Prevención secundaria post infarto agudo de miocardio en hospitales públicos: implementación y resultados de las garantías GES / Universal health coverage and accomplishment of secondary prevention goals among patients with acute myocardial infarction

Background: In 2005, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was included in a universal health plan (GES) to reduce inequity in care and optimize its diagnosis and treatment. Aim: To evaluate the effect of GES in risk factor control and therapeutic management among patients with AMI. Material and Methods: A survey was conducted in 2008-2009 in six public hospitals. Patients were identified from a hospital based registry of AMI and evaluated one year later with laboratory tests and an interview. Results: The registry enrolled 534 patients with ST and non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Of these, 416 patients aged 63 ± 12 years (25% women) were evaluated one year later. Eighty three percent were evaluated by a cardiologist and 37% by a general practitioner. Twenty two percent were evaluated by a nurse and 22% by a nutritionist. At the moment of the interview, 9% smoked, 78% were overweight or obese, 24% performed moderate or vigorous physical activity ≥ 150 min/week, 60% had systolic pressure > 130 mmHg and 63% a diastolic pressure > 80 mmHg. In 30%, LDL cholesterol was > 100 mg/dl and in 43%, triglycerides were > 150 mm/dl. Twenty two percent were diabetic and among them, 52% had a glycosilated hemoglobin > 7%. Forty five percent of non-diabetic patients had a fasting glucose > 100 mg/dl. Ninety three percent were in treatment with aspirin, 86% with statins, 66% with b-blockers, and 73% with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers and 20% with clopidogrel. Conclusions: Despite the high proportion of patients in treatment with evidence-based therapy, many do not achieve the targets for risk factor control with the new health care model.

[Universal health coverage and accomplishment of secondary prevention goals among patients with acute myocardial infarction]. / Prevención secundaria post infarto agudo de miocardio en hospitales públicos: implementación y resultados de las garantías GES.

BACKGROUND: In 2005, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was included in a universal health plan (GES) to reduce inequity in care and optimize its diagnosis and treatment. AIM: To evaluate the effect of GES in risk factor control and therapeutic management among patients with AMI. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A survey was conducted in 2008-2009 in six public hospitals. Patients were identified from a hospital based registry of AMI and evaluated one year later with laboratory tests and an interview. RESULTS: The registry enrolled 534 patients with ST and non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Of these, 416 patients aged 63 ± 12 years (25% women) were evaluated one year later. Eighty three percent were evaluated by a cardiologist and 37% by a general practitioner. Twenty two percent were evaluated by a nurse and 22% by a nutritionist. At the moment of the interview, 9% smoked, 78% were overweight or obese, 24% performed moderate or vigorous physical activity ≥ 150 min/week, 60% had systolic pressure > 130 mmHg and 63% a diastolic pressure > 80 mmHg. In 30%, LDL cholesterol was > 100 mg/dl and in 43%, triglycerides were > 150 mm/dl. Twenty two percent were diabetic and among them, 52% had a glycosylated hemoglobin > 7%. Forty five percent of non-diabetic patients had a fasting glucose > 100 mg/dl. Ninety three percent were in treatment with aspirin, 86% with statins, 66% with b-blockers, and 73% with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers and 20% with clopidogrel. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high proportion of patients in treatment with evidence-based therapy, many do not achieve the targets for risk factor control with the new health care model.

[Individual and population risk in acute myocardial infarction: the Chilean INTERHEART study]. / Riesgo individual y poblacional en infarto agudo del miocardio: Estudio INTERHEART Chile.

BACKGROUND: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the first cause of death in Chile. AIM: To assess the magnitude of risk of individuals and population associated with AMI risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Case control study with incident cases and 2 controls paired by age and gender. History of diabetes, hypertension, smoking, stress, depression, diet, weight, height, hip and waist circumference, apolipoprotein (Apo) Al and B were determined. Odds ratio (OR) and population attributable risk (PAR) were calculated with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: Three hundred thirty two cases and 672 controls were included. Mean age was 61.6+/-12 years and 22% were women. The higher individual risk was associated with smoking: OR 3.1 (2.3-4.2), hypertension: 2.9 (2.1-3.9), permanent stress: 2.2 (1,3-2,8), increased apoB/ApoAl ratio: 2.1 (1.4-3.0) and diabetes: 2.0 (1.4-2.9). A protective effect of daily consumption of vegetables and/or fruits with and OR of 0.54 (0.4-0.8), was observed. The highest PAR was due to smoking: 42% (33.2-51.4), increased ApoB/ApoAl ratio: 35.2 (19.0-55.8) and hypertension: 32% (24.5-40.8). These three factors explained 71.3% of the AMI risk in Chile. A moderate effect on PAR was observed for abdominal obesity: 16.6% (2.4-61.2), permanent stress: 12.0% (2.3-44.1) and diabetes: 10.8% (6.1-18.3). CONCLUSIONS: Known risk factors like dyslipidemia, smoking and hypertension explain most of the AMI cases in Chile. The control of these risk factors should have a major effect on morbidity and mortality due to coronary artery disease in our country.

Riesgo individual y poblacional en infarto agudo del miocardio: Estudio INTERHEART Chile / Individual and population risk in acute myocardial infarction: The Chilean INTERHEART study

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the first cause of death in Chile. Aim To assess the magnitude of risk of individuals and population associated with AMI risk factors. Material and methods: Case control study with incident cases and 2 controls paired by age and gender. History of diabetes, hypertension, smoking, stress, depression, diet, weight, height, hip and waist circumference, apolipoprotein (Apo) Al and B were determined. Odds ratio (OR) and population attributable risk (PAR) were calculated with 95 percent confidence interval. Results: Three hundred thirty two cases and 672 controls were included. Mean age was 61.6±12 years and 22 percent were women. The higher individual risk was associated with smoking: OR 3.1 (2.3-4.2), hypertension: 2.9 (2.1-3.9), permanent stress: 2.2 (1,3-2,8), increased apoB/ApoAl ratio: 2.1 (1.4-3.0) and diabetes: 2.0 (1.4-2.9). A protective effect of daily consumption of vegetables and/or fruits with and OR of 0.54 (0.4-0.8), was observed. The highest PAR was due to smoking: 42 percent (33.2-51.4), increased ApoB/ApoAl ratio: 35.2 (19.0-55.8) and hypertension: 32 percent (24.5-40.8). These three factors explained 71.3 percent of the AMI risk in Chile. A moderate effect on PAR was observed for abdominal obesity: 16.6 percent (2.4-61.2), permanent stress: 12.0 percent (2.3-44.1) and diabetes: 10.8 percent (6.1-18.3). Conclusions: Known risk factors ¡ike dyslipidemia, smoking and hypertension explain most of the AMI cases in Chile. The control of these risk factors should have a major effect on morbidity and mortality due to coronary artery disease in our country.

Advanced Glycation and ROS: a link between diabetes and heart failure.

Despite many advances achieved to date, heart failure (HF) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. There is a widely-accepted consensus that HF and diabetes are strongly linked by at least 3 mechanisms: associated comorbidities, coronary atherosclerosis or a specific diabetic cardiomiopathy. For the last 2 mechanisms, advanced glycation end-products may contribute to trigger key processes relevant to HF by affecting cardiac function through cross-linking or receptor engagement. This review focuses on the main effects of advanced glycation end-products on cardiomyocytes and endothelial cell function. Some pharmacological approaches are also discussed.