Two new crane fly species of the subgenus Vestiplex Bezzi, 1924 (Diptera, Tipulidae, Tipula) from Yunnan and Sichuan, China, with a key to species in the immota species group.

Two new crane fly species, Tipula (Vestiplex) gongdangensissp. nov. and T. (V.) dechangensissp. nov. are described and illustrated based on materials collected in the Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, China. A key is provided to distinguish males of the new species from those of other species in the T. (V.) immota Alexander, 1935 species group which is proposed here for the first time.

Redescriptions of the poorly known crane fly species Tipula (Vestiplex) scandens and Tipula (Vestiplex) subscripta from Tibet and Yunnan, China (Diptera, Tipulidae).

Tipula (Vestiplex) scandens Edwards, 1928 and Tipula (Vestiplex) subscripta Edwards, 1928 were both briefly described based on single specimens and lacked illustration in the original literature. In the present paper, these two species are redescribed with new illustrations of additional morphological features based on type and non-type specimens.

Four new crane fly species of subgenus Tipula (Vestiplex) (Diptera, Tipulidae) from China.

Four new crane fly species of subgenus Tipula (Vestiplex) Bezzi, 1924, T. (V.) borthi sp. nov. (Sichuan, Qinghai and Gansu provinces, erectiloba species group), T. (V.) maoxianensis sp. nov. (Sichuan province, virgatula species group), T. (V.) xinduqiaoensis sp. nov. and T. (V.) auriculatalobata sp. nov. (Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, divisotergata species group) are described and illustrated. The newly described species can be separated using the identification keys provided for local species of the erectiloba, virgatula and divisotergata groups.

Tipula (Vestiplex) butvilai sp. nov., a new crane fly (Diptera, Tipulidae) from Yunnan, China.

A new crane fly, Tipula (Vestiplex) butvilaisp. nov., is described and illustrated based on new material collected in the Nu Jiang Valley of Yunnan Province, China. The hypopygium for the most closely related species, Tipula (Vestiplex) testata Alexander, 1935, is also illustrated. A key is provided to distinguish males of the new species from those of other species in the T. (V.) bicornigera Alexander, 1938 species group.

A new species of Tipulodina (Diptera, Tipulidae) from China, with description of the female internal reproductive system.

A new species of the genus Tipulodina Enderlein, 1912, Tipulodinabifurcata Xue & Men, sp. nov. (Guangxi, South China) is described and illustrated. A key to the known species in China is provided. The morphological description of the female internal reproductive system of the new species is provided, which represents the first description for this genus.

Description of two new species in long-horned crane fly subgenus Tipula (Sivatipula) (Diptera: Tipulidae) from China.

Two new species of subgenus Tipula (Sivatipula) Alexander, 1964, T. (S.) multidentata sp. nov. (southern China: Guizhou) and T. (S.) tergatruncata sp. nov. (southern China: Chongqing) are described and illustrated.

Mitochondrial DNA markers reveal high genetic diversity and strong genetic differentiation in populations of Dendrolimus kikuchii Matsumura (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae).

Dendrolimus kikuchii Matsumura, 1927 is a serious forest pest causing great damage to coniferous trees in China. Despite its economic importance, the population genetics of this pest are poorly known. We used three mitochondrial genes (COI, COII and Cytb) to investigate the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of 15 populations collected from the main distribution regions of D. kikuchii in China. Populations show high haplotype and nucleotide diversity. Haplotype network and phylogenetic analysis divides the populations into three major clades, the central and southeastern China (CC+SEC) clade, the eastern China (EC) clade, and the southwestern China (SWC) clade. Populations collected from adjacent localities share the same clade, which is consistent with the strong relationship of isolation by distance (r = 0.74824, P = 0.00001). AMOVA analysis indicated that the major portion of this molecular genetic variation is found among the three groups of CC+SEC, EC and SWC (61.26%). Of 105 pairwise FST comparisons, 93 show high genetic differentiation. Populations of Puer (PE), Yangshuo (YS) and Leishan (LS) are separated from other populations by a larger genetic distance. Distributions of pairwise differences obtained with single and combined gene data from the overall populations are multimodal, suggesting these populations had no prior population expansion in southern China. The nonsignificant neutral test on the basis of Tajima' D and Fu's Fs, and the lack of a star-shaped haplotype network together with the multiple haplotypes support this hypothesis. Pleistocene climatic fluctuations, combined with the host specificity to Pinus species, made these regions of south China into a refuge for D. kikuchii. The high level of population genetic structuring is related to their weak flight capacity, their variations of life history and the geographic distance among populations.

Two new species of Tipula (Vestiplex) from Southern China based on morphological and molecular data, with redescription of Tipula (Vestiplex) bicalcarata (Diptera, Tipulidae, Tipulinae).

Two new species of subgenus Tipula (Vestiplex) Bezzi, 1924, Tipula (Vestiplex) leigongshanensis Men & Young, sp. n. and Tipula (Vestiplex) maoershanensis Men & Young, sp. n. are described and illustrated. Tipula (Vestiplex) bicalcarata Savchenko, 1965 is redescribed and illustrated based on additional morphological characters. Partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences of these three species are provided. Pairwise genetic distances among two new species and related species, Tipula (Vestiplex) bicalcarata, Tipula (Vestiplex) coxitalis Alexander, 1935, and Tipula (Vestiplex) sternotuberculata Alexander, 1935 range from 0.028 to 0.091 using Kimura-2-parameter model. Diagnostic features of the sperm pump for taxonomic use are discussed.

New species of subgenus Tipula (Sivatipula) from China, with redescription of T. (S.) parvauricula and a key to all known species of the Oriental Region (Diptera, Tipulidae, Tipula).

Species of Tipula (Sivatipula) biprocessa sp. n. from Guangxi, China is described and illustrated as new in the subgenus Tipula (Sivatipula) Alexander, 1964. Tipula (Sivatipula) parvauricula Alexander, 1941 is redescribed and illustrated based on additional morphological characters. Semen pump of this subgenus is discussed. A key to all described species in this group is compiled.

Two new species of the genus Nephrotoma (Diptera, Tipuloidea, Tipulidae) from China with a key to species from Mainland China.

Nephrotoma liankangensis sp. n. and Nephrotoma pseudoliankangensis sp. n. are described from males and females collected from Henan and Yunnan provinces, China. Morphological descriptions and illustrations for the new species are provided. A key to known species from mainland China is provided. Some internal reproductive structures, including male semen pump, female vaginal apodeme and spermatheca, are described and compared. The possible usefulness of these internal reproductive structures for separating related species is analyzed. The type specimens are deposited in the animal specimen room, School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anhui Province, China.

One new species of the subgenus Hexatoma (Eriocera) Macquart (Diptera, Limoniidae) from China with a key to Chinese species.

One new species of the subgenus Eriocera Macquart, 1838, Hexatoma (Eriocera) cleopatroides Men, sp. n. (Southern China: Anhui) is described and illustrated. A key to all of 78 known species from China in the subgenus is provided, which was solely based on literatures. The new species is similar to Hexatoma (Eriocera) cleopatra Alexander, 1933, but distinguishes from the latter by the prescutum entirely black with two ill-defined gray stripes, by the legs with fore and middle femora brown in basal half, black in apical half, with hind femora brown in basal one-fourth, and by the wings with cells c and sc more yellowish brown than the ground color.

A new species of the genus Ctenophora Meigen (Diptera: Tipuloidea: Tipulidae) from China, with a key to the world species.

One new species of the genus Ctenophora Meigen, 1803, C. fumosa Men, sp. nov. (southern China: Anhui) is described and illustrated. A key to known species along with a checklist of known species of the genus Ctenophora are provided. The type specimens of the new species are deposited in the animal specimen room, School of Life Science, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui Province, China.