O benefício do mascaramento modulado nos potenciais evocados auditivos corticais com estímulo de fala / Masking release in cortical auditory evoked potentials with speech stimulus

RESUMO Objetivo analisar o efeito do mascaramento estável e modulado no Potencial Evocado Auditivo Cortical com estímulo de fala em adultos-jovens. Método participaram 14 indivíduos com idades entre 19 e 28 anos de ambos os sexos e sem perda auditiva. O exame de Potencial Evocado Auditivo Cortical foi realizado com estímulo de fala sintética /ba/ simultâneo ao ruído Speech Shaped Noise apresentado em três condições: ruído estável com intensidade de 30 dB NPSpe (ruído estável fraco), ruído estável com intensidade de 65 dB NPSpe (ruído estável forte) e ruído modulado em intensidade de 30 dB NPSpe e 65 dB NPSpe em 25Hz e com período de modulação de 40 ms. Resultados foram observadas maiores latências nos componentes corticais, exceto P2, na condição de ruído estável forte e medidas mais robustas de amplitude dos componentes corticais P1, N1 e P2 na condição de ruído modulado com diferença estatística significativa na comparação com a condição de ruído estável forte. Houve pior morfologia na condição de ruído estável forte, quando comparado aos demais registros. Os limiares eletrofisiológicos médios para as condições de ruído estável forte e ruído modulado foram 60 dB NPSpe e 49 dB NPSpe, respectivamente, mostrando 11,7 dB de diferença média. Conclusão podemos inferir que houve um menor efeito mascarante do ruído modulado, comparado à condição de ruído estável forte, nas medidas de amplitude dos componentes corticais e uma diferença média de 11,7 dB entre os limiares eletrofisiológicos (interpretado como a medida do Benefício do Mascaramento Modulado).

ABSTRACT Purpose To analyze the effect of masking on the Cortical Auditory Evoked Potential with speech stimulus in young adults. Methods Fourteen individuals aged between 19 and 28 years of both sexes with no hearing loss participated in the study. The Cortical Auditory Evoked Potential examination was performed with synthetic speech stimulus /ba/ simultaneous to Speech Shaped Noise presented under three conditions: steady noise with a 30 dB SPLep intensity (weak steady noise), steady noise with a 65 dB SPLep intensity o (strong steady noise) and modulated noise with 30 dB SPLep and 65 dB SPLep intensities at 25Hz and modulation period of 40 ms. Results Higher latencies were observed in the cortical components, except P2, in the condition of strong steady noise and more meaningful measures of amplitude of the cortical components P1, N1 and P2 in the condition of modulated noise with statistically significant difference in comparison to the strong steady noise condition. There was worse wave morphology in the condition of strong steady noise, when compared to the other records. The average electrophysiological thresholds for the conditions of strong steady noise and modulated noise were 60 dB SPLep and 49 dB SPLep, respectively, showing a 11.7 dB mean difference. Conclusion We could infer that there was a lower masking effect of modulated noise when compared to the strong steady noise condition, in the amplitude measurements of the cortical components and an average difference of 11.7 dB between the electrophysiological thresholds (interpreted as the measure of the Masking Release).

Masking release in cortical auditory evoked potentials with speech stimulus. / O benefício do mascaramento modulado nos potenciais evocados auditivos corticais com estímulo de fala.

PURPOSE: To analyze the effect of masking on the Cortical Auditory Evoked Potential with speech stimulus in young adults. METHODS: Fourteen individuals aged between 19 and 28 years of both sexes with no hearing loss participated in the study. The Cortical Auditory Evoked Potential examination was performed with synthetic speech stimulus /ba/ simultaneous to Speech Shaped Noise presented under three conditions: steady noise with a 30 dB SPLep intensity (weak steady noise), steady noise with a 65 dB SPLep intensity o (strong steady noise) and modulated noise with 30 dB SPLep and 65 dB SPLep intensities at 25Hz and modulation period of 40 ms. RESULTS: Higher latencies were observed in the cortical components, except P2, in the condition of strong steady noise and more meaningful measures of amplitude of the cortical components P1, N1 and P2 in the condition of modulated noise with statistically significant difference in comparison to the strong steady noise condition. There was worse wave morphology in the condition of strong steady noise, when compared to the other records. The average electrophysiological thresholds for the conditions of strong steady noise and modulated noise were 60 dB SPLep and 49 dB SPLep, respectively, showing a 11.7 dB mean difference. CONCLUSION: We could infer that there was a lower masking effect of modulated noise when compared to the strong steady noise condition, in the amplitude measurements of the cortical components and an average difference of 11.7 dB between the electrophysiological thresholds (interpreted as the measure of the Masking Release).

OBJETIVO: analisar o efeito do mascaramento estável e modulado no Potencial Evocado Auditivo Cortical com estímulo de fala em adultos-jovens. MÉTODO: participaram 14 indivíduos com idades entre 19 e 28 anos de ambos os sexos e sem perda auditiva. O exame de Potencial Evocado Auditivo Cortical foi realizado com estímulo de fala sintética /ba/ simultâneo ao ruído Speech Shaped Noise apresentado em três condições: ruído estável com intensidade de 30 dB NPSpe (ruído estável fraco), ruído estável com intensidade de 65 dB NPSpe (ruído estável forte) e ruído modulado em intensidade de 30 dB NPSpe e 65 dB NPSpe em 25Hz e com período de modulação de 40 ms. RESULTADOS: foram observadas maiores latências nos componentes corticais, exceto P2, na condição de ruído estável forte e medidas mais robustas de amplitude dos componentes corticais P1, N1 e P2 na condição de ruído modulado com diferença estatística significativa na comparação com a condição de ruído estável forte. Houve pior morfologia na condição de ruído estável forte, quando comparado aos demais registros. Os limiares eletrofisiológicos médios para as condições de ruído estável forte e ruído modulado foram 60 dB NPSpe e 49 dB NPSpe, respectivamente, mostrando 11,7 dB de diferença média. CONCLUSÃO: podemos inferir que houve um menor efeito mascarante do ruído modulado, comparado à condição de ruído estável forte, nas medidas de amplitude dos componentes corticais e uma diferença média de 11,7 dB entre os limiares eletrofisiológicos (interpretado como a medida do Benefício do Mascaramento Modulado).

Ocular findings from otoneurological examinations in children with and without dyslexia: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Abstract Objective: To investigate ocular movements measures of vectoelectro-nystagmography and video-nystagmography in dyslexic children and compare with measures of typical children. Methods: A systematic review of observational studies comparing the ocular movements differences between dyslexic and typical children with no publication date or language restriction. The literature survey included the bibliographic databases MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, Lilacs and CENTRAL. Gray literature databases were also searched, including: OpenGrey.eu, DissOnline.de, The New York Academy of Medicine and WorldCat. The meta-analysis was performed using software RevMan 5.3 (Cochran Collaboration). Results: A total of 2375 articles were found of which 113 fell within the inclusion criteria. Among these, 52 were duplicates (found in more than one research source), and 45 articles were selected for reading in full. Thirteen (13) articles were included for analysis and discussion. Meta-analysis showed statistical differences between the two groups for the total number of saccades and duration of fixation. Conclusion: The study revealed that children with dyslexia have longer duration of fixation and fewer saccades during ocular movements on vectoelectro-nystagmography and videonystagmography when compared to children without dyslexia.

The effect of noise on the amplitude and morphology of cortical auditory evoked potentials

Abstract Objective: To analyze the effect of noise on electrophysiological measurements (P1-N1-P2 complex) of cortical auditory evoked potentials in normal hearing individuals of different ages. Methods: The inclusion criteria for the study were young individuals, adults and elderly, aged 18-75 years, with auditory thresholds up to 25 dB. Participants were separated according to their age group: G1 (18-25 years old), G2 (31-59 years old) and G3 (60-75 years old). Cortical auditory evoked potentials were elicited with synthetic speech stimulus /da/ presented in two conditions: without masking and with masking (Delta-t 64ms). The results were expressed and analyzed using statistical measures. Results: High latencies and reduced amplitudes were observed in the Delta-t 64 ms condition, in all age groups. There were significant differences between the groups, both in P1 latencies for the two conditions and in N1 latencies in the Delta-t 64 ms condition. P1 latencies in the condition without masking were lower in G1 and P1 and N1 latencies in the Delta-t 64 ms condition were higher in G3. The described results show the influence of noise on cortical responses in all age groups, with G3 being the most affected by the masking presentation. Conclusion: The latency and amplitude measurements vary according to the stimulus presentation condition and age group. The forward masking phenomenon occurred with greater precision in G3. Level of evidence: (2c).

The effect of noise on the amplitude and morphology of cortical auditory evoked potentials.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of noise on electrophysiological measurements (P1-N1-P2 complex) of cortical auditory evoked potentials in normal hearing individuals of different ages. METHODS: The inclusion criteria for the study were young individuals, adults and elderly, aged 18-75 years, with auditory thresholds up to 25 dB. Participants were separated according to their age group: G1 (18-25 years old), G2 (31-59 years old) and G3 (60-75 years old). Cortical auditory evoked potentials were elicited with synthetic speech stimulus /da/ presented in two conditions: without masking and with masking (Delta-t 64 ms). The results were expressed and analyzed using statistical measures. RESULTS: High latencies and reduced amplitudes were observed in the Delta-t 64 ms condition, in all age groups. There were significant differences between the groups, both in P1 latencies for the two conditions and in N1 latencies in the Delta-t 64 ms condition. P1 latencies in the condition without masking were lower in G1 and P1 and N1 latencies in the Delta-t 64 ms condition were higher in G3. The described results show the influence of noise on cortical responses in all age groups, with G3 being the most affected by the masking presentation. CONCLUSION: The latency and amplitude measurements vary according to the stimulus presentation condition and age group. The forward masking phenomenon occurred with greater precision in G3. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: (2c).

Ocular findings from otoneurological examinations in children with and without dyslexia: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate ocular movements measures of vectoelectro-nystagmography and video-nystagmography in dyslexic children and compare with measures of typical children. METHODS: A systematic review of observational studies comparing the ocular movements differences between dyslexic and typical children with no publication date or language restriction. The literature survey included the bibliographic databases MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, Lilacs and CENTRAL. Gray literature databases were also searched, including: OpenGrey.eu, DissOnline.de, The New York Academy of Medicine and WorldCat. The meta-analysis was performed using software RevMan 5.3 (Cochran Collaboration). RESULTS: A total of 2375 articles were found of which 113 fell within the inclusion criteria. Among these, 52 were duplicates (found in more than one research source), and 45 articles were selected for reading in full. Thirteen (13) articles were included for analysis and discussion. Meta-analysis showed statistical differences between the two groups for the total number of saccades and duration of fixation. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that children with dyslexia have longer duration of fixation and fewer saccades during ocular movements on vectoelectro-nystagmography and video-nystagmography when compared to children without dyslexia.

Cortical auditory evoked potentials using the speech stimulus /ma/

ABSTRACT Purpose: to compare cortical auditory evoked responses using two speech stimuli, /ma/ and /da/, in normally hearing young adults. Methods: a cross-sectional, observational and analytical study, with a sample composed of nineteen normally hearing young adults, recruited by convenience, ages between 18 and 25 years old, from both genders, participated in the study. Cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEP) were monaurally recorded in two conditions: 1) with a pair of speech stimuli /ba/ and /da/, and 2), with a pair of speech stimuli /ba/ and /ma/. The order of the experiments was randomized in a proportion of 50% for each of the two stimuli, totaling 100 stimuli for each experiment. Speech sounds were presented at 70 dB SPL. Descriptive and analytical statistical tests were performed. Results: mean latency values of the complex P1, N1, P2, N2 and P3 were lower for the /ma/ when compared to those of /da/ (p <0,05). There was no difference in amplitude values between responses evoked using /ma/ and /da/. Conclusion: cortical auditory evoked potentials, elicited by the speech stimulus /ma/ had, on average, lower latency peaks of P1-N1-P2-N2 and P3, when compared to those of speech stimulus /da/.

Forward masking and cognitive-language skills in children as a function of literacy stage

ABSTRACT Purpose: to investigate the relation between forward masking and cognitive-language skills in children as a function of literacy stage. Methods: twenty-seven children registered in literacy stage at public schools, aged from 6 to 9 years old, with no learning difficulties or audiological problems reported, participated in this study. Frequency Following Responses were registered in two test conditions: 1) /da/ alone; 2) /da/ presented 4 milliseconds after a speech noise. Two language protocols were applied: a cognitive-linguistic skills protocol and a phonological awareness one. Results: forward masking was evident in Frequency Following Responses of all children regardless of literacy stage. Frequency Following Responses latencies in both testing conditions showed no difference among participants' age. Cognitive-language skills scores were below those expected for all children, with significant improvement noticed as a function of age. No correlation between language performance and forward masking was found. Conclusion: there was no relation between forward masking and cognitive-language skills in children, as a function of literacy stage.

Forward masking with frequency-following response analyses

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze forward masking in normally hearing young people, by using frequency-following responses. Methods: the synthetic syllable /da/ was used for the recordings of ten individuals, in the following conditions: /da/ with no masking, and /da/ after 4, 16, 32, and 64 milliseconds of masking. F-test (ANOVA) was applied for repeated measures with the Greenhouse-Geisser correction to compare testing conditions. For significant differences, multiple comparisons (between pairs of conditions) and Bonferroni correction were used. Data normality was verified by applying the Shapiro-Wilk test, and statistical significance was used at 5%. Results: wave latencies of all masking conditions were compared with those of no masking. A latency delay was observed in the transient region of the response (PV and A) in all masking conditions, except for 64 milliseconds. Latency delay also occurred for waves PW, PX, and PY, which corresponded to the sustained region of the response. Conclusion: forward masking was observed, by using frequency-following responses with /da/ syllable in four intervals (4, 16, 32, and 64 ms) of preceding masking. Forward masking was more evident in the transient region of the response than in the sustained one. This study highlights the importance of electrophysiological testing in temporal processing assessment.

Modulation rate and age effect on intermittent speech recognition / Efeito da idade e da taxa de modulação no reconhecimento da fala intermitente

ABSTRACT Purpose: to investigate the auditory recognition of intermittent speech in relation to different modulation rates and ages. Methods: 20 young people, 20 middle-aged adults, and 16 older adults, all of them with auditory thresholds equal to or lower than 25 dB HL up to the frequency of 4000 Hz. The participants were submitted to intermittent speech recognition tests presented in three modulation conditions: 4 Hz, 10 Hz, and 64 Hz. The percentages of correct answers were compared between age groups and modulation rates. ANOVA and post hoc tests were conducted to investigate the modulation rate effect, and the mixed linear regression model (p < 0.001). Results: regarding the age effect, the data showed a significant difference between young people and older adults, and between middle-aged and older adults. As for the modulation rate effect, the indexes of correct answers were significantly lower at the slower rate (4 Hz) in the three age groups. Conclusion: an age effect was verified on intermittent speech recognition: older adults have greater difficulty. A modulation rate effect was also noticed in the three age groups: the higher the rate, the better the performance.

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar o reconhecimento auditivo da fala intermitente em função de diferentes taxas de modulação e em função da idade. Métodos: participaram do estudo vinte jovens, vinte adultos de meia idade, e dezesseis idosos, todos com limiares auditivos iguais ou menores que 25 dB NA até a frequência de 4000 Hz. Os participantes foram submetidos a testes de reconhecimento da fala intermitente apresentada em três condições de modulação: 4 Hz, 10 Hz e 64 Hz. Percentuais de acerto foram comparados entre grupos etários e taxas de modulação. Para a investigação do efeito da taxa de modulação foi realizada ANOVA e testes Post Hoc, enquanto para a investigação do efeito da idade, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão linear misto (p<0,001). Resultados: sobre o efeito da idade, os dados mostram diferença significante entre jovens e idosos, e entre adultos de meia idade e idosos. Sobre o efeito da taxa de modulação, os índices de acerto da taxa mais lenta (4Hz) foram significantemente menores nos três grupos etários. Conclusão: foi verificado um efeito da idade no reconhecimento da fala intermitente: idosos apresentaram maior dificuldade. Percebeu-se também um efeito de taxa de modulação nos três grupos etários: quanto maior a taxa, melhor o desempenho.

Effect of Forward Masking on Frequency Following Response as a Function of Age.

BACKGROUND: Forward masking occurs when noise is presented before the target signal, making the latter difficult to be perceived. It is related to temporal auditory processing and consequently to speech recognition in noisy environments, which may decline with age. Interest in forward masking has grown in the last years. Studies investigate psychoacoustic and electrophysiological recordings in different age- groups. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of forward masking on frequency following response (FFR) as a function of age. RESEARCH DESIGN: Cross-sectional analytical observational study. STUDY SAMPLE: We assessed 69 normal-hearing participants of both genders assigned to three groups: 40 young individuals (aged 18-25 years, mean age = 22 years 8 months), 21 middle-age individuals (aged 25-55 years, mean age = 37 years 2 months), and 8 seniors (aged <55 years, mean age = 65 years 3 months). INTERVENTION: FFRs were recorded using the /da/ syllable with and without noise. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The /da/ syllable and speech-shaped noise were monaurally presented to the participants' right ears through ER-3a insert earphones. Electrodes were placed in M1 and M2 (-), Fz (+), and Fpz (ground). Acquisition occurred under two conditions: (1) the/da/ syllable presented without the noise and (2) the /da/ syllable presented 4 msec after the noise. RESULTS: Data show that (1) considering the mean values of all participants, there was a significant latency delay of all waves (PV, A, PW, PX, PY, PZ, and O) when the /da/ syllable was presented 4 msec after the masking noise as compared with the condition without noise, that is, forward masking occurred in all components of the FFR responses, and (2) for the youngest group and the middle-age group, forward masking was seen for all waves, except PX in the latter one; for the senior group, an irregular pattern was observed (presence of forward masking in PA, PY, PZ, and O). This pattern may be due to an aging effect on FFR responses even without noise presence, which makes it more difficult to identify forward masking effect in this population. Although it is well documented in the literature that forward masking increases with age, this is less evident on FFR recordings in the senior population. CONCLUSIONS: An aging effect was identified in FFR responses. Forward masking was identified in FFR responses of all groups but less evident in senior population.

Modulation masking release reduction as a function of time-compressed speech / Redução do benefício da modulação do mascaramento em função da compressão temporal da fala

ABSTRACT Purpose: to investigate the magnitude of the modulation masking release in sentence recognition as a function of compression level and modulation rate. Methods: sentences of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Hearing in Noise Test sentences were used as stimulus. The sentence recognition thresholds were established as a function of speech compression level (0%, 33%, and 50%) in steady and modulated noise at different modulation rates (4, 10, 32 Hz). The analysis of variance was performed for repeated measures, using the 5% significance level. Results: sentence recognition thresholds were higher for higher compression levels in the different types of noise. However, thresholds were smaller for modulated noises. Also, the magnitude of modulation masking release decreased as speech compression level increased. Nevertheless, no difference was observed in compressed speech between different noise modulation rates, in relation to the speech compression level. Conclusion: the magnitude of the modulation masking release decreased as the speech time-compression increased. Also, the reductions in modulation masking release, in relation to the speech time-compression level, did not differ between the masking-noise modulation rates (4, 10, and 32 Hz).

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar a magnitude do benefício da modulação do mascaramento no reconhecimento de sentenças, em função do nível de compressão temporal da fala e da taxa de modulação do ruído. Métodos: foram utilizadas sentenças do Hearing in Noise Test versão Português do Brasil. Foram determinados os limiares de reconhecimento das sentenças em função do nível de compressão temporal da fala (0%, 33% e 50%) em presença de ruído estável e modulado, em diferentes taxas de modulação (4, 10, 32 Hz). Foi realizada uma análise de variância para medidas repetidas, adotando nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: os limiares de reconhecimento de sentenças foram mais elevados com o aumento do nível de compressão temporal nos diferentes tipos de ruídos, no entanto, foram menores em presença dos ruídos modulados. Além disso, a magnitude do benefício da modulação do mascaramento diminuiu com o aumento do nível de compressão temporal da fala. Contudo, não foi observada diferença na fala comprimida entre as diferentes taxas de modulação do ruído, em função do nível de compressão temporal da fala. Conclusão: a magnitude do benefício do mascaramento modulado diminuiu com o aumento da compressão temporal da fala e as reduções no benefício do mascaramento modulado em função do nível de compressão temporal da fala não diferiram entre as taxas de modulações do ruído mascarante (4 Hz, 10 Hz e 32 Hz).

Assessment protocols for forward masking in Frequency-Following Response / Protocolos de avaliação do pós-mascaramento em Frequency-Following Response

ABSTRACT Purpose: to investigate forward masking by comparing latencies values of positive and negative peaks in frequency-following responses (FFR) recordings, in normally hearing young adults. Methods: from a database, 20 FFR recordings were selected, 10 being from men, and 10 from women, aged 18 to 25 years, with normal hearing. They were qualitatively analyzed by two experienced researchers and also analyzed, according to two different protocols of recording identification: (i) predominance of positive peaks - PV, A, PW, PX, PY, PZ, and O waves; and (ii) predominance of negative peaks - V, A, C, D, E, F, and O waves. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test, the Wilcoxon test, and the Student's t-test were conducted, by adopting the significance level of p<0.05. Results: the comparative analysis of latency peak values did not reveal any significant difference between the studied protocols. However, the standard deviation was higher for absolute latency values as compared to negative peaks, suggesting an inverted pattern of what was expected. Conclusion: forward masking was identified in both proposals and the protocol of predominant positive peaks was less variable.

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar o pós-mascaramento em marcações com predominância de picos positivos comparado com as marcações com predominância de picos negativos nos registros de Frequency-Following Response (FFR) em indivíduos adultos jovens com audição normal. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo conduzido a partir de um banco de dados, onde foram selecionados 20 registros do FFR (10 homens; 10 mulheres, com idade entre 18 e 25 anos, com a audição normal) e realizada análise qualitativa por duas examinadoras experientes. Os registros foram analisados segundo dois protocolos distintos de marcação dos registros: (i) análise com predominância de picos positivos - marcação das ondas PV, A, PW, PX, PY, PZ e O; e, (ii) análise com predominância de picos negativos - marcação das ondas V, A, C, D, E, F e O. Foram realizados o teste de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk, o teste de Wilcoxon e o teste t de Student. Foi adotado o nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados: a análise comparativa das marcações realizadas não mostrou diferença significante entre os protocolos estudados. Nos valores de desvio padrão, foram observados valores absolutos mais elevados quando houve a marcação dos picos negativos quando comparado com as respostas obtidas com a marcação dos picos positivos, demonstrando um padrão inverso ao que se espera. Conclusão: o pós-mascaramento foi identificado em ambas marcações propostas, sendo as marcações com predominância dos picos positivos se mostraram menos variáveis.

Efeito da idade no processamento auditivo temporal: benefício da modulação do mascaramento e efeito do pós-mascaramento / Age effects in temporal auditory processing: modulation masking release and forward masking effect

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar o efeito da idade no benefício da modulação do ruído mascarante (masking release) e no pós-mascaramento ( forward masking). Métodos Participaram da pesquisa jovens (média de idade de 18 anos e quatro meses) e idosos (média de idade de 64 anos e três meses) falantes nativos do Português Brasileiro e com audição normal. Mediante uso de sentenças da versão brasileira do Hearing in Noise Test, determinou-se, para ambos os grupos, limiares de reconhecimento em presença de ruído estável e em presença de ruído modulado em amplitude (10 Hz). Para a pesquisa do pós-macaramento, foram determinados limiares auditivos em intervalos de tempo de 4, 16, 64 e 128 milissegundos, após a interrupção do ruído. Para avaliar a normalidade dos resultados obtidos, foi aplicado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Nas variáveis em que a normalidade foi indicada, aplicou-se o teste t de Student para amostras independentes e nos casos em que a normalidade não foi encontrada, aplicou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney. Foi considerado o nível de significância de 5% Resultados Observou-se o benefício da modulação do mascaramento nos dois grupos. Porém, esse benefício foi menor para o grupo dos idosos (p-valor < 0,001). Na investigação do pós-mascaramento, houve diferença significativa entre os grupos, na média de limiares em 128 milissegundos, após a cessação do ruído (p-valor = 0,006). Conclusão O estudo mostra efeito da idade no benefício de modulação do ruído mascarante e no pós-mascaramento.

ABSTRACT Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the age-related effects of modulation masking release and forward masking. Methods Ten younger (mean age of 18.4) and ten older (mean age of 64.3) adults participated in the study. All participants were native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese with normal hearing. Sentences of the Brazilian version of the Hearing in Noise Test were used to obtain speech recognition thresholds in the presence of steady-state noise and amplitude-modulated noise (10 Hz). To investigate forward masking, auditory thresholds were determined at time intervals of 4, 16, 64, and 128 ms after noise interruption. The Shapiro-Wilk test was applied to evaluate the normality of the results. In the variables in which normality was indicated, the Student's t-test was applied for the independent samples, and the Mann-Whitney test was applied in cases where normality was not found. A significance level of 5% was adopted for all statistical analyses. Results Modulation masking release was present in both groups; however, it was significantly smaller in the elderly group. As for forward masking investigation, higher thresholds were obtained after noise interruption, and improved as the time interval between noise and stimulus presentation increased. Forward masking was higher in the elderly group, whit higher thresholds for the time interval of 128 ms. Conclusion An age-related effect was identified on modulation masking release and forward masking.

Brazilian Portuguese Hearing in Noise Test (HINT): different interpretation criteria for individuals' responses. / Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) em português brasileiro: critérios de interpretação de respostas.

INTRODUCTION: The ability to recognize the sounds of speech enables an efficient communication. This ability must always be considered when communication disorders are evaluated. In this study, sentences of the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT), originally developed in English and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese, were used to evaluate speech recognition in silence and in the presence of noise. Although this test can be an important clinical tool, it is noticed that it has not been used in audiological clinical practice in Brazil. One possible reason is the lack of standardization of some aspects of the test, including the methods adopted to analyze the patient's answers. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze different judgment criteria of individuals' answers during sentence recognition thresholds measurement using the HINT in Brazilian Portuguese. METHODS: The study was conducted with 30 young adults (three groups of 10 people), between 18 and 25 years old, of both genders, with normal hearing. HINT sentences were adapted to Brazilian Portuguese and speech recognition thresholds were determined in the presence of noise by using three judgment criteria published in Brazilian literature. A single variation analysis was performed to compare the average threshold between the three groups. The maximum error probability to reject the null hypothesis was 5%. RESULTS: The mean and standard deviations of thresholds, respectively, were: 59.90 ± 1.43 dB SPL; 59.60 ± 0.53 dB SPL and 59.95 ± 0.6 dB SPL. There was no statistically significant difference between the means (F = 0.398; p> 0.05). CONCLUSION: Regardless the judging criteria used, results obtained in all groups were equivalent.

Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) em português brasileiro: critérios de interpretação de respostas / Brazilian Portuguese Hearing in Noise Test (HINT): different interpretation criteria for individuals’ responses

RESUMO Introdução A capacidade em perceber os sons da fala possibilita ao ser humano comunicar-se de forma eficiente. Esse aspecto deve ser considerado na avaliação dos distúrbios da comunicação humana. O Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) foi adaptado para o português brasileiro e faz uso de sentenças para avaliar o reconhecimento de fala em silêncio e na presença de ruído competitivo. O teste pode ser uma ferramenta clínica importante, embora não se observe a utilização do HINT na prática clínica audiológica no Brasil. Um dos motivos dessa ausência pode estar relacionado com a falta de padronização em alguns aspectos do teste, incluindo o julgamento de respostas apresentadas durante sua aplicação. Objetivo Analisar os diferentes critérios de julgamento de respostas obtidas de indivíduos submetidos à pesquisa de limiares de reconhecimento das sentenças do HINT em português brasileiro. Método A pesquisa foi realizada com 30 adultos jovens (três grupos de 10 pessoas), entre 18 e 25 anos, de ambos os gêneros, com audição normal. Os indivíduos foram submetidos ao teste de reconhecimento de sentenças em presença de ruído competitivo com uso de sentenças do HINT, adaptado para o português brasileiro. Foram determinados limiares de reconhecimento de sentenças na presença de ruído, através da utilização de três critérios de julgamento publicados na literatura brasileira. Foi realizada uma análise de variação única para comparar as médias dos limiares entre os três grupos. A probabilidade máxima de erro para rejeitar a hipótese nula foi de 5%. Resultados As médias e os desvios padrão dos limiares de reconhecimento de sentenças, respectivamente, foram: 59,90 dB NPS ± 1,43; 59,60 dB NPS ± 0,53 e 59,95 dB NPS ± 0,6. Não houve diferença, estatisticamente significativa, entre as médias (F=0,398; p>0,05). Conclusão Independentemente do critério de julgamento utilizado, as respostas obtidas de indivíduos submetidos à pesquisa de limiares de reconhecimento de sentenças na presença de ruído, foram semelhantes.

ABSTRACT Introduction The ability to recognize the sounds of speech enables an efficient communication. This ability must always be considered when communication disorders are evaluated. In this study, sentences of the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT), originally developed in English and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese, were used to evaluate speech recognition in silence and in the presence of noise. Although this test can be an important clinical tool, it is noticed that it has not been used in audiological clinical practice in Brazil. One possible reason is the lack of standardization of some aspects of the test, including the methods adopted to analyze the patient’s answers. Purpose The aim of this study was to analyze different judgment criteria of individuals’ answers during sentence recognition thresholds measurement using the HINT in Brazilian Portuguese. Methods The study was conducted with 30 young adults (three groups of 10 people), between 18 and 25 years old, of both genders, with normal hearing. HINT sentences were adapted to Brazilian Portuguese and speech recognition thresholds were determined in the presence of noise by using three judgment criteria published in Brazilian literature. A single variation analysis was performed to compare the average threshold between the three groups. The maximum error probability to reject the null hypothesis was 5%. Results The mean and standard deviations of thresholds, respectively, were: 59.90 ± 1.43 dB SPL; 59.60 ± 0.53 dB SPL and 59.95 ± 0.6 dB SPL. There was no statistically significant difference between the means (F = 0.398; p> 0.05). Conclusion Regardless the judging criteria used, results obtained in all groups were equivalent.

Triagem auditiva neonatal: necessidade de divulgação para profissionais de enfermagem / Newborn hearing screening: How to approach nurse knowledge

Objetivo Investigar o conhecimento dos profissionais de enfermagem acerca da triagem auditiva de neonatos e lactentes. Métodos Participaram 106 profissionais de enfermagem de um hospital universitário. Todos responderam a um questionário semiestruturado (com questões objetivas e discursivas), contendo informações sobre sua formação, local de trabalho e conhecimentos acerca da triagem auditiva neonatal universal e seus desdobramentos. Resultados Os dados apontaram para o pouco conhecimento por parte dos profissionais de enfermagem sobre a triagem e avaliação da audição de neonatos e lactentes. Entretanto, no que concerne a detecção da perda auditiva, muitos deles afirmaram que os procedimentos podem iniciar antes de um mês de idade. Por outro lado, observou-se que a maioria dos profissionais de enfermagem desconhece os indicadores de risco para perda auditiva. Conclusão Há necessidade de divulgar, para esses profissionais, informações sobre a detecção e o diagnóstico da perda auditiva, bem como a intervenção precoce e os indicadores de risco. Essas informações podem ser divulgadas em atividades de educação permanente e periódicos de ampla circulação.

Objective To investigate how much nurses know about newborn and breastfeeding infant hearing screening. Methods A total of 106 nurses from a university hospital answered a semi structured questionnaire with closed and open questions regarding their education, workplace, and knowledge about newborn hearing screening and its outcomes. Results The data indicated that the nurses know little about newborn and breastfeeding infant hearing screening and assessment. However, with respect to detection of hearing loss, many nurses stated that the procedures could begin before the first month of age. On the other hand, most nurses are unaware of the risk indicators for hearing loss. Conclusion Nurses need to be informed about hearing loss risk indicators, detection, diagnosis, and early intervention. These information can be disclosed in continuing education activities and popular journals.

Percepção da fala em presença de ruído competitivo: o efeito da taxa de modulação do ruído mascarante / Effect of modulation rate on masking release for speech

OBJETIVO: Este estudo investigou o efeito das diferentes taxas de modulações do mascaramento na magnitude do masking release. MÉTODOS: Quinze indivíduos jovens, com audição normal, foram submetidos ao teste de reconhecimento de sentença na presença de ruído, utilizando as listas de sentenças do HINT-Brasil. Foram obtidos limiares de reconhecimento de fala em presença de ruído estável e ruído modulado, em diferentes taxas de modulação (4, 8, 16, 32 e 64 Hz). A magnitude do masking release foi obtida para cada modulação e foi realizada a análise comparativa dos resultados. RESULTADOS: Os achados demonstraram melhores limiares de reconhecimento de sentenças quando o ruído mascarante foi modulado em 4, 8, 16 e 32 Hz e piores limiares quando o ruído mascarante estava estável e em 64 Hz. No que diz respeito à análise da relação sinal/ruído, foram observados, no presente estudo, maiores valores para as tarefas que envolvem reconhecimento de sentenças com ruído estável, seguidos das tarefas que envolvem reconhecimento de sentenças com ruído modulado em 64 Hz, e menores valores para as tarefas que envolvem reconhecimento de sentenças com ruído modulado em 32, 16, 8 e 4 Hz, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A magnitude do masking release para sentenças não se diferencia com taxas de modulação em amplitude entre 4 e 32 Hz. No entanto, quando a taxa de modulação é elevada a 64 Hz, a magnitude do masking release diminui.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of modulation rate on masking release for speech. METHODS:Fifteen normal hearing subjects participated in the study. They were tested on speech perception in noise using the sentences of the HINT-Brazil. Speech recognition thresholds were obtained in the presence of steady masking and amplitude modulated masking at rates of 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 Hz. The magnitude of masking release was obtained for each modulation rate, and results were compared. RESULTS:Data showed significantly lower speech thresholds when the masking noise was amplitude modulated at rates of 4, 8, 16 and 32 Hz, when compared to thresholds obtained in steady noise or noise modulated at 64 Hz. Speech-to-masker ratios (SMR) were higher in steady masking noise, followed by modulated noise at 64 Hz, and lower for modulated rates of 32, 16, 8 and 4 Hz, respectively. CONCLUSION: The magnitude of masking release for speech does not seem to differ significantly among modulation rates of 4 to 32 Hz. However, for a modulation rate of 64 Hz the magnitude of masking release is significantly reduced.

Indicadores de risco para perda auditiva em neonatos e lactentes atendidos em um programa de triagem auditiva neonatal / Risk indicators for hearing loss of newborns and infants in a newborn hearing screening program

OBJETIVO: descrever os indicadores de risco para perda auditiva presentes em neonatos e lactentes que realizaram a Triagem Auditiva Neonatal no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, nascidos em 2008. MÉTODOS: foram pesquisados os 787 neonatos e lactentes que realizaram a Triagem Auditiva Neonatal no citado Hospital, nascidos em 2008. Foi montado um banco de dados com informações do formulário com histórico familiar e clínico dos pesquisados e resultado da triagem, para análise dos indicadores de risco. RESULTADOS: os indicadores de risco mais prevalentes na população estudada foram presença de hiperbilirrubinemia, nascimento pré-termo, baixo peso ao nascimento, uso de medicamento durante o período gestacional, permanência em Unidade de Terapia intensiva e presença de infecções intra-uterinas durante a gestação. Os indicadores de risco para perda auditiva com associação estatisticamente significante com o resultado falha na triagem foram nascimento pré-termo, baixo peso, permanência em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, uso de ventilação mecânica e uso de medicamento ototóxicos. CONCLUSÃO: houve ocorrência de indicadores de risco pré, peri e pós-natais, porém apenas foi encontrada significância estatística entre alguns indicadores peri e pós-natais e a falha na triagem.

PURPOSE: to characterize neonates and infants who were born in 2008 and have been submitted to the Newborn Hearing Screening Program of the Federal University of Pernambuco Hospital according to the presence of risk factors related to hearing loss. METHODS: a total of 787 newborns took part in the study. Information from clinical charts and tests results were collected in order set up a database. RESULTS: the most prevalent risk factors for hearing loss in the related population was hyperbilirubinemia, prematurity, low weigh at birth, use of medication during pregnancy, presence of diseases during pregnancy and permanence in a Newborn Intensive Care Unit. The factors that have shown significant statistic relation with hearing loss were: prematurity, low weigh at birth, permanence in a Newborn Intensive Care Unit, neonatal ventilation dependence and ototoxic drug exposure. CONCLUSION: we identified prenatal, per natal and postnatal risks factors for hearing loss. Although, only per natal and postnatal risks factors were significantly related to hearing loss.

Aspectos demográficos e socioeconômicos de mães atendidas em um programa de triagem auditiva neonatal / Demographic and socioeconomic aspects of mothers attended in a newborn hearing screening program

OBJETIVO: Descrever alguns aspectos demográficos e socioeconômicos de mães de neonatos e lactentes atendidos no serviço de Triagem Auditiva Neonatal, do Hospital das Clínicas, da Universidade Federal Pernambuco (HC-UFPE), nascidos no ano de 2007. MÉTODOS: A coleta de dados foi constituída por leitura e digitação das informações contidas no banco de dados referente ao programa de Triagem Auditiva Neonatal do HC- UFPE. Participaram da pesquisa 1.193 mães. RESULTADOS: Entre as variáveis demográficas do estudo destaca-se que o maior percentual (47,9 por cento) das mães tinha entre 20 e 29 anos de idade e 69,2 por cento eram casadas. Dentre as variáveis socioeconômicas, 36,1 por cento possuíam o 1º grau incompleto, 55,7 por cento eram donas de casa, 38,6 por cento não possuíam renda pessoal, 60,6 por cento dispunham de renda familiar entre um a três salários mínimos e 92,5 por cento tiveram seus filhos nascidos em maternidades públicas. CONCLUSÃO: A população estudada encontra-se em condições consideradas desfavoráveis para a saúde e desenvolvimento global dos neonatos e lactentes, pois as gestantes com este perfil pertencem a uma categoria de risco. Esses resultados servem de alerta para o desenvolvimento de ações que visem à promoção da saúde na população investigada.

PURPOSE: To describe demographic and socioeconomic aspects of mothers of newborns and infants enrolled in the Newborn Hearing Screening Program of the Hospital of the Federal University of Pernambuco. METHODS: Data were gathered from the database of the Newborn Hearing Screening Program. Participated in the study 1,193 mothers who delivered babies in 2007. RESULTS: Analysis of the demographic variables showed that most mothers were between 20 and 29 years old (47.9 percent), and 69.2 percent were married. Socioeconomic variables showed that 36.1 percent of the mothers did not complete elementary school, 55.7 percent were housewives, 38.6 percent did not have any personal income, 60.6 percent had familiar income between one and three minimum wages, and 92.5 percent gave birth in public maternities. CONCLUSION: The studied population was considered in unfavorable conditions for the health and the global development of newborns and infants, for pregnant women within the same socioeconomic status constitute a risk category. These results emphasize the need for the development of health promotion actions for the investigated population.