Dating Violence, Lifestyle and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Mexican Women University Students.

BACKGROUND: Dating violence is a prevalent issue among Mexican women, as is the incidence and prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The effects of dating violence can negatively impact lifestyle and, consequently, increase the risk of T2DM. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the influence of dating violence on lifestyle and the risk of T2DM in women university students from Mexico. METHODS: The study employed a cross-sectional and correlational design. The study population consisted of women university students. The sample size included 255 participants. Women aged 18 to 39 with current dating relationships and residency in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico, were included. Data collection was conducted from February to May 2023. Correlations and multiple linear regression models were conducted. RESULTS: A total of 255 women participated, with an average age of 21.6 years (SD = 3.2), and 32.2% had a history of intrafamily violence during childhood. 58.8% of the participants exhibited some level of risk of T2DM, and 56.7% of the lifestyle was mostly categorized as poor/fair. Detachment was the most prevalent type of dating violence, followed by coercion. Dating violence was correlated with lifestyle (r = -.430) and the risk of T2DM (r = .321). In the multiple linear regression model, dating violence influenced the risk of T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: Women who reported higher levels of dating violence have a less healthy lifestyle and a greater risk of T2DM. It is important to consider dating violence to improve lifestyle and prevent T2DM in Mexican women university students.

Relación entre autocuidado y estigma asociado a la diabetes tipo 2 en adultos mexicanos / Relationship between self-care and stigma associated with type 2 diabetes in Mexican adults

[{"text": "INTRODUCCIÓN: La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 es una enfermedad metabólica de alta prevalencia en México; donde el autocuidado es fundamental para mejorar las condiciones de salud. Un concepto que influye negativamente en la salud es el estigma, el cual relacionado a la diabetes se refiere a ser tratado de manera diferente, aislado o excluido por su condición. OBJETIVO: Determinar la relación entre el autocuidado y el estigma asociado a la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en adultos mexicanos. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio transversal y correlacional. La población de interés fueron adultos con diabetes tipo 2; la muestra fueron 219 participantes a través de un muestreo por conveniencia. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron Summary of Diabetes Self-Care y Diabetes Stigma Assesment Scale. RESULTADOS: Las conductas de autocuidado tuvieron un promedio de 36,97, la dieta tuvo la mayor puntuación (

Fatalistic beliefs, self-care, and HbA1c in Mexican men with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study.

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between fatalistic beliefs, self-care, and glycemic control among Mexican men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This is a cross-sectional study in men diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus from 18 to 59 years of age from the Northeast of Mexico. Fatalistic beliefs, self-care, medication adherence, and HbA1C were evaluated. Patients were divided into glycemic control (<7% HbA1c) and without glycemic control (>7% HbA1c). Tests were performed to compare 2 independent groups, Student's t and U Mann Whitney. Correlation tests and multiple linear regression models were also performed. For statistical analysis, the SPSS v27 program was used. Forty-nine percent of the men had glycemic control (<7% HbA1c). Fatalistic beliefs were negatively correlated with self-care and medication adherence, but not with HbA1c. In multiple linear regression models, fatalistic beliefs were a negative predictor of self-care and medication adherence. In the model for HbA1c, the pessimism subdimension and self-care were the predictors. Fatalistic beliefs negatively affect self-care compliance and medication adherence, while the pessimism subdimension was related to the increase in HbA1c.

Conductas del estilo de vida y sarcopenia en personas mayores de Mexicali México: estudio transversal / Lifestyle behaviors and sarcopenia in older adults from Mexicali, Mexico: cross-sectional study

Objetivo principal: Describir la prevalencia de sarcopenia y analizar la influencia de las conductas asociadas del estilo de vida en la sarcopenia en personas mayores residentes de Mexicali, México. Metodología: Se consideró un diseño descriptivo inferencial. Participaron 105 personas mayores de 60 años o más. El muestreo fue no probabilístico. Se evaluaron los criterios diagnósticos para sarcopenia y las conductas asociadas al estilo de vida. La investigación se realizó acorde a la reglamentación ética. Resultados principales: El 24,8% y el 59% presentaron uno de los tres estadios de la sarcopenia acorde a los puntos de corte para la población mexicana y EWGSOP respectivamente. Se encontró asociación con el IMC (p <,01) y sexo (p <,05). Conclusión principal: Se identificó que la prevalencia es menor cuando se consideran los puntos de corte regionales para México. El IMC y el sexo se asociaron con la sarcopenia. (AU)

Objetive: To describe the prevalence of sarcopenia and analyze the influence of lifestyle behaviors associated with sarcopenia in older adults residents of Mexicali, Mexico. Methods: A descriptive inferential design was considered. The participants were 105 older adults. The sampling was non-probabilistic. The research considers the evaluation of the diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia and the behaviors associated with lifestyle. The research considered the current national and international ethical regulations. Results: The 24.8% and 59% presented one of the three stages of sarcopenia according with the cut-off points for the Mexican population and the EWGSOP, respectively. BMI (p <.01) and sex (p <.05) were associated sarcopenia. Conclusions: It was found that the prevalence is lower when considering the regional cut-off points for northern Mexico. Only BMI and gender were associated with sarcopenia. (AU)

Relationship of Marianismo Beliefs With the Self-Care Behaviors of Mexican Women With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

INTRODUCTION: Mexican women have a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and less compliance with T2DM self-care compared with Mexican men. The term marianismo refers to gender and religiocultural based beliefs that may be a barrier to self-care behaviors among Mexican women. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between marianismo beliefs and self-care behaviors in Mexican women with T2DM. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study among women with T2DM who attended primary care centers in Oaxaca, Mexico during 2019. The Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities and the Marianismo Beliefs Scale were used to measure diabetes self-care and marianismo beliefs, respectively. RESULTS: Among the 547 participants, those with higher marianismo beliefs reported significantly lower scores in diabetes self-care, (r = -.128), exercise (r = -.150), self-monitoring of blood glucose (r = -.119), foot care (r = -.093), and oral hygiene (r = -.114; all p < .01). DISCUSSION: Findings suggest that Mexican women with strong marianismo beliefs are less likely to comply with T2DM self-care behaviors. Marianismo beliefs should be considered a potential risk factor for women's health, since Mexican women may value the social recognition of maintaining these beliefs more than self-care.

Asociación de los factores del estilo de vida con la sarcopenia: Revisión sistemática / Association of lifestyle factors with sarcopenia: Systematic Review

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar la asociación entre los factores de nutrición, actividad física, consumo de alcohol, tabaco y sueño con la sarcopenia en personas mayores. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de la evidencia disponible en las bases de datos Dialnet, Science Direct, Scielo, and PubMed. Para las estrategias de búsqueda, se consideraron los términos en español e inglés, acorde a los Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud y los Medical Subject Headings. Se emplearon los operadores booleanos "AND" y "OR". Un total de 21 estudios fueron analizados y sintetizados. Resultados: Se identificó que el consumo de nueces, frutas y omega tres puede asociarse con una menor probabilidad para desarrollar sarcopenia. El mantenerse activo sugiere una menor probabilidad para que se presente sarcopenia, en contraste las personas mayores sedentarias tienen mayores riesgos. El consumo de alcohol es un factor que se asocia con mayor probabilidad para generar sarcopenia en mujeres. En la mayoría de los estudios, el consumo de tabaco no muestra asociación significativa con la sarcopenia. En cuanto al sueño, se reporta que dormir menos de 6 horas o más de 8 horas puede incrementar la probabilidad de presentar sarcopenia en mujeres. Conclusiones: Es ideal considerar la identificación oportuna de estos factores de riesgo que están presentes en el estilo de vida, y que son susceptibles a ser modificados durante las etapas previas a la tercera edad.

Abstract Objective: To identify the association between the factors of nutrition, physical activity, alcohol consumption, tobacco and sleep with sarcopenia in older people. Materials and methods: A search of the available evidence was carried out in the Dialnet, Science Direct, Scielo, and PubMed databases. For the search strategies, the terms in Spanish and English were considered, according to the Descriptors in Health Sciences and the Medical Subject Headings. The Boolean operators "AND" and "OR" were used. A total of 21 studies were analyzed and synthesized. Results: It was identified that the consumption of nuts, fruits and omega three may be associated with a lower probability of developing sarcopenia. Staying active suggests a lower probability of sarcopenia, in contrast, sedentary older people have higher risks. Alcohol consumption is a factor that is associated with a higher probability of generating sarcopenia in women. In most studies, tobacco use shows no significant association with sarcopenia. Regarding sleep, it is reported that sleeping less than 6 hours or more tan 8 hours can increase the probability of presenting sarcopenia in women. Conclusions: It is ideal to consider the timely identification of these risk factors that are present in the lifestyle, and that are likely to be modified during the stages prior to old age.

Satisfacción de los servicios de medicina alópata vs la medicina tradicional en Oaxaca, México / Satisfaction with Allopathic Medicine Services versus Traditional Medicine in Oaxaca, Mexico

Introducción: Se ha reportado baja satisfacción con la atención recibida en el primer y el segundo nivel de atención de instituciones públicas. Existe incremento del uso de la medicina tradicional. Objetivo: Comparar el nivel de satisfacción percibida por los pacientes que acuden a los servicios de medicina alópata y medicina tradicional. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y comparativo. La población estuvo constituida por pacientes que acudieron al Centro de Salud Urbano y curandero de medicina tradicional de la misma comunidad. El tamaño de la muestra fue de 344 personas, seleccionados por muestreo sistemático. Resultados: La media de edad fue de 40,6 años (DE=16,1), predominó el sexo femenino, los casados, con educación primaria y de religión católica. El padecimiento por el cual acudieron a los servicios de medicina alópata fue por consulta familiar y en la medicina tradicional por espanto. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entra la satisfacción medicina tradicional y alópata. Los pacientes reportan mayor satisfacción en los servicios de medicina tradicional. Conclusiones: Los pacientes perciben mayor satisfacción en la explicación, trato y tratamiento médico en la medicina tradicional(AU)

Introduction: Low satisfaction with the care received at the first and second levels in public institutions has been reported. There is an increase in the use of traditional medicine. Objective: To compare the level of satisfaction perceived by patients attending allopathic and traditional medicine services. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional and comparative study. The population consisted of patients attending the Urban Health Center and traditional medicine healer in the community of Oaxaca. The sample size was 344 people, selected by systematic sampling. Results: The mean age was 40.6 years (SD=16.1). There was a predominance of the female sex, married persons, with primary education and Catholic religion. The condition for which they sought allopathic medicine services was that they received family advice and, in traditional medicine, for fear. Significant differences were found between satisfaction with traditional and allopathic medicine. Patients report greater satisfaction in traditional medicine services. Conclusions: Patients perceive greater satisfaction in the explanation, treatment and medical treatment in traditional medicine(AU)

Risk of chronic diseases in indigenous Totonacs from Mexico short running title: Risk of chronic diseases in indigenous Totonacs.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) development in four indigenous Totonac communities. BACKGROUND: Poverty and low education levels increase the risk of unhealthy lifestyles, leading to a higher incidence of NCDs in indigenous communities. In addition, limited access to health services significantly reduces the opportune screening of risk factors. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional observational study, in which we evaluated the incidence and/or the risk (%) to develop NCDs in adults from indigenous Totonac communities of Puebla State, Mexico. The sample consisted of 255 adults over 20 years old. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Student's t-test, and Pearson's correlation were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: We found significant differences between communities regarding the risk of diabetes (p < 0.05) and hypertension (p < 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in terms of CVD risk (p > 0.05). Men were at higher risk for hypertension and CVD than women (37.8% vs 27.3% and 20.9% vs 12.2%, respectively), whereas women were at a higher risk of diabetes than men based on the FINDRISC score (11.7 vs 9.7, respectively). CONCLUSION: The Zapotitlan community showed a higher risk of developing both diabetes and hypertension compared with the other communities. Men showed higher risks of hypertension and CVD compared with women. Women are at higher risk of diabetes than men.

Personality Traits and Self-Care Behaviors in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

PURPOSE: Personality traits are an important factor in health behaviors. However, personality traits and self-care in T2DM in the Mexican population are not yet explored due to this; the purpose of this work was to explore the relationship of personality traits with self-care in Mexican adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of 197 T2DM patients from a primary care center in Oaxaca, Mexico. The Big Five Inventory and the Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities (SDSCA) were the tools used. Correlation models and multiple linear regression models were used for the analysis. RESULTS: Most of the study participants were women (74.6%). The mean age was 53.1 years (SD = 8.4). The average years of schooling of the participants were 5.7 (SD = 4.3). The number of years lived with T2DM was 9.0 (SD = 6.5). The waist circumference was 96.3 (SD = 14.2), and the BMI was 27.5 kg/m2 (SD = 4.1). The traits of conscientiousness (r = 0.283) and openness (r = 0.259) were positively correlated with self-care activities, while neuroticism was inversely correlated (r = -0.144). In the multiple linear regression models, only the conscientiousness and openness traits were predictors of self-care; they explained 19% of the variance. CONCLUSION: People with greater openness and conscientiousness were associated with greater compliance with self-care. Conversely, neuroticism was inversely associated with self-care in patients with T2DM.

"¿Por qué pasa esto? Porque vivimos en una sociedad que constantemente te dice que no eres mujer": género y riesgo del VIH en mujeres trans del noreste mexicano / "Why did this happen? Because we live in a society that constantly says that you are not a woman": gender and HIV risk in trans women in Northeast Mexico / "Por que isso está ocorrendo? Porque estamos vivendo em uma sociedade que constantemente te diz que você não é mulher": gênero e risco de HIV em mulheres trans do nordeste mexicano

Las mujeres trans enfrentan un riesgo desproporcionado de adquirir el VIH. Este estudio analiza cualitativamente el riesgo del VIH en mujeres trans mexicanas desde el género como estructura social. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo realizado en el noreste de México. Se hicieron 15 entrevistas a mujeres trans de entre 22 y 69 años y se realizó un análisis temático. El análisis de las entrevistas reveló tres categorías temáticas: construcciones sociales del VIH y estigma, el género y el VIH en las relaciones interpersonales, y el género y el VIH en las instituciones y la política. Los resultados muestran que las construcciones sociales del VIH se tejen en el colectivo, a partir de la interacción con otras mujeres trans. El VIH es un fenómeno atravesado por la temporalidad sociohistórica y, en ese sentido, se generan las percepciones de riesgo frente a él. El género como estructura de opresión se vincula con las experiencias de estigma y discriminación, así como la búsqueda de la legitimación del género a través de las relaciones con parejas sexuales. Las instituciones y la política pública se relacionan con el acceso a los servicios de salud, además se identifican y analizan las barreras institucionales, personales y colectivas a partir de la identidad de género. La política sostiene y refuerza la marginalización de las mujeres trans impactando en el riesgo del VIH. Los resultados muestran que el riesgo del VIH es un fenómeno multicausal basado en el género como estructura de opresión con implicaciones sistémicas.

Trans women experience disproportionate risk of HIV infection. The study performed a qualitative analysis of HIV risk in Mexican trans women from the perspective of gender as social structure. The qualitative study was performed in Northeast Mexico. Fifteen interviews were performed with trans women 22 to 69 years of age, followed by thematic analysis. The analysis revealed three thematic categories: social constructs of HIV and stigma, gender and HIV in interpersonal relations, and gender and HIV in institutions and policy. The results show that social constructs of HIV are produced collectively based on interaction with other trans women. HIV is a phenomenon traversed by sociohistorical temporality, generating risk perceptions. Gender as a structure of oppression is linked to experiences of stigma and discrimination and the search for gender legitimization through relations with sex partners. Institutions and public policy relate to access to health services, and institutional, personal, and collective barriers are identified and analyzed based on gender identity. The policy sustains and reinforces the marginalization of trans women, impacting HIV risk. HIV risk is a multicausal phenomenon based on gender as a structure of oppression with systemic implications.

As mulheres trans enfrentam um risco desproporcional de adquirir HIV. Este estudo analisa qualitativamente o risco do HIV em mulheres trans mexicanas a partir do gênero como estrutura social. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo realizado no nordeste de México. Foram realizadas 15 entrevistas com mulheres trans, com idade entre 22 e 69 anos, além de uma análise temática. A análise das entrevistas revelou três categorias temáticas: construções sociais do HIV e estigma, gênero e HIV nas relações interpessoais, e gênero e HIV nas instituições e a política. Os resultados mostram que as construções sociais do HIV se consolidam no coletivo, a partir da interação com outras mulheres trans. O HIV é um fenómeno atravessado pela temporalidade socio histórica e, neste sentido é que são geradas as percepções de risco frente a ele. O gênero como estrutura de opressão está relacionado às experiências de estigma e discriminação, e a busca da legitimação do gênero através das relações com parceiras sexuais. As instituições e a política pública são relacionadas com o acesso aos serviços de saúde e se identificam e analisam as barreiras institucionais, pessoais e coletivas, a partir da identidade de gênero. A política apoia e reforça a marginalização das mulheres trans, impactando o risco do HIV. Os resultados mostram que o risco do HIV é um fenómeno multicausal baseado gênero como estrutura de opressão com desdobramentos sistémicos.

Procedimientos realizados por parteras para la atención de embarazos de riesgo en una comunidad indígena de Amixtlán (México) / Traditional procedures made it by midwives to attend risk pregnancy in an indigenous community of Amixtlán (México)

Justificación: Las complicaciones obstétricas son uno de los mayores desafíos a nivel global, y la población indígena es uno de los grupos más vulnerables, donde la ausencia de equipo o personal médico, limitan significativamente la atención médica de calidad. Objetivo: Describir y comparar los procedimientos realizados por parteras y médicos durante los embarazos de riesgo. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo participaron 9 parteras y 9 médicos alópatas, ambos pertenecientes a una comunidad indígena, a los cuales se les aplicó un cuestionario semiestructurado con la finalidad de conocer los procedimientos que realizan para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de complicaciones asociadas a preeclampsia y circular de cordón. Resultados: Ambos grupos basan su diagnóstico en la observación, y la entrevista. Aunque, los médicos lo complementan con el uso de equipos especializados o análisis clínicos, la lengua es una gran limitante para la comunicación efectiva. En contraste, las parteras realizan sus intervenciones en lengua tutunakú, manteniendo su lazo cultural. Además, la partera aplica técnicas efectivas que favorecen la resolución del parto y mejoran el estado de ánimo y seguridad de la paciente. Conclusión: Los procedimientos realizados por ambos profesionales de la salud muestran limitaciones en las zonas rurales, asociados por un lado a la cosmovisión y ausencia de material o personal médico capacitado, y por otro, la reducida participación de las parteras en los centros de salud u hospitales. La conjunción de conocimientos asociados a la medicina tradicional y alópata permitiría realizar un procedimiento complementario que aumentaría la eficiencia, reduciendo la mortalidad materna-fetal. (AU)

Justification: Obstetric complications are one of the greatest challenges globally, and the indigenous population is one of the most vulnerable groups. Objective: To describe and compare the procedures performed by midwives and doctors during risky pregnancies. Methods: This was a descriptive, and cross-sectional study, in which, was applied a predesigned instrument to 9 midwives and 9 doctors from municipality of Amixtlán, Puebla; in which was described the procedures applied to the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of complications associated with preeclampsia and cord circulation. Results: Both groups take as a diagnosis base the observation and interviews. Although doctors using as a complement special equipment and clinic analysis; the language results a big limiting in the effective communication. In contrast, midwives make interventions using the Tutunaku language, maintaining the cultural environment. In addition, midwives applied effective procedures favoring the resolution labor and improving the mood and safety of the patient. Conclusion: Procedures made by both health professionals showed limitations in rural zones associated mainly to the cosmovision and the linguistic barrier, associated to the cosmovision and the scare equipment or medical personnel; as well as to the limitation that the midwives are undergone to make efficiently their procedures. The knowledges conjunction are associated to the traditional and allopathic medicine will permits to made a complementary procedures to improves the efficiency in the health services and reducing the maternal and infant mortality. (AU)

Influencia de la lengua dispar (tutunakú y español) en los mensajes e instrucciones que emite el personal de salud y la de las receptoras de la información / Influence of disparate language (Tutunakú and Spanish) in messages and instructions issued by health personnel and those receiving the information

Resumen OBJETIVO: Identificar la influencia de la lengua dispar (tutunakú y español) entre los mensajes e instrucciones que emite el personal de salud y la de las receptoras de esa información, en particular la dirigida a la práctica de la autoexploración con fines de prevención del cáncer de mama. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, efectuado en mujeres indígenas, mayores de 20 años, a quienes se aplicó un instrumento semiestructurado para la identificación de factores de riesgo y protección de cáncer de mama. Para determinar la asociación de las variables de hablantes de totonakú con el nivel de conocimiento, prevención y riesgo de cáncer de mama se utilizó la prueba de χ2. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 187 mujeres; de las que 109 (58.5%) solo hablaban tutunakú y 78 (41.5%) eran bilingües (tutunakú y español). La edad promedio de las participantes fue de 43.4 años (DE ± 14.8), con límites de 20 y 80 años. En relación con la escolaridad: 93 de 109 (85.5%) de las monolingües eran analfabetas y solo 44 de las 78 (57.1%) mujeres bilingües habían concluido la educación básica. Por lo que se refiere al conocimiento del cáncer de mama, las mujeres monolingües tuvieron menor nivel de conocimiento y menor práctica de la autoexploración; solo 34 de las 78 bilingües practicaban la autoexploración. CONCLUSIÓN: Si bien el riesgo de cáncer de mama no muestra asociación con el hecho de hablar una lengua sí lo tiene, directamente, con la escolaridad, con la capacidad necesaria para comprender instrucciones que permitan la práctica de la autoexploración.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To identify the influence of the disparate language (tutunaku and Spanish) between the messages and instructions issued by health personnel and those of the recipients of this information, in particular that directed at the practice of self-examination for the purpose of breast cancer prevention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study, carried out on indigenous women over 20 years of age, to whom a semi-structured instrument was applied for the identification of risk factors and protection from breast cancer. To determine the association of Totonaku speakers' variables with the level of knowledge, prevention and risk of breast cancer, the test of 2 was used. RESULTS: A total of 187 women were studied; 109 (58.5%) spoke only tutunaku and 78 (41.5%) were bilingual (tutunaku and Spanish). The average age of participants was 43.4 years (SD 14.8), with limits of 20 and 80 years. With regard to schooling: 93 of 109 (85.5%) of the monolingual women were illiterate and only 44 of 78 (57.1%) of the bilingual women had completed basic education. With regard to knowledge of breast cancer, monolingual women had a lower level of knowledge and less practice of self-examination; only 34 of the 78 bilingual women practiced self-examination. CONCLUSION: Although the risk of breast cancer is not associated with speaking a language, it is directly associated with schooling, with the ability to understand instructions that allow the practice of self-examination.

Cómo perciben los hombres tener diabetes mellitus tipo 2: casos en Bogotá / How men perceive having type 2 diabetes mellitus: cases in Bogota / Como os homens percebem ter diabetes mellitus tipo 2: casos em Bogotá

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad crónica que se percibe y se maneja de distintas maneras según las concepciones que cada persona tiene y que pueden ser diferentes según el género. Objetivo: Describir la percepción de estar enfermo de los hombres con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en población colombiana. Método: Estudio cualitativo-descriptivo con análisis de contenido basado en una categorización de tipo inductivo. Se incluyeron 6 participantes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión de ser hombres mayores de 30 años con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y con una duración de la enfermedad de al menos un año, durante 2016. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas sobre su proceso y percepción de la enfermedad en su vida, las cuales se analizaron y codificaron por medio del programa Atlas.ti. Resultados: Las 7 categorías obtenidas dan cuenta de la percepción de los hombres respecto a la enfermedad en la que asocian la salud con ausencia de síntomas y dolor, poder entender lo que era tener diabetes implicó un proceso de afrontamiento y adaptación en el que buscaron darle sentido a la diabetes a través conocer qué es la enfermedad y cómo incorporarla a la vida cotidiana Conclusión: La vivencia de la diabetes en los hombres adultos mayores colombianos representa las dificultades para aceptar el diagnóstico, comprometerse con comportamientos de autocuidado adecuados para el control de la diabetes y reconocer y buscar ayuda asistencial cuando la requieren por complicaciones de la enfermedad.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that is perceived and managed in different ways according to the notions that each person has, which may be different based on gender. Objective: To describe the perception of men on having type 2 diabetes mellitus across the Colombian population. Method: Qualitative-descriptive study with content analysis based on an inductive categorization. Six participants who met the inclusion criteria (men, older than 30 years of age, with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and with a duration of the disease of at least one year in 2016) were included. Semi-structured interviews were conducted on their process and perception of the disease in their lives, which were then analyzed and coded using the Atlas.ti program. Results: The 7 categories obtained account for the perception of men regarding the disease. These perceptions show an association of health with the absence of symptoms and pain. To understand what having diabetes was like implied a process of coping and adaptation in which they sought to make sense out of diabetes through knowing what the disease is and how to integrate it into daily life Conclusion: The experience of diabetes in older Colombian men shows the difficulty inherent to accepting the diagnosis, committing to self-care behaviors adequate for the control of diabetes, and recognizing and seeking health care when required for complications of the disease.

Introdução: O diabetes mellitus é uma doença crônica percebida e tratada de diferentes maneiras de acordo com as concepções de cada pessoa e que podem ser diferentes segundo o gênero. Objetivo: Descrever a percepção de estar doente em homens com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 na população colombiana. Método: Estudo qualitativo-descritivo com análise de conteúdo baseado em uma categorização de tipo indutivo. Incluíram-se seis participantes que atenderam os critérios de inclusão de serem homens com mais de 30 anos, com diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e com duração da doença de ao menos um ano, durante 2016. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas sobre o processo e percepção da doença na vida deles, as quais foram analisadas e codificadas com o programa Atlas.ti. Resultados: As sete categorias obtidas explicam a percepção dos homens em relação à doença na que associam saúde com ausência de sintomas e dor, conseguir entender o que era ter diabetes envolveu um processo de enfrontamento e adaptação no que visaram lhe dar senso à diabetes através de conhecer o que a doença é e como incorporá-la à vida cotidiana Conclusão: A vivência do diabetes em homens adultos maiores colombianos representa as dificuldades para aceitar o diagnóstico, se comprometer com comportamentos de autocuidado adequados para o controle do diabetes e reconhecer e procurar ajuda assistencial quando necessário por complicações da doença.

Apoyo social en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de cuatro comunidades de Oaxaca, México / Social support on diabetes mellitus type 2 on four communities in Oaxaca, Mexico

OBJETIVO: Comparar el apoyo social que reciben las personas con DM2 de cuatro comunidades del estado de Oaxaca, México METODOLOGÍA: Estudio transversal-descriptivo y comparativo, con una muestra de 152 pacientes con Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de 20 a 65 años de cuatro comunidades del estado de Oaxaca; Pinotepa Nacional, San Lorenzo, San Andrés Huaxpaltepec y Santiago Jamiltepec. El muestreo fue por conveniencia. La recolección de datos se realizó por medio de visitas domiciliarias, los domicilios fueron obtenidos de los centros de salud de cada municipio. RESULTADOS: de acuerdo con los hallazgos, la mayoría de los participantes fueron mujeres, casadas y la educación promedio fue primaria terminada. Se encontraron diferencias significativas de apoyo social por IMC y por municipio. CONCLUSIONES: Es importante desarrollar intervenciones enfocados a la familia que permitan fortalecer los cambios de estilos de vida saludables, mejorar el manejo y control de la Diabetes mellitus tipo 2. De esta manera poder prevenir complicaciones a corto y largo plazo.

OBJECTIVE: Compare the social support that people with Diabetes mellitus type 2 receive on four communities in Oaxaca State, Mexico. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional descriptive and comparative study, with a simple of 152 patients with Diabetes mellitus Type 2 of around 20 to 65 years old on four communities of Oaxaca; Pinotepa Nacional, San Lorenzo, San Andres Huaxpaltepec and Santiago Jamiltepec. It was a convenience sampling. Data gathering was made by home visits; their addresses were obtained by health centers of each municipality. RESULTS: In accordance with the discoveries, most of the participants were married women whose average education was completed. It was found major differences of social support per BMI and per municipality. CONCLUSION: It is important to develop interventions focused on family that allow strengthening the changes on healthy lifestyles, improve the management and control of Diabetes mellitus Type 2. Preventing complications at short and long terms by doing so.

Autocuidado del hombre con diabetes mellitus tipo 2: impacto del machismo / Self-care of man with type 2 diabetes mellitus: impact of machismo

Objetivo: Determinar si el machismo, apoyo familiar, la percepción de salud y la autoeficacia influyen en las actividades de autocuidado del hombre con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Metodología: El diseño del estudio fue descriptivo correlacional, con una muestra de 126 participantes de 14 centros de atención primaria. Resultados: El machismo se correlacionó de manera negativa con el apoyo familiar y la autoeficacia. Mientras que el autocuidado se explicó el 30.5% de la varianza, las variables predictores fueron las conductas familiares, la autoeficacia, las sub-escalas del machismo; primacía del trabajo, ser independiente y violento. Conclusiones: El machismo puede influir de manera directa al autocuidado y de manera indirecta, por medio del apoyo familiar y la autoeficacia

Objective: To determine if machismo, family support, health perception and self-efficacy influence in the self-care activities of the man with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methodology: The design of the study was correlational descriptive, with a sample of 14 primary attention centers. Results: Machismo correlated negatively with family support and self-efficacy. While self-care was explained the 30.5% of the variance, the predictor variables were the family conducts, the self-efficacy, the sub-scales of machismo, work supremacy, being independent and violent. Conclusions: Machismo may influence directly to self-care and indirectly, through family support and self-efficacy

Autopsia verbal en hombres adultos con diabetes tipo 2: estudio cualitativo / Verbal autopsy of adult men with diabetes type 2: qualitative study / Autópsia verbal em homens adultos com diabetes tipo 2: estudo qualitativo

INTRODUCCIÓN: La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) es un padecimiento crónico cuya incidencia se incrementa en forma alarmante. El objetivo fue identificar los factores asociados al no autocuidado en hombres con muerte prematura y diagnóstico de DMT2. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizaron seis entrevistas cualitativas a familiares de hombres con DMT2 que fallecieron por complicaciones de su enfermedad, utilizando la metodología de la autopsia verbal. Los resultados se analizaron mediante el análisis de contenido. RESULTADOS: Dentro de los factores que surgieron como limitantes para el autocuidado fueron: la negación de la DMT2, el trabajo, el machismo, preferencia en los alimentos, apoyo familiar, el consumo de alcohol, el consumo de tabaco y la depresión. DISCUSIÓN: Los hombres con DMT2 se ven influenciados por diversas circunstancias que limitan cuidarse, atenderse y por consiguiente presentar desventajas de salud, complicaciones e incluso una muerte temprana. CONCLUSIONES: Desde la perspectiva de enfermería los resultados ayudan a comprender el comportamiento de los hombres ante esta enfermedad en donde se requiere cuidado constante, a la par que una conciencia legítima de que no se deja de ser hombre por cuidarse.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) is a chronic disease whose incidence increases in alarming manner. The objective was to identify the factors associated to no self-care in men with premature death and diagnosis of DMT2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six qualitative interviews, using the verbal autopsy methodology, were conducted with relatives of men with DMT2 who died due to complications of their disease. The results were analyzed through content analysis. RESULTS: Denial of the DMT2, work, male chauvinism, food preference, family support, alcohol consumption, smoking, and depression were among the factors the participants suggested as limiting self-care. DISCUSSION: Men with DMT2 are influenced by diverse circumstances that limit caring for themselves and, consequently, presenting health disadvantages, complications, and even an early death. CONCLUSIONS: From the nursing perspective, the results help to understand the behavior of the men regarding this disease, which requires constant care, while gaining a legitimate awareness that self-care does not threaten their manhood.

INTRODUÇÃO: Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) é uma condição crônica, cuja incidência aumenta de uma forma alarmante. O objetivo foi identificar os fatores associados ao não autocuidado em homens com morte prematura e diagnóstico de DMT2. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas seis entrevistas qualitativas aos familiares de homens com DMT2 que morreram por complicações da sua doença, utilizando a metodologia de autópsia verbal. Os resultados foram analisados pela análise de conteúdo. RESULTADOS: Dentro dos fatores que surgiram como limitações para o autocuidado foram: negação da DMT2, trabalho, machismo, preferência alimentar, apoio familiar, consumo de álcool, consumo de tabaco e depressão. DISCUSSÃO: Os homens com DMT2 são influenciados por diversas circunstâncias que limitam cuidarem de si mesmo, prestar atenção e, portanto, têm desvantagens de saúde, complicações e até mesmo a morte precoce. CONCLUSÕES: Da perspectiva de enfermagem, os resultados ajudam a compreender o comportamento dos homens diante desta doença, quando necessário cuidado constante, ao mesmo tempo, uma consciência legítima que não se deixa de ser homem por se cuidar.