RESUMEN
Demand for nonhuman primates in research has increased over the past several years, while nonhuman primate supply remains a challenge in the United States. Global nonhuman primate supply issues make it increasingly important to maximize domestic colony production. To explore how housing conditions across primate breeding colonies impact infant survival and animal production more broadly, we collected medical records from 7959 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and 492 pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) across seven breeding facilities and used generalized mixed-effect modeling to determine prenatal and infant survival odds by housing type and group size. Infant survival odds for each housing type and group size varied for prenatal, neonatal, early infant, and late infant age groups. Odds of prenatal survival were lowest in paired indoor housing and small and medium outdoor groups. No housing type performed better than large outdoor groups for neonatal survival. Odds of early infant survival was greatest in indoor and mixed indoor/outdoor housing compared to large outdoor enclosures. Large outdoor housing was associated with higher survival odds for late infant survival compared to small and medium outdoor housing. These results may influence housing choices at macaque breeding facilities hoping to maximize infant success, although there are relative care costs, the promotion of species-typical behaviors, and infrastructure factors to also consider. Our study used an interinstitutional collaboration that allowed for the analysis of more infant macaque medical records than ever before and used the broad variations across the seven national primate research centers to make the results applicable to many other facilities housing macaques.
Asunto(s)
Cruzamiento , Vivienda para Animales , Humanos , Embarazo , Femenino , Animales , Macaca mulatta , Macaca nemestrinaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Uremic encephalopathy is uncommon yet is one of the most severe complications of renal failure. We present a case of acute renal failure and associated cerebral and vascular lesions consistent with uremic encephalopathy in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). METHODS: A 14-year-old, female, specific-pathogen-free rhesus macaque presented in lateral recumbency, obtunded, severely dehydrated, and hypothermic, with severe azotemia, mild hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypochloremia, increased anion gap, and hypercholesterolemia. Due to poor prognosis, the animal was euthanized and a complete necropsy was conducted. RESULTS: The animal had diffuse proximal renal tubular epithelial necrosis and loss; regeneration of tubular epithelium was not observed. There was bilateral necrosis and loss of neurons and glial cells in the hippocampus and deep cerebral cortex with edema and multifocal areas of hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: We present the first reported case of uremic encephalopathy in a rhesus macaque and describe the associated cerebral and vascular lesions.
RESUMEN
Se presenta la experiencia de habitantes indígenas del sureste de Veracruz con respecto a los servicios institucionales del primer nivel de atención médica. La información procede de 71 entrevistas a personas con tos, y de talleres participativos y pláticas informales con habitantes del área de estudio. El acceso geográfico, el desabastecimiento de medicamentos, los horarios establecidos y la falta de traductores de la lengua indígena se mencionaron entre los principales factores que dificultan el uso de los servicios de salud y en ocasiones lleva a no acudir a ellos. En las conclusiones se reflexiona acerca del actual modelo de atención médica en México y la importancia del primer nivel de atención médica como base del sistema de salud.
The article discusses the experience of indigenous peoples from southeastern Veracruz with primary care services at the institutional level. The information stems from 71 interviews with people suffering from coughs, as well as from participatory workshops and informal talks with people from the region. Geographic inaccessibility, lack of medication, short clinic hours, and lack of translators of local languages are the main problems that hinder use of existing health services and sometimes become reasons for users not to seek those services. The article concludes with a reflection on the present model of medical care in Mexico and the importance of primary care as a foundation of the health care system.
