Psychosocial risk profiles to address future health emergencies: a country study during the COVID-19 lockdown period in Colombia.

Introduction: The different strategies used worldwide to curb the COVID-19 pandemic between 2020 and 2021 had a negative psychosocial impact, which was disproportionately higher for socially and economically vulnerable groups. This article seeks to identify the psychosocial impact of the confinement period during the COVID-19 pandemic for the Colombian population by identifying profiles that predict the levels of different mental health indicators (feelings of fear, positive emotions or feelings during free time, and work impact) and based on them, characterize the risk factors and protection that allows us to propose guidelines for prevention or recovery from future health emergencies. Methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional, retrospective ex post facto study. Multistage cluster probabilistic sampling and binary logistic regression analysis were used to predict extreme levels of various mental health indicators based on psychosocial indicators of the COVID-19 confinement period and to identify risk and protection factors. Results: A relationship was established between the combination of some of the different psychosocial factors evaluated (this combination being the predictive profile identified) with each of the three main variables: feeling of fear (n = 8,247; R = 0.32; p = 0.00; Poverall = 62.4%; 𝜔overall = 0.25; 1-𝛽overall = 1.00), positive emotions or feelings during free time (n = 6,853; R = 0.25; p = 0.00; Poverall = 59.1%; 𝜔overall = 0.18; 1-𝛽overall = 1.00) and labour impact (n = 4,573; R = 0.47; p = 0.63; Poverall = 70.4%; 𝜔overall = 0.41; 1-𝛽overall = 1.00), with social vulnerability determined by sociodemographic factors that were common in all profiles (sex, age, ethnicity and socioeconomic level) and conditions associated with job insecurity (unemployed, loss of health insurance and significant changes to job's requirements) and place of residence (city). Conclusion: For future health emergencies, it is necessary to (i) mitigate the socio-employment impact from emergency containment measures in a scaled and differentiated manner at the local level, (ii) propose prevention and recovery actions through psychosocial and mental health care accessible to the entire population, especially vulnerable groups, (iii) Design and implement work, educational and recreational adaptation programs that can be integrated into confinement processes.

Monkeypox virus genome sequence from an imported human case in Colombia / Secuencia genómica del virus de la viruela símica de un caso importado en Colombia

Introduction: Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus with a genome of approximately 197.209 bp. The current classification divides MPXV into three clades: Clade I (Central African or Congo Basin clade) and clades IIa and IIb (West African clades). Objective: To report the complete genome and phylogenetic analysis of a human monkeypox case detected in Colombia. Materials and methods: Exudate from vesicular lesions was obtained from a male patient with recent travel history to Spain. A direct genomic approach was implemented in which total DNA from the sample was purified through a column-based method, followed by sequencing on the Nanopore GridION. Reads were aligned against the MPXV reference genome using minimap2 v.2.24 and phylogenetic inference was performed using maximum likelihood estimation. Results: A total of 11.951 reads mapped directly to a reference genome with 96.8% of coverage (190.898 bp). Conclusion: Phylogenetic analysis of the MPXV circulating in Colombia demonstrated its close relationship to clade IIb responsible for the multi-country outbreak in 2022.

Introducción. El virus de la viruela del mono (MPXV) está compuesto por un genoma de ADN bicatenario, aproximadamente, de 197.209 pb. La clasificación actual agrupa el MPXV en tres clados: clado I (de la cuenca del Congo en África central), y clados IIa y IIb (de África occidental). Objetivo. Reportar el genoma completo y el análisis filogenético de un caso humano de viruela símica detectado en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se obtuvo exudado de lesiones vesiculares de un paciente varón con el antecedente de un viaje reciente a España. Se implementó un enfoque directo, en el cual se purificó el ADN total de la muestra mediante un método basado en columnas, seguido de la secuenciación directa en la plataforma Nanopore GridION. Las lecturas se alinearon con el genoma de referencia del MPXV, utilizando minimap2, v.2.24, y la inferencia filogenética fue realizada mediante la estimación por máxima verosimilitud. Resultados. Un total de 11.951 lecturas se alinearon directamente con el genoma de referencia con una cobertura del 96,8 % (190.898 pb). Conclusión. El análisis filogenético del MPXV circulante en Colombia demostró su estrecha relación con el clado de África occidental (clado IIb) responsable del brote en múltiples países en el 2022.

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Children and Adolescents: Results From a Population-Based Survey in 10 Colombian Cities.

Background. Understanding COVID-19 dynamics in Colombia during the first pandemic year (2020) gives important insights surrounding population's exposure risk and specific susceptibilities. Seroprevalence studies can aid in having a broader understanding of the disease, offering a more inclusive view of the pandemic's impact across the population. Methods. A population-based cross-sectional study to assess antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in 10 Colombian cities was developed between September and December 2020. Cities were grouped according development typology (Robust (RD), Intermediate (ID) and Incipient (InD)). Detection of total antibodies (IgM + IgG) against SARS-CoV-2 was employed. Univariate Odds Ratios (OR) were estimated for antibody results and selected variables. Results. About 3124 children aged between 5 and 17 years were included. Factors related to lower seropositive results were affiliation to the employer-based health insurance in RD and ID cities (OR: 0.579, 95% CI 0.477-0.703, OR: 0.648, 95%CI 0.480-0.874 respectively) and living in a household with adequate access to public services only for ID cities (OR: 0.679. 95% CI 0.491-0.939). Higher seropositivity rates in RD and ID cities were seen in children belonging to the low socioeconomic stratum (RD: OR: 1.758, 95% CI 1.427-2.165; ID: OR: 2.288, 95% CI 1.599-3.275) and living in an overcrowded household (RD: OR: 1.846, 95% CI 1.467-2.323; ID: OR: 2.379, 95% CI 1.769-3.199). Conclusions. Children and adolescents showed substantial impact from the COVID-19 pandemic. Disadvantageous living conditions were found to be significantly related to having a positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody test. These results highlight the need to prioritize vulnerable populations in the context of health emergencies.

Comparación de las pruebas de dilución en Agar y PCR para determinación de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de Helicobacter pylori. Revisión sistemática de la literatura / Comparation of Agar dilution test with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to determinate antimicrobial susceptiblility of Helicobacter Pylori. A systematic literature review

Objetivo: determinar las características operativas de la prueba RFLP-PCR frente a la prueba dilución en agar para evaluar la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana a claritromicina en aislamientos clínicos de H. pylori. Metodología: la búsqueda de estudios de pruebas diagnósticas sobre resistencia antimicrobiana de H. pylori a claritromicina con técnicas de dilución en agar y RFLP-PCR se realizó en Medline, Science direct, Ovid y Cochrane. Se elaboraron tablas de contingencia para calcular las características operativas, en el programa RevMan 5. La heterogeneidad fue evaluada por la gráfica Forest Plot y el estadístico de Q. La presencia de sesgos de publicación se evaluó con Funnel Plot. Resultados: doce artículos cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. El overall de especificidad fue 100% (IC 95% 91-100), demostrando baja probabilidad de falsos positivos. Para sensibilidad el valor fue de 91% (IC 95% 88-94) indicando una mayor probabilidad de resultados falsamente negativos. En la gráfica de “Funnel Plot” se observó asimetría para ambas características demostrando sesgo de publicación. Conclusiones: la técnica RFLP-PCR no presentó características operativas iguales o superiores al 95%, comparada con el estándar de referencia dilución en agar. Por lo anterior esta técnica de se debe considerar la prueba de elección cuando se estudie la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de H. pylori.

Aim: Establish the available scientific evidence of the operational characteristics of PCR-RFLP test with Agar Dilution for the determination of antimicrobial susceptibility in clarithromycin clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori. Methods: We have performed the search bibliography about diagnostic tests on antimicrobial resistance of H. pylori to clarithromycin by using Agar Dilution and PCR-RFLP techniques over Medline, Science direct, Ovid and Cochrane of studies. The information was validated by two observers who checked the inclusion criteria and quality. We obtained the operational characteristics of the studies on contingency tables; analysis was performed on the RevMan 5 program. Results: A total of 50 references were tested from those 12 has been chosen in accord with the inclusion criteria and analyzed as summary measures. The specificity “overall” was a 100 % (CI 95% 91-100) that demonstrate a low probability of positive false. The projected overall sensitivity was 91% (CI 95% 88-94%) which indicated a high probability of negative results. The test showed heterogeneity studies homogeneous in sensitivity and specificity (p = 0.78) (p = 0.99). The graphics of “Funnel Plot” revealed asymmetry for both of those characteristics that showed a publications bias. In the group analysis have not found antibiotics different from clarithromycin and was evident that the continent was more publications Europe, followed by Asia and Latin America. Conclusion: The sensitivity and specificity of PCR-RFLP technique for clarithromycin not have values equal to or higher than 95% compared proof Agar Dilution.

Efecto del sustrato y la exposición a la luz en la producción de una cepa de Trichoderma sp / Effects of substrate and light exposition in the production of Trichoderma sp

Con el fin de evaluar el efecto de las condiciones de luz sobre la producción de biomasa de una cepa de Trichoderma sp. en fermentación sólida y sumergida, se probaron medios arroz 53 por ciento (p/p), arroz 53 por ciento (p/p)-melaza 3 por ciento(p/p) y arroz 53 por ciento (p/p)-melaza 10 por ciento (p/p) en agua destilada, con incubación 25oC y períodos de luz constante y fotoperíodo 24 h luz/24 h oscuridad durante 8 días. Los parámetros estimados fueron densidad poblacional (conidios/mL), germinación de esporas a 24 horas y porcentaje de pureza. Los resultados indicaron que el proceso de fermentación sólida empleando como sustrato arroz-agua destilada a 25ðC y la exposición constante a la luz permitió mayor recuperación de conidios (45x1018 conidios/mL), con 96 por ciento de germinación a 24 horas y una pureza estimada de 92,1por ciento. En la fermentación sumergida se obtuvo un porcentaje de pureza del 76,8 por ciento y la germinación de conidios a las 24 h fue de 91,2 por ciento, mostrando como desventaja un bajo porcentaje de pureza frente a la fermentación sólida.

In order to evaluate the effect of temperature and light conditions on biomass production of a Trichoderma sp. strain, three culture media were tested: rice 53% (w/w), rice 53% (w/w) -molasses 3% (w/w) and rice 53% (w/w)-molasses 10% (w/w) in distilled water. Incubation conditions were: 25°C, constant light and a photoperiod of 24 h light/24 h darkness during 8 days. The evaluated parameters were population density (conidia/mL), spore germination after 24 hours and purity percentage. The results showed that solid fermentation using rice - distilled water as substrate at 25°C and constant light, allowedthe highest conidia yield (45x1018 conidia/mL), 96% germination after 24 hours, and 92.1% purity. The liquid fermentation rendered a purityof 76.8% and conidia germination of 91.2% after 24 hours, showing a disadvantageous lower purity percentage compared to solidfermentation.

Com a finalidade de avaliar o efeito das condições de luz sobre a produção de biomassa de uma cepa de Trichoderma sp, em fermentação sólida e submergida, foram testados diferentes meios: arroz 53% (p/p), arroz 53% (p/p)-melaço 3% (p/p) e arroz 53% (p/p)-melaço 10% (p/p) em água destilada, com incubação 25°C e períodos de luz constante e fotoperíodo 24 h luz/24 h escuridão durante 8 dias. Os parâmetros estimados foram densidade populacional (conídios/mL), germinação de esporas a 24 horas e porcentagem de pureza. Os resultados indicaram que o processo de fermentação sólida usando como substrato arroz-água destilada a 25ºC e exposição constante à luz, permitiu maior recuperação de conídios (45x1018 conídios/mL), com 96% de germinação a 24 horas e uma pureza estimada de 92,1%. Na fermentação submergida obteve-se um percentual de pureza de 76,8% e a germinação de conídios as 24 h foi de 91,2%, mostrando como desvantagem um baixo percentual de pureza frente à fermentação sólida.

Inmovilización de bacillus licheniformis y Saccharomyces cerevisiae para la producción de etanol a partir de almidón de papa / Inmobilization of bacillus licheniformis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for ethanol production from potato starch

Se evaluó un sistema discontinuo secuencial compuesto por células de Bacillus licheniformis y Saccharomyces cerevisiae para producción de etanol, utilizando en la segunda fase del proceso, un hidrolizado de almidón de papa, obtenido con el uso de células de B. licheniformis. Ambos microorganismos fueron inmovilizados en matriz de alginato de calcio al 3,2 por ciento y 2,5 por ciento (p/v), observando que a estas concentraciones se retiene la mayor cantidad de células (26x106 y 10x107 UFC/g) y permite la difusión de los productos, obteniendo 3,3 g/L de azúcares reductores y 642 UA/L (unidades amilolíticas) para B. licheniformis y 0,866 por ciento (v/v) de etanol con S. cerevisiae. Mediante un diseño factorial 22 se seleccionaron las condiciones de operación a escala de reactor para la producción del hidrolizado, encontrando que al cultivar a B. licheniformis con 3 v.v.m. y 150 r.p.m. se produjeron 3,7 g/L de azúcares reductores y 669 UA/L a las 4 horas de proceso. El hidrolizado se caracterizó por cromatografía HPLC determinando que es rico en oligómeros, dextrinas y que tiene baja concentración de glucosa y maltosa. El uso del hidrolizado para la producción de etanol, generó porcentajes bajos (0,47por ciento y 0,74 por ciento v/v), tanto en células libres como inmovilizadas, respectivamente.

We evaluated a sequential discontinuous system composed by Bacillus licheniformis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae forethanol production. For the second phase of the process potato starch hydrolyzed were used, which was obtained from B. licheniformis cells. Both microorganisms were immobilized in a calcium alginate matrix of 3,2% and 2,5% (w/v), where was observed that these concentrations retained the majority of the cells (26x106 and 10x107 UFC/g) and alloweddissemination of its products, gaining 3.3 g/L of reducing sugars and 642 AU/L (units Amylolytic) for B. licheniformis and 0,866% (v/v) ethanol with S. cerevisiae. By means of a 22 factorial design were selected operating conditions at a reactor scale for production of hydrolyzed, finding that by cultivating B. licheniformis with 3 v.v.m. and 150 r.p.m. there were 3.7 g/L of reducing sugars and 669 AU/L after 4 hours of the process. The hydrolyzed was characterized using HPLC chromatography, which determined that it is rich in oligomers and dextrin, and it has low concentration of glucose andmaltose. The use of hydrolyzed for ethanol production, generated low percentages (0,47% and 0,74% v/v) in free and immobilized cells respectively.