2018, 2019 e 2020. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo observacional realizado a partir da análise de dados de mortalidade por parada cardiorrespiratória de cidadãos atendidos pelo SAMU em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram analisadas as características sociais e clínicas e as informações de ocorrência. Foi avaliada a taxa de mortalidade por parada cardiorrespiratória em relação ao número total de atendimentos. Foi considerado um nível de significância de 95%. Resultados Houve um aumento nos óbitos domiciliares por parada cardiorrespiratória em março de 2020, em comparação com março de 2018 (p < 0,001) e março de 2019 (p = 0,050). Dos óbitos relatados em 2020, 63,8% dos pacientes tinham 60 anos ou mais; 63,7% das ocorrências foram à tarde e aproximadamente 87% dos casos de parada cardiorrespiratória notificados apresentavam comorbidades clínicas, com hipertensão arterial sistêmicas e parada cardíaca correspondendo a 22,87% e 13,03% dos casos relatados, respectivamente. A maioria da amostra avaliada deste estudo não teve acompanhamento médico (88,7%). Conclusão Considerando o aumento do número de óbitos, sugerimos reflexões e reajustes quanto ao monitoramento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis durante a pandemia, bem como melhorias na vigilância dos óbitos. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):266-271)

Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases constitute an important group of causes of death in the country. Ischemic heart diseases that are the main causes of cardiopulmonary arrest, leading to an impact on the mortality of the cardiovascular diseases in the health system. Objective Assess the number of home deaths by cardiopulmonary arrest notified by the Mobile Emergency Medical Service (SAMU) in March 2018, 2019 and 2020. Methods Observational study carried out from the analysis of cardiopulmonary arrest mortality data of citizens assisted by SAMU in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Social and clinical characteristics and occurrence information of the patients were analyzed. The mortality rate due to cardiopulmonary arrest in relation to the total number of attendances was assessed. A significance level of 95% was considered. Results There was increase of home deaths due to cardiopulmonary arrest in March 2020 compared to March 2018 (p<0.001) and March 2019 (p=0.050). Of the deaths reported in 2020, 63.8% of the patients were aged 60 years or older, 63.7% of the occurrences were performed in the afternoon and approximately 87% of the cardiopulmonary arrest notified had associated clinical comorbidities, with systemic arterial hypertension and heart failure represented by 22.87% and 13.03% of the reported cases, respectively. The majority of the evaluated sample of this study did not have any medical care follow-up (88.7%). Conclusion Considering the increase in the number of the deaths, we suggest reflections and readjustments regarding the monitoring of chronic non-transmissible diseases during a pandemic, as well as improvements in death surveillance. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):266-271)

Covid-19: e-Learning as a tool for improving the knowledge / Covid-19: e-learning como ferramenta para melhoria do conhecimento

Abstract: Introduction: Preventing and fighting COVID-19 are of the utmost importance. In this context, the importance of using telemedicine tools has grown, including teleconsultations, epidemiological telemonitoring, remote diagnosis, support, and training of health professionals. Objective: This article aims to report the results of a distance-training course on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. We analyze the course adherence, the students' profile, pre, and post-test proficiency index and satisfaction with the course. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that evaluated data from the course on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. The data were analyzed in terms of distribution and comparisons of means and frequencies. A paired t-test was used to compare the pre and post-test grades. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Data were collected from the Moodle teaching platform, without identifying the participants. Results: From March 23 to May 14, the course was offered to 1,008 medical students and health care providers. Most were from the state of Minas Gerais, some from other Brazilian states, and Mozambique. The majority completed the course, with an 89.8% adherence. The evaluations related to the course, the tutors, the degree of satisfaction, and the security for the professional performance after the course obtained maximum scores. The comparison between the pre and post grades showed proficiency gain (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The course has contributed to the training of medical students and health professionals from Brazil and Mozambique. The organizing committee was able to prepare students and provide knowledge to professionals with difficulty to access good technical and evidence-based information. After the training, the students were selected to work on university projects aiming at supporting city halls, health departments, and the community.

Resumo: Introdução: A prevenção e o combate da Covid-19 são de extrema importância. Nesse contexto, a importância do uso de ferramentas de telemedicina tem crescido, incluindo teleconsultas, telemonitoramento epidemiológico, diagnóstico remoto, suporte e treinamento de profissionais de saúde. Objetivo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar os resultados de um curso de treinamento a distância que abordou aspectos relacionados ao Sars-CoV-2 e à Covid-19. Método: Analisaram-se os seguintes aspectos: adesão ao curso, perfil dos alunos, índice de proficiência pré e pós-teste e satisfação com o curso.Trata-se de um estudo transversal que avaliou os dados do curso sobre o Sars-CoV-2 e a Covid-19. Os dados foram analisados em termos de distribuição e comparação de médias e frequências. Um teste t pareado foi usado para comparar as notas do pré e do pós-teste. O valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado significativo.Coletaram-se os dados na plataforma de ensino Moodle, sem identificação dos participantes. Resultado: De 23 de março a 14 de maio de 2020, o curso foi oferecido a 1.008 estudantes de Medicina e profissionais de saúde. A maioria era de Minas Gerais, alguns de outros estados brasileiros e de Moçambique. A maioria concluiu o curso com 89,8% de adesão. As avaliações referentes ao curso, aos tutores, ao grau de satisfação e à segurança para o desempenho profissional após o curso obtiveram pontuação máxima. A comparação entre as séries pré e pós-teste mostrou ganho de proficiência (p < 0,0001). Conclusão: O curso tem contribuído para a formação de estudantes de Medicina e profissionais de saúde do Brasil e de Moçambique. A comissão organizadora conseguiu capacitar alunos e profissionais de saúde com dificuldade de acesso a boas informações técnicas e baseadas em evidências. Após a capacitação, os alunos foram selecionados para atuar em projetos universitários com o objetivo de apoiar prefeituras, secretarias de saúde e comunidade.

Implementation of Telehealth Resources in Primary Care in Brazil and Its Association with Quality of Care.

Background:Although several reviews on the relation between telemedicine and health care outcomes have pointed out some evidence, they have also underscored the need for further investigation.Introduction:Brazil has a national telehealth program implemented in 2007, involving teleconsulting and distance education actions in primary care.Objective:This study aims to describe the implementation of telehealth in primary care in Brazil and to identify if there is an association between telehealth and quality of care.Methods:A cross-sectional study analyzing data from interviews with 29,778 primary care team professionals in Brazil in 2014, which represents 92.5% of existing health care teams, on aspects of information technology, telehealth, and care was carried out. A multiple binary regression analysis was performed to study the associations between the extent of health care actions and using telehealth.Results:Of the 24,055 primary care units in Brazil where teams worked, only 50.1% (n: 12,055) had internet access, and 32.71% of teams claimed to be involved in telehealth actions in 2014. Between 2012 and 2014 there was an expansion in the use of telehealth resources in all regions of Brazil. The highest magnitude was observed for the association between employment of telehealth and improvement in child care (odds ratio [OR] = 2.09), followed by diabetes mellitus care (OR = 1.91), hypertension (OR = 1.89), and finally, women's health (OR = 1.86).

E-Learning and Simulation on a Pré-Hospital Emergency Course: A Participant’s Perspective / Curso de emergência utilizando E-learning e simulação: visão do participante

ABSTRACT The use of simulation and e-learning has increased considerably in healthcare related educational activities, enabling the acquisition of skills ethically and safely. The objective is to describe the design and evaluation of a semi-distance pre-hospital emergency course for physicians and nurses at the Public Health Department of Belo Horizonte City, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The course comprised 13 online lessons and ten stations, which used simulated scenarios. The participants answered a semi-structured questionnaire using the Likert scale to evaluate the course. Course participation included 203 (63.6%) physicians and 116 (36.4%) nurses; most physicians (72.1%) had finished their studies over five years prior to the study, and had little practice (72.9%) on advanced life support measures. The distance course was well evaluated in terms of general quality, video quality, use of images and animations and usability. The e-learning system was considered to be user friendly by doctors and nurses, and the practical activities were well rated. The course used methodology based on simulation and distance education, and received positive evaluations. The system was rated as good and easy to use.

RESUMO O uso da simulação e da educação a distância tem aumentado consideravelmente na área da saúde, permitindo o desenvolvimento de competências de forma ética e segura. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a concepção e a avaliação de um curso semipresencial de emergência pré-hospitalar para médicos e enfermeiros da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Belo Horizonte, Brasil. O curso a distância foi composto por 13 aulas, e a parte presencial por dez estações temáticas. Os participantes responderam a um questionário semiestruturado (escala de Likert) como forma de avaliar o curso. Participaram do curso 203 (63,6%) médicos e 116 (36,4%) enfermeiros. A maioria dos médicos (72,1%) tinha terminado seus estudos havia mais de cinco anos e tinha pouca prática (72,9%) em medidas de suporte avançado de vida. O curso a distância foi bem avaliado quanto a qualidade geral e dos vídeos, uso de imagens e animações, e usabilidade do sistema. A plataforma de ensino foi considerada amigável. A parte de simulação foi bem avaliada. O curso utilizou metodologia baseada em simulação e educação a distância, sendo bem avaliado. A plataforma de ensino foi classificada como boa e de fácil utilização.

Doença inflamatória intestinal na infância / Intestinal Inflamatory disease in childood

A incidência da doença inflamatória intestinal (DII) tem aumentado nos países ocidentais nos últimos anos. Classicamente ela é dividida em doença de Crohn e colite ulcerativa. As manifestações clínicas mais comuns são a dor abdominal, diarreia, perda de peso e sangue nas fezes. A inflamação intestinal reduz a absorção de nutrientes. Manifestações extraintestinais podem estar presentes. Deve ser realizada a pesquisa de imunodeficiência primária em crianças com diagnóstico de DII antes dos dois anos de idade. Os exames laboratoriais devem incluir triagem de inflamação aguda e/ou crônica, avaliação de anemia e estado nutricional. Exames endoscópicos e de fezes são necessários, principalmente antes do início do tratamento. O seguimento ambulatorial e a solicitação de exames complementares devem ser criteriosos. O tratamento é difícil por se tratar de uma doença crônica, com fases de recidiva e remissão. Os medicamentos apresentam efeitos adversos, algumas vezes graves. A visão mais atual da terapia da DII baseia-se na modificação da história natural da doença, com o objetivo de alcançar cicatrização da mucosa, redução das complicações da doença e melhora da qualidade de vida do paciente. É fundamental acompanhar o crescimento linear, o desenvolvimento muscular, esquelético e puberal. O pediatra geral deve estar atento para o diagnóstico, solicitando os exames complementares e avaliando a necessidade de encaminhamento para um gastroenterologista pediatra.(AU)

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in the Western countries has increased in recent years. Classically it is divided into Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. The most common clinical manifestations are abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss and blood in the stool. The intestinal inflammation reduces the absorption of nutrients, which increases susceptibility to micronutrient deficiency. extra-intestinal manifestations may be present. Primary immunodeficiency research in children diagnosed with IBD before two years of age should be performed. Laboratory tests should include screening of acute and/or chronic, evaluation of anemia and nutritional status. Endoscopic examinations and feces are needed, especially before the start of treatment. Outpatient follow-up and complementary tests should be judicious. Treatment is difficult because it is a chronic disease with phases of relapse and remission. The drugs have adverse effects sometimes severe. The most current view of IBD therapy is based on the modification of the natural history of the disease, with the goal of achieving mucosal healing, reducing complications of the disease and improve the patient's quality of life. It is essential to monitor the linear growth, muscle development, skeletal and pubertal. The general pediatrician should be aware of the diagnosis, requesting additional examinations and evaluating the need for referral to the pediatric gastroenterologist.(AU)

Avaliação do emprego de videoconferências para a capacitação à distância dos médicos das equipes de saúde da família dentro do projeto nacional telessaúde / Evaluation of the use of videoconferencing for distance training of doctors in the family health teams within the national telehealth project

Introdução: o Programa Nacional de Telessaúde visa à atualização e capacitação dos médicos das Equipes de Saúde da Família por meio de videoconferências (VCs), com potencial impacto na melhoria da atenção à saúde em locais remotos e redução do deslocamento dos pacientes. Ainda, propõe mais interação da atenção primária com centros especializados. Objetivos: apresentação e avaliação do emprego desse sistema de videoconferências, possibilitando melhor planejamento das ações do projeto. Métodos: analisados 916 questionários de avaliação/retroalimentação preenchidos pelos participantes ao término de 84 VCs de Medicina, no período de 2009 até 2013. As VCssão um braço do Projeto Nacional de Telessaúde e alcançam 50 municípios em Minas Gerais, sob a coordenação da FM-UFMG. Elas realizam-se via web, exigindo aparelhagem mínima no centro difusor e receptor. Resultados: no período do estudo, obteve-se média de 12,64 municípios e 19,42 conferencistas por VC. Destes, a média de médicos foi 12,97. Quanto aos parâmetros de qualidade das VC, alcançaram avaliação positiva (?ótimo? ou ?bom?) o som em apenas 62% delas e a qualidade de imagem em 84%. O tema foi considerado ?interessante? ou ?muito interessante? em 98%. Conclusões: as VCs têm se fortalecido como alternativa para instituições educacionais. Porém, a participação de conferencistas e municípios nesse projeto foi aquém da almejada. Análises comparativas com VCs de outras áreas revelam, ainda, reduzida adesão dos médicos. Entre os problemas detectados, especialmente quanto à qualidade do som, a baixa qualidade de internet nos municípios pode ter contribuído para esse resultado.

Introduction: the National Telehealth Program aims at updating and training doctors in the Family Health Teams by means of videoconferencing (VCs), with potential impact on improving the health care in remote locations and reducing the displacement of patients. In addition, it proposes increased primary care interaction with specialized centers. Objectives: presentation and evaluation of the use of the videoconferencing system allowing for better planning of action in the project. Methods: 916 evaluation /feedback questionnaires were analyzed, completed by participants at the end of 84 VCs in Medicine, between 2009 and 2013. The VCs are a branch of the National Telehealth Project and reach 50 municipalities in Minas Gerais under the coordination of the FM-UFMG. They are held via web, requiring minimal equipment in diffuser and receiver centers. Results: in the study period, an average of 12.64 municipalities and 19.42 speakers were identified. Of these, the average number of doctors was 12.97. The quality parameters achieved positive assessment (?great? or ?good?) in just 62% for the sound, and 84% for the image. The theme was considered ?interesting? or ?very interesting? by 98%. Conclusions: the VCs have been strengthened as an alternative to educational institutions. However, the participation of speakers and municipalities in this project was lessthan desired. The comparative analysis of VCs from other areas also reveals a reduced adhesion of doctors. Among the problems detected, especially regarding the sound quality, the low quality of internet connection in the municipalities may have contributed to this result.

Rede de Atenção: Urgências

Este material compõe a disciplina optativa "Rede de atenção: urgências" do Curso de Especialização Estratégia Saúde da Família (2014). Esta disciplina pretende propiciar o desenvolvimento do raciocínio e a aquisição de habilidades, visando melhorar a competência diante do atendimento a pacientes graves ou na eminência de um evento agudo em qualquer faixa etária, o que pode ocorrer em qualquer Unidade Básica de Saúde. O conteúdo da disciplina está distribuído em cinco seções: Seção 1: Fluxos na urgência - Seção 2: Atendimento inicial às urgências - Seção 3: Urgências clínicas - Seção 4: Primeiro atendimento ao trauma - Seção 5: Principais urgências neurológicas

Telessaúde: confidencialidade e consentimento informado / Telehealth: confidentiality and informed consent

A sociedade vivencia avanços na área da informática, com novos recursos que instrumentalizam a área da saúde e oferecem outras modalidades de atendimento. Apesar dos benefícios dessas inovações, os princípios éticos e legais devem ser preservados. Esta revisão da literatura pretende promover reflexão sobre a confidencialidade, privacidade, segurança e veracidade das informações nos serviços que utilizam a telessaúde. Foram pesquisadas as bases de dados Scielo e Lilacs para a busca de artigos publicados nos últimos 12 anos em português, espanhol ou inglês e que abordassem a confidencialidade e o consentimento nos atendimentos por meio da telessaúde. Para evitar a violação e garantir que o procedimento seja ético nas informações relativas à saúde, deve haver certificação eletrônica dos sistemas utilizados de acordo com padrões internacionais. Os usuários dos sistemas devem utilizar assinatura digital conferida por autoridade pública. O termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido deve ser assinado pelo paciente para a realização de teleconsultorias.

As our societies experience advances in the of information technology, new resources provide tools for the health sciences and create other forms of care. Despite the benefits of those innovations, ethical and legal principles must be observed. This literature review aims to stimulate a discussion on confidentiality, privacy, safety, and veracity of information on the services using telehealth systems. Scielo and Lilacs databases were researched for articles published in the last 12 years in Portuguese, Spanish, or English, which approached matters of confidentiality and consent in the services provided using telehealth systems. To avoid infringement and make sure procedures are ethical in their use of health related information, systems must be electronically certified according to international standards. System users must use digital signature verified by an authoritative public organ. Informed consent forms must be signed by patients before all teleconsultation.

Adesão ao tratamento de doenças crônicas em pediatria: uma revisão crítica da literatura / Adherence to treatment of chronic diseases in pediatrics: a critical literature review

O objetivo do estudo é apresentar revisão da literatura sobre os fatores relacionados à adesão e à não adesão a medicamentos prescritos para pacientes portadores de doenças crônicas prevalentes na faixa etária pediátrica. Foi realizada revisão crítica da literatura, tendo sido selecionados artigos referentes à não adesão, publicados nas bases de dados Medline e Lilacs, no período de 1999 a 2011. A porcentagem de adesão a diversos tipos de tratamento é variável, sendo encontrados dados na literatura, em relação a doenças crônicas, de 4,6 a 100% de adesão, podendo ser atribuída à dificuldade de padronização da definição de critérios utilizados para a avaliação, bem como a diversidade das amostras dos estudos. Vale destacar que a resposta a um tratamento vai além da sua eficácia clínica, o que impõe o conceito de não adesão. Adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso em doenças crônicas é tema complexo. Os profissionais de saúde devem estar atentos aos pacientes que não estão respondendo ao tratamento, reduzindo, desta forma, sequelas e comorbidades, assim como custos adicionais em saúde...

The aims of this study was to present a review of the literature on the factors related to adherence and no adherence to medications prescribed to patients with chronic diseases prevalent in the pediatric population. We performed a critical review of the literature, having been selected articles from non-compliance, published in Medline and Lilacs in the period 1999 to2011. The percentages of adherence to various types of treatment is variable, and find data in the literature in relation to chronic diseases from 4.6 to 100% compliance, which can be attributed to the difficulty in standardizing the definition of criteria used for evaluation, and the diversity of the study samples. Note that the response to treatment goes beyond the clinical efficacy, which imposes the concept of non-compliance. Adherence in chronic diseases is a complex issue. Health professionals should be alert to patients who are not responding totreatment, thus reducing sequel and comorbidities, as well as additional costs in health...

Novas recomendações para o atendimento ao paciente pediátrico gravemente enfermo / New recommendations for critically ill pediatric patient care

A American Heart Association publicou em outubro de 2010 uma nova versão das diretrizes para a reanimação cardiorrespiratória e emergência cardiovascular, visando garantir a alta qualidade da reanimação e otimização das condições clínicas do paciente com o retorno da circulação. Para o atendimento de urgências ou emergências na faixa etária pediátrica, o profissional de saúde deve receber treinamento específico e buscar atualizações frequentes, Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar e discutir as novas diretrizes para a faixa etária pediátrica. Foram realizadas revisão e análise crítica dos pontos mais importantes referentes ao suporte básico e avançado de vida em pediatria, As manobras de reanimação cardiorrespiratória devem ser instituídas rapidamente, de forma efetiva e com alta qualidade, ou seja, com compressões torácicas fortes e rápidas (mínimo de 100 compressões por minuto), permitindo retorno do tórax à posição inicial e com mínimas interrupções. A sequência de atendimento à parada mudou para "CAS", iniciando as manobras pela compressão torácica, a seguir abrindo vias aéreas e fornecendo ventilações. No suporte avançado algumas recomendações foram publicadas relativas ao monitoramento do paciente e das ações, oferta de oxigênio e doses de medicações. A assistência ao paciente pediátrico gravemente enfermo deve ser planejada pelos diversos serviços, sendo recomendada a elaboração de protocolos institucionais baseados nas melhores evidências. Os profissionais envolvidos devem receber treinamento com a utilização da simulação, práticas de vivência emocional e trabalho em equipe...

American Heart Association published last October new guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care, aimed at ensuring the high quality of resuscitation and optimization of clinical conditions regarding the patients return circulation. For urgent or emergency care in pediatric patients, health professionals should receive specific training and get frequent updates. This articte aims to present and discuss the new guidelines for pediatric patients. It also reviews and offers the critica I analysis of the most important sup- port for the basic and advanced life support in pediatrics. The cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be instituted quickly, effectively and with high quality, i.e., hard and fast chest compres- sions (at least 100 compressions per minute), allowing the chest return to the starting position, and with minimal interruptions. The sequence for cardiopulmonary resuscitation changed to "CAB" maneuvers starting by chest compression, then opening the airway and providing ventilation. In advanced support some recommendations were published on monitoring and actions for ill pediatric patient, oxygen supply and doses of medications. The assistance to critically ill pediatric patient should be planned by several services and the development of local protocols based on literature data should be recommended. The professionals involved should be trained using of simulation, practicing emotiona! experience and teamwork...

Trombose de veia porta em crianças e adolescentes: revisão de literatura / Portal vein thrombosis in children and adolescents: literature review

Trombose de veia porta (TVPO) refere-se à obstrução total ou parcial do fluxo sanguíneo nessa localização, secundária à formação de trombos, Essa entidade se mostra importante na faixa etária pediátrica, por ser causa importante de hipertensão porta, com elevadas taxas de morbidade devido à sua principal complicação - a hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA). Aproximadamente 79% das crianças com diagnóstico de trombo- se de veia porta apresentarão ao menos um episódio de HDA. A etiologia da trombose é variada e, na maioria dos casos, há associação de fatores locais e sistêmicos, sendo o cateterismo umbilical o principal fator etiológico encontrado em crianças. A importância dos distúrbios de coagulação entre esses fatores está se tornando mais acentuada à medida que novos estudos e métodos diagnósticos são disponibilizados. O tratamento varia de acordo com a forma de apresentação - aguda ou crônica - e com a existência ou não de complicações associadas à TVPO, No quadro agudo a anticoagulação está indicada na maioria dos casos, enquanto no quadro crônico sua indicação acontece geralmente quando há trombofilias associadas, Na evolução crônica, o tratamento se direciona às complicações decorrentes da hipertensão porta secundária à TVPO.

Portal Vein Thrombosis (PVT) refers to a total or partial obstruction of the blood flow in this location, secondary to a thrombus tormation.': 2 PVT is important in the pediatric age group because it is one of lhe most frequent causes of portal hypertension, with high morbidity rates due to its main complicalion - the upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Approximately 79% of lhe children diagnosed with PVT will show at least one episode of upper gastrointestinal bleeding during their lives. The etiology of portal vein lhrombosis is varied and, in most cases, there is an associalion of local and systemic tactors, and lhe umbilical calheterization is lhe main etiological tactor found in children. The importance of coagulation disorders among these factors is becoming greater as new studies and diagnostic methods are available. Treatment varies according to the form of presentation - acute or chronic - and the presence or absence of complications associated with PVT. In acute thrombosis, anticoagulation is indicated in most cases, while in the chronic condition is usually indicated when the patient has thrombophilia.In chronic disease, treatment is directed at complications of portal hypertension secondary to PVT.