Efficacy and safety of adjustable suture in horizontal strabismus: Comparative study of children versus adults.

OBJECTIVE: Adjustable suture procedures allow addressing the unpredictability of some postoperative results in strabismus surgery. The purpose of the study was to compare the effectiveness of adjustable and non-adjustable suture in the treatment of horizontal strabismus in children and adults. METHODS: Prospective study including patients undergoing strabismus surgery to correct horizontal strabismus with fixed hanging suture (non-adjustable suture group) and adjustable suture. Visual acuity, amblyopia, deviation, oblique muscle involvement, previous surgeries, nystagmus, need for adjustment, and complications were recorded. The variables were recorded in the immediate postoperative period, at one week and at 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: 186 patients were included: 157 (84.4%) with adjustable suture and 29 (15.6%) with non-adjustable suture, of which 119 were children and 67 were adults. Postoperatively, 19 children (16.0%) and 19 adults (28.4%) required adjustment (p = 0.044). Of 157 patients with adjustable suture, it was adjusted in 20% (32/157). Success after adjustment was higher for adjustable suture (91.72% vs 79.31%; p = 0.043) and remained for 6 months (p < 0.05). Previous surgery (p = 0.004) and exotropia (p = 0.018) correlated with the need for adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: 20% of patients with horizontal strabismus can benefit from a postoperative adjustment to improve the surgical result. The adjustable suture was shown to be superior to the fixed hanging suture and is an excellent surgical option, both in children and adults.

Facile Synthesis of Unsupported Pd Aerogel for High Performance Formic Acid Microfluidic Fuel Cell.

In this work, unsupported Pd aerogel catalysts were synthesized for the very first time by using microwaves as a heating source followed by a lyophilization drying process and used towards formic acid electro-oxidation in a microfluidic fuel cell. Aerogels were also made by heating in a conventional oven to evaluate the microwave effect during the synthesis process of the unsupported Pd aerogels. The performance of the catalysts obtained by means of microwave heating favored the formic acid electro-oxidation with H2SO4 as the electrolyte. The aerogels' performance as anodic catalysts was carried out in a microfluidic fuel cell, giving power densities of up to 14 mW cm-2 when using mass loads of only 0.1 mg on a 0.019 cm2 electrode surface. The power densities of the aerogels obtained by microwave heating gave a performance superior to the resultant aerogel prepared using conventional heating and even better than a commercial Pd/C catalyst.

Estimación de costos unitarios directos de atención curativa de dengue en Ecuador 2020 / Estimate of direct unit costs of curative Dengue care in Ecuador 2020

El dengue es una enfermedad viral aguda transmitida a través de la picadura del mosquito (artrópodo) Aedes aegypti infectado con cualquiera de los serotipos de virus dengue. Son virus envueltos, de 40 a 50 nm de diámetro, con cápside icosaédrica y genoma de ácido ribonucleico (ARN) monocatenario, no segmentado, de polaridad positiva perteneciente al género flavivirus de la familia Flaviviridae. El análisis filogenético de las distintas cepas del virus dengue indica que la diseminación global ha dado lugar a distintos genotipos dentro de cada serotipo. En el quinquenio 2015-2020, en Ecuador, se notificaron en toda la región 76.085 casos de dengue. La atención unitaria hospitalaria para el tratamiento del dengue de las unidades de atención sanitaria hospitalarias (A, B, C), generaron un costo total promedio de 498,04 $ con una desviación estándar de ± 40,36, en el Ecuador para el año 2020. Cabe considerar, por otra parte, que el costo unitario directo promedio en ($) de la atención sanitaria en las entidades hospitalarias estudiadas en la presente investigación, generanron un gasto total para el tratamiento hospitalario de 9.585.114,02. Al mismo tiempo en los 2.135 pacientes diagnosticados con dengue que presentaron signos de alarma y requirieron cuatro días de hospitalización, señalando un gasto total para el tratamiento de 1.471.385,06. Por su parte los 51 pacientes que fueron diagnosticados con dengue grave, generaron un costo unitario total en las unidades hospitalarias de 134.152,54. Los resultados son conservadores, porque algunos componentes importantes no se incluyeron en los costos relacionados con el dengue.En ausencia de vacunación, y siendo los programas de control del vector la estrategia básica para mitigar la propagación del dengue, esta enfermedad seguirá produciendo una carga económica y social considerable en el Ecuador, lo que se refleja en el costo total de la enfermedad(AU)

Dengue is an acute viral disease transmitted through the bite of the mosquito (arthropod) Aedes aegypti infected with any of the dengue virus serotypes. They are enveloped viruses, 40 to 50 nm in diameter, with an icosahedral capsid and a single-stranded, non-segmented ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome of positive polarity belonging to the genus Flavivirus of the Flaviviridae family. Phylogenetic analysis of the different dengue virus strains indicates that global spread has given rise to different genotypes within each serotype. In the five-year period 2015-2020, in Ecuador, 76,085 cases of dengue were reported throughout the region. The hospital unit care for the treatment of dengue in the hospital health care units (A, B, C), generated an average total cost of $ 498.04 with a standard deviation of ± 40.36, in Ecuador for the year 2020. It should be considered, on the other hand, that the average direct unit cost in ($) of health care in the hospital entities studied in the present investigation, generated a total cost for hospital treatment of 9,585,114.02. At the same time, in the 2,135 patients diagnosed with dengue who presented alarm signs and required four days of hospitalization, indicating a total cost for treatment of 1,471,385.06. On the other hand, the 51 patients who were diagnosed with severe dengue, generated a total unit cost in the hospital units of 134,152.54. The results are conservative, because some important components were not included in the costs related to dengue. In the absence of vaccination, and with vector control programs the basic strategy to mitigate the spread of dengue, this disease will continue to produce an economic burden and considerable social in Ecuador, which is reflected in the total cost of the disease(AU)

Parameters and functional analysis of the deep epaxial muscles in the thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions of the equine spine.

The epaxial muscles produce intervertebral rotation in the transverse, vertical and axial axes. These muscles also counteract the movements induced by gravitational and inertial forces and movements produced by antagonistic muscles and the intrinsic muscles of the pelvic limb. Their fascicles are innervated by the dorsal branch of the spinal nerve, which corresponds to the metamere of its cranial insertion in the spinous process. The structure allows the function of the muscles to be predicted: those with long and parallel fibres have a shortening function, whereas the muscles with short and oblique fibres have an antigravity action. In the horse, the multifidus muscle of the thoracolumbar region extends in multiple segments of two to eight vertebral motion segments (VMS). Functionally, the multifidus muscle is considered a spine stabiliser, maintaining VMS neutrality during spine rotations. However, there is evidence of the structural and functional heterogeneity of the equine thoracolumbar multifidus muscle, depending on the VMS considered, related to the complex control of the required neuromuscular activity. Osteoarticular lesions of the spine have been directly related to asymmetries of the multifidus muscle. The lateral (LDSM) and medial (MDSM) dorsal sacrocaudal muscles may be included in the multifidus complex, the function of which is also unclear in the lumbosacral region. The functional parameters of maximum force (Fmax ), maximum velocity of contraction (Vmax ) and joint moment (M) of the multifidus muscles inserted in the 4th, 9th, 12th and 17th thoracic and 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae of six horses were studied postmortem (for example: 4MT4 indicates the multifidus muscle that crosses four metameres with cranial insertion in the T4 vertebra). Furthermore, the structural and functional characteristics of LDSM and MDSM were determined. Data were analysed by analysis of variance (anova) in a randomised complete block design (P ≤ 0.05). For some muscles, the ordering of Vmax values was almost opposite to that of Fmax values, generally indicating antigravity or dynamic functions, depending on the muscle and VMS. The muscles 3MT12, 3ML3 and 4ML4 exhibited high Fmax and low Vmax values, indicating a stabilising action. The very long 7MT4 and 8MT4 multifidus had low Fmax and high Vmax values, suggesting a shortening action. However, some functional characteristics of interest did not fall within these general observations, also indicating a dual action. In summary, the results of the analysis of various structural and functional parameters confirm the structural and functional heterogeneity of the equine thoracolumbar multifidus complex, depending on the VMS, regardless of the number of metameres crossing each fascicle. To clarify the functions of the equine multifidus muscle complex, this study aimed to assess its functional parameters in thoracolumbar VMSs with different movement characteristics and in the MDSM and LDSM muscles, hypothesising that the functional parameters vary significantly when the VMS is considered.

Risk Factors of Mortality After Liver Transplantation in Uruguay.

INTRODUCTION: Identification of predictive factors of mortality in a liver transplant (LT) program optimizes patient selection and allocation of organs. OBJECTIVE: To determine survival rates and predictive factors of mortality after LT in the National Liver Transplant Program of Uruguay. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted analyzing data prospectively collected into a multidisciplinary database. All patients transplanted since the beginning of the program on July 2009 to April 2017 were included (n = 148). Twenty-nine factors were analyzed through the univariate Kaplan-Meier model. A Cox regression model was used in the multivariate analysis to identify the independent prognostic factors for survival. RESULTS: Overall survival was 92%, 87%, and 78% at discharge, 1 year, and 3 years, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves were significantly lower in: recipients aged >60 years, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score >21, LT due to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and acute liver failure (ALF), donors with comorbidities, intraoperative blood loss beyond the median (>2350 mL), red blood cell transfusion requirement beyond the median (>1254 mL), intraoperative complications, delay of extubation, invasive bacterial, and fungal infection after LT and stay in critical care unit >4 days. The Cox regression model (likelihood ratio test, P = 1.976 e-06) identified the following independent prognostic factors for survival: LT for HCC (hazard ratio [HR] 4.511; P = .001) and ALF (HR 6.346; P = .004), donors with comorbidities (HR 2.354; P = .041), intraoperative complications (HR 2.707; P = .027), and invasive fungal infections (HR 3.281; P = .025). CONCLUSION: The survival rates of LT patients as well as the mortality-associated factors are similar to those reported in the international literature.

Structural and functional characteristics of the thoracolumbar multifidus muscle in horses.

The multifidus muscle fascicles of horses attach to vertebral spinous processes after crossing between one to six metameres. The fascicles within one or two metameres are difficult to distinguish in horses. A vertebral motion segment is anatomically formed by two adjacent vertebrae and the interposed soft tissue structures, and excessive mobility of a vertebral motion segment frequently causes osteoarthropathies in sport horses. The importance of the equine multifidus muscle as a vertebral motion segment stabilizer has been demonstrated; however, there is scant documentation of the structure and function of this muscle. By studying six sport horses postmortem, the normalized muscle fibre lengths of the the multifidus muscle attached to the thoracic (T)4, T9, T12, T17 and lumbar (L)3 vertebral motion segments were determined and the relative areas occupied by fibre types I, IIA and IIX were measured in the same muscles after immunohistochemical typying. The values for the normalized muscle fibre lengths and the relative areas were analysed as completely randomized blocks using an anova (P ≤ 0.05). The vertebral motion segments of the T4 vertebra include multifidus bundles extending between two and eight metameres; the vertebral motion segments of the T9, T12, T17 and L3 vertebrae contain fascicles extending between two and four metameres The muscle fibres with high normalized lengths that insert into the T4 (three and eight metameres) vertebral motion segment tend to have smaller physiological cross-sectional areas, indicating their diminished capacity to generate isometric force. In contrast, the significantly decreased normalized muscle fibre lengths and the increased physiological cross-sectional areas of the fascicles of three metameres with insertions on T9, T17, T12, L3 and the fascicles of four metameres with insertions on L3 increase their capacities to generate isometric muscle force and neutralize excessive movements of the vertebral segments with great mobility. There were no significant differences in the values of relative areas occupied by fibre types I, IIA and IIX. In considering the relative areas occupied by the fibre types in the multifidus muscle fascicles attached to each vertebral motion segment examined, the relative area occupied by the type I fibres was found to be significantly higher in the T4 vertebral motion segment than in the other segments. It can be concluded that the equine multifidus muscle in horses is an immunohistochemically homogeneous muscle with various architectural designs that have functional significance according to the vertebral motion segments considered. The results obtained in this study can serve as a basis for future research aimed at understanding the posture and dynamics of the equine spine.

Recommendations of the Spanish Brachytherapy Group of SEOR for HDR endoluminal treatments. Part 1: Oesophagus.

The endoesophageal brachytherapy technique provides good results in the treatment of oesophageal cancer, when indicated. In a consensus meeting, the Spanish Brachytherapy Group of SEOR and the Spanish Society of Medical Physics (SEFM) agreed on the indications, dose, fractionation schedule, prescription and reporting to be performed in endoesophageal brachytherapy. The results of this consensus are presented here as recommendations for medical practice.

[Serum microRNA-21 usefulness in inflammatory pathology of the colon]. / Utilidad de la determinación sérica de microRNA-21 en la enfermedad inflamatoria del colon.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs are 20-22 nucleotide molecular structures with post-transcriptional activity that are involved in the immune response, as well as in the inflammatory pathways of different cells and tissues. AIMS: We present herein a prospective study in which serum microRNA-21 expression was determined in patients diagnosed with acute appendicitis as a model of bowel inflammation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with acute appendicitis was conducted. Serum microRNA-21 was analyzed through the PCR of blood samples taken from the patients prior to surgery. MicroRNA-21 values were compared with the analytic variables (leukocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, prothrombin activity, glucose, urea, and creatinine) and the anatomopathologic variables (normal appendix, phlegmonous, gangrenous, and perforated acute appendicitis). RESULTS: A total of 60 patients with acute appendicitis diagnosis were consecutively included in the study from June to October 2009. Sixty-six percent of the patients were men (40 men and 20 women), with a mean age of 26.2±14.8 years. The mean absolute level of microRNA-21 was 24.8±0.93, whereas the mean microRNA-21 gene expression was 1.04±0.28. No correlation between the analytic and anatomopathologic parameters evaluated was observed (P=.47). CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to continue to search for the most appropriate microRNAs, so that their determination in serum can lead to greater precision in establishing the diagnosis and outcome of inflammatory disorders of the bowel.

Adaptive functional specialisation of architectural design and fibre type characteristics in agonist shoulder flexor muscles of the llama, Lama glama.

Like other camelids, llamas (Lama glama) have the natural ability to pace (moving ipsilateral limbs in near synchronicity). But unlike the Old World camelids (bactrian and dromedary camels), they are well adapted for pacing at slower or moderate speeds in high-altitude habitats, having been described as good climbers and used as pack animals for centuries. In order to gain insight into skeletal muscle design and to ascertain its relationship with the llama's characteristic locomotor behaviour, this study examined the correspondence between architecture and fibre types in two agonist muscles involved in shoulder flexion (M. teres major - TM and M. deltoideus, pars scapularis - DS and pars acromialis - DA). Architectural properties were found to be correlated with fibre-type characteristics both in DS (long fibres, low pinnation angle, fast-glycolytic fibre phenotype with abundant IIB fibres, small fibre size, reduced number of capillaries per fibre and low oxidative capacity) and in DA (short fibres, high pinnation angle, slow-oxidative fibre phenotype with numerous type I fibres, very sparse IIB fibres, and larger fibre size, abundant capillaries and high oxidative capacity). This correlation suggests a clear division of labour within the M. deltoideus of the llama, DS being involved in rapid flexion of the shoulder joint during the swing phase of the gait, and DA in joint stabilisation during the stance phase. However, the architectural design of the TM muscle (longer fibres and lower fibre pinnation angle) was not strictly matched with its fibre-type characteristics (very similar to those of the postural DA muscle). This unusual design suggests a dual function of the TM muscle both in active flexion of the shoulder and in passive support of the limb during the stance phase, pulling the forelimb to the trunk. This functional specialisation seems to be well suited to a quadruped species that needs to increase ipsilateral stability of the limb during the support phase of the pacing gait. Compared with other species, llama skeletal muscles are well suited for greater force generation combined with higher fatigue resistance during exercise. These characteristics are interpreted as being of high adaptive value, given the llama's habitat and its use as a pack animal.

Low-impact chemical weed control techniques in UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Cuba.

Dichrostachys cinerea is a thorny, acacia-like, fast-growing woody bush which invades fields, wasteland, road sides and other disturbed areas. This gregarious species has become a very aggressive invasive weed in Cuba, where no native predators or pathogens are found. It often encroaches in fallows, overgrazed areas and mismanaged veld. D. cinerea is a very difficult weed to eliminate because of its active suckering, and is liable to produce dense thickets which are quite impenetrable on account of the density and abundance of its long, stiff, sharp thorns. In the Valle de los Ingenios area (Cuba Central), the tree is unchecked and forms veritable forests in areas on which cane growing has been discontinued. Physical management by cutting and burning the plants is not a very efficient control method, since the seeds survive in the soil, and they grow very fast. Therefore, chemical methods via the use of herbicides are often necessary to eradicate this weed. A preliminary study using glyphosate and auxin-like herbicides (2,4-D + picloram, MCPA, and MCPA + 2,4-D) plus adjuvants has been carried out in order to elucidate the best mixtures rendering maximum weed control with minimum herbicide rate and environmental stress. None of the herbicides used except glyphosate and 2,4-D + picloram showed acceptable mortality rates (75-80%) at the recommended doses tested. In the failed herbicide treatments, only the use of double herbicide rates succeeded in controlling marabou. The herbicide mixture of 2,4-D + picloram formulated with either a non-ionic surfactant or a mixture of fatty acid esters was the best option to control D. cinerea in terms of maximum effectiveness and minimum environmental stress, as the reduction in active ingredients applied to the environment was x3 in these two adjuvant-amended formulations compared to 2,4-D + picloram alone.

[Manual single infusion of combined remifentanil and propofol for anesthesia during laparoscopic gynecology procedures: a case series]. / Infusión manual única de remifentanil y propofol para anestesia en cirugía laparoscópica ginecológica: serie de casos.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a single manual infusion technique for total intravenous anesthesia with remifentanil and propofol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive study of a series of 30 women classified as ASA 1 or 2 who received total intravenous anesthesia by means of a single manual infusion of a combination of remifentanil and propofol for laparoscopic gynecology procedures. The patients received 5 microg of remifentanil plus 2 mg of propofol per milliliter of normal saline solution. The rate of infusion was established according to remifentanil requirements and modified in accordance with the bispectral (BIS) index. RESULTS: Sufficient hemodynamic stability was maintained in all patients, with BIS values between 40 and 60. The average time until awakening was 5.2 minutes after the anesthetic infusion had been halted. CONCLUSIONS: Total intravenous anesthesia by means of a single manual infusion of remifentanil and propofol provided appropriate anesthetic and surgical conditions, with rapid, predictable awakening.

Giacomo Castelvetro's salads. Anti-HER2 oncogene nutraceuticals since the 17th century?

We are accumulating evidence to suggest that 17(th) century Renaissance foodways -largely based on the old "Mediterranean dietary traditions"- may provide new nutraceutical management strategies against HER2-positive breast cancer disease in the 21st century. Epidemiological and experimental studies begin to support the notion that "The Sacred Law of Salads" (i.e., "raw vegetables... plenty of generous (olive) oil") -originally proposed in 1614 by Giacomo Castelvetro in its book The Fruit, Herbs & Vegetables of Italy- might be considered the first (unintended) example of customised diets for breast cancer prevention based on individual genetic make-up (i.e., nutraceuticals against human breast carcinomas bearing HER2 oncogene amplification/overexpression). First, the so-called salad vegetables dietary pattern (i.e., a high consumption of raw vegetables and olive oil) appears to exert a protective effect mostly confined to the HER2-positive breast cancer subtype, with no significant influence on the occurrence of HER2-negative breast cancers. Second, all the main olive oil constituents (i.e., the omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acid oleic acid and polyphenolic compounds such as the secoiridoid oleuropein or the lignan 1-[+]-acetoxypinoresinol) dramatically reduce HER2 expression and specifically induce apoptotic cell death in cultured HER2- positive breast cancer cells, with marginal effects against HER2-negative cells. Third, an olive oil-rich diet negatively influences experimental mammary tumorigenesis in rats likewise decreasing HER2 expression levels. If early 1600s Castelvetro's salads can be used as dietary protocols capable to protecting women against biologically aggressive HER2-positive breast cancer subtypes is an intriguing prospect that warrants to be evaluated in human pilot studies in the future. Here, at least, we would like to recognise Giacomo Castelvetro as the father of modern nutritional genomics in oncology.

Peptidomimetics in cancer chemotherapy.

A summary of the current status of the application of peptidomimetics in cancer therapeutics as an alternative to peptide drugs is provided. Only compounds that are used in therapy or at least under clinical trials are discussed, using inhibitors of farnesyltransferase, proteasome and matrix metalloproteinases as examples.

[Intratesticular calcifications: clinical significance]. / Calcificaciones intratesticulares: significación clínica.

OBJECTIVE: [corrected] To evaluate the clinical-pathological significance of the intratesticular calcification. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed by scrotal U.S., transducer 6.5 Mhz, the patients that consulted about testicular painful, infertility or intrascrotal deformity. Biopsy was effectuated when detected size modification of testicles, and central or focal calcifications. Also was done the classics tumoral markers. We founds 16 patients with microlithiasis over 24 testicles with these pathology. Previous antecedents: infertility 6 cases, testicular devolvulations surgery 5c, bilateral orchidopexy 3c and unilateral epididymitis 2c. The calcifications was classified in: peripheric or central follow-up 26.4 months. RESULTS: Associated pathology: a) Bilateral cryptorchidism: 4 testicles. b) Testicular tumors: 5 testicles. These tumors were biopsed: 3 seminomas, 1 embryonary carcinoma and 1 ca in situ. Both with negative biologic markers. The association with testicular tumor had an incidence of 20.83%. The central localization was detected in the 5 tumors, while the peripheric were 4 testis (cryptorchidism) and 15 with aspect of "snow storm". Histopathologically was observed eosinophilic bodies, with calcified nucleus, but not a exclusive features. CONCLUSIONS: Is a benign condition, casual, whose clinical significance is a still enigma. The association with testicular tumor is 20.83% and associated pathology is 33%. We proposed a testicular biopsy in cases of microlithiasis focal, central or with previous pathology.

Automutilación genital: a proposito de un caso/ Revisión bibliográfica / Genital self mutilation: apropos of a case/ Bibliographic review

La automutilación genital es un fenómeno raro. En 1993 sólo se habían comunicado 70 casos en la literatura internacional. Existen también otras formas de mutilación que son aceptadas y justificadas cultural y religiosamente. La Mayoría de los casos de automutilación genital se registra en pacientes psicóticos, y el mayor porcentaje se da en aquellos con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia. Presentamos un caso de un paciente de 32 años, esquizofrénico, que ingresó por guardia a la Clínica, tras haberse autoamputado ambos testiculos. Se procedió a liogar ambos cordones espermáticos y se realizó una escrotoplastia que llegaba a la base del pene. La evaluación y tratamiento de estos pacientes requiere de la colaboración entre cirujanos y psiquiatras, dada la alta incidencia de recurrencia de nuevas mutilaciones e incluso el suicidio(AU)

Automutilación genital: a proposito de un caso/ Revisión bibliográfica / Genital self mutilation: apropos of a case/ Bibliographic review

La automutilación genital es un fenómeno raro. En 1993 sólo se habían comunicado 70 casos en la literatura internacional. Existen también otras formas de mutilación que son aceptadas y justificadas cultural y religiosamente. La Mayoría de los casos de automutilación genital se registra en pacientes psicóticos, y el mayor porcentaje se da en aquellos con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia. Presentamos un caso de un paciente de 32 años, esquizofrénico, que ingresó por guardia a la Clínica, tras haberse autoamputado ambos testiculos. Se procedió a liogar ambos cordones espermáticos y se realizó una escrotoplastia que llegaba a la base del pene. La evaluación y tratamiento de estos pacientes requiere de la colaboración entre cirujanos y psiquiatras, dada la alta incidencia de recurrencia de nuevas mutilaciones e incluso el suicidio

Isolation and sequence of the MIG1 homologue from the yeast Candida utilis.

The Mig1p repressor from the food yeast Candida utilis has been isolated using a homologous PCR hybridization probe. This probe was amplified with two sets of degenerate primers designed on the basis of highly conserved motifs in the DNA-binding region (zinc-finger domain) from yeast Mig1p and fungi CreA repressors. The cloned gene was sequenced and found to encode a polypeptide of 345 amino acids which shows significant identity with other yeast and fungus repressors in the DNA-binding domain and also with the yeast Mig1 proteins in the C-terminal region (effector domain). The MIG1 repressor gene from C. utilis was able to complement functionally the mig1 mutation of S. cerevisiae. The sequence presented here has been deposited in the EMBL data library under Accession No. AJ277830.

Molecular cloning of an alpha-glucosidase-like gene from Penicillium minioluteum and structure prediction of its gene product.

The dexC cDNA, which is expressed in dextran-containing medium by the filamentous fungus Penicillium minioluteum, was cloned and sequence characterized. The cDNA sequence comprises 1859 bp plus a poly (A) tail, coding for a predicted protein of 597 amino acids. The genomic counterpart was isolated by PCR, finding three introns in its sequence. The dexC gene was located by Southern blot in the same 9-kb fragment that the previously isolated dextranase-encoding gene (dexA). Sequence analysis revealed that the deduced DexC protein belongs to glycosyl hydrolase family 13, showing a high sequence identity (58%) with Aspergillus parasiticus alpha-1,6-glucosidase. In addition, the high sequence identity (51%) between DexC protein and oligo-1,6-glucosidase of Bacillus cereus, with three-dimensional (3D) structure determined, leads us to proposed a 3D model for the structural core of DexC protein.

Arteries of the hindfoot of the llama (Lama glama).

The objective of this study was to describe the arterial distribution of the hindfoot of the llama (Lama glama). Ten adult llamas, preserved in 6% formalin solution at 0 degree C, were dissected. The arterial system was perfused with a solution of 14% coloured plaster; the venous system was perfused with a solution of 17% coloured industrial gelatin. Angiographies were also obtained. In the llama, the arterial distribution is of the saphenous type and this simple sort of irrigation could be used as a didactic model. The caudal branch of the saphenous artery divides into the small lateral plantar artery and the larger medial plantar artery, which continues as the plantar common digital artery III, and it is the main blood supply of the hindfoot. The dorsal pedal artery is underdeveloped and the perforating tarsal artery does not exist in this species. The plantar common digital artery III divides into the plantar proper digital II, III and IV. Branches from the plantar proper digital artery III supply the digits. We compared the arterial distribution of the hindfoot of the llama with that of other domestic animals including the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

New method for the selection of multicopy transformants of Pichia pastoris, using 3-amino-1,2,4 triazol.

The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris has been successfully used for the expression of many heterologous proteins. The level of expression of some of these proteins depends on the copy number of the gene inserted into the yeast genome. Several methods have been reported in the past few years for the isolation of multicopy transformants. One of these methods used an expression vector that contains the bacterial kanamycin-resistance gene Tn903kanr, which confers resistance to G418. Here, we report a different selection method in a mutant strain of P. pastoris (his3-) based on the resistance to 3-amino-1,2,4 triazol, with a vector containing the HIS3 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using this selection method, we isolated here P. pastoris transformants containing several copies of the dextranase gene (dex) from Penicillium minioluteum.