Radial and tangential migration of telencephalic somatostatin neurons originated from the mouse diagonal area.

The telencephalic subpallium is the source of various GABAergic interneuron cohorts that invade the pallium via tangential migration. Based on genoarchitectonic studies, the subpallium has been subdivided into four major domains: striatum, pallidum, diagonal area and preoptic area (Puelles et al. 2013; Allen Developing Mouse Brain Atlas), and a larger set of molecularly distinct progenitor areas (Flames et al. 2007). Fate mapping, genetic lineage-tracing studies, and other approaches have suggested that each subpallial subdivision produces specific sorts of inhibitory interneurons, distinguished by differential peptidic content, which are distributed tangentially to pallial and subpallial target territories (e.g., olfactory bulb, isocortex, hippocampus, pallial and subpallial amygdala, striatum, pallidum, septum). In this report, we map descriptively the early differentiation and apparent migratory dispersion of mouse subpallial somatostatin-expressing (Sst) cells from E10.5 onward, comparing their topography with the expression patterns of the genes Dlx5, Gbx2, Lhx7-8, Nkx2.1, Nkx5.1 (Hmx3), and Shh, which variously label parts of the subpallium. Whereas some experimental results suggest that Sst cells are pallidal, our data reveal that many, if not most, telencephalic Sst cells derive from de diagonal area (Dg). Sst-positive cells initially only present at the embryonic Dg selectively populate radially the medial part of the bed nucleus striae terminalis (from paraseptal to amygdaloid regions) and part of the central amygdala; they also invade tangentially the striatum, while eschewing the globus pallidum and the preoptic area, and integrate within most cortical and nuclear pallial areas between E10.5 and E16.5.

Genoarchitectonic profile of developing nuclear groups in the chicken pretectum.

Earlier results on molecularly coded progenitor domains in the chicken pretectum revealed an anteroposterior subdivision of the pretectum in precommissural (PcP), juxtacommissural (JcP), and commissural (CoP) histogenetic areas, each specified differentially (Ferran et al. [2007] J Comp Neurol 505:379-403). Here we examined the nuclei derived from these areas with regard to characteristic gene expression patterns and gradual histogenesis (eventually, migration patterns). We sought a genoarchitectonic schema of the avian pretectum within the prosomeric model of the vertebrate forebrain (Puelles and Rubenstein [2003] Trends Neurosci 26:469-476; Puelles et al. [2007] San Diego: Academic Press). Transcription-factor gene markers were used to selectively map derivatives of the three pretectal histogenetic domains: Pax7 and Pax6 (CoP); FoxP1 and Six3 (JcP); and FoxP2, Ebf1, and Bhlhb4 (PcP). The combination of this genoarchitectonic information with additional data on Lim1, Tal2, and Nbea mRNA expression and other chemoarchitectonic results allowed unambiguous characterization of some 30 pretectal nuclei. Apart from grouping them as derivatives of the three early anteroposterior domains, we also assigned them to postulated dorsoventral subdomains (Ferran et al. [2007]). Several previously unknown neuronal populations were detected, thus expanding the list of pretectal structures, and we corrected some apparently confused concepts in the earlier literature. The composite gene expression map represents a substantial advance in anatomical and embryological knowledge of the avian pretectum. Many nuclear primordia can be recognized long before the mature differentiated state of the pretectum is achieved. This study provides fundamental notions for ultimate scientific study of the specification and regionalization processes building up this brain area, both in birds and other vertebrates.

The Mood Spectrum Self-Report: validation and adaptation into Spanish.

This study explores the psychometric properties of the Spanish adaptation of the Mood Spectrum Self-Report (MOODS-SR), an instrument designed to assess a broad range of manifestations of mood psychopathology. A total of 71 Spanish subjects participated: 49 outpatients who met criteria for a mood disorder or generalized anxiety disorder, and 22 normal controls. The instrument proved to have good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Significant positive correlations were found between the depressive subdomains of the questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory, as well as between the manic-hypomanic subdomains and the Clinician-Administered Rating Scale for Mania. Clinical subjects displayed higher mean scores than normal subjects in all domains, and patients with bipolar disorder displayed higher scores than patients with unipolar disorder in the Manic component, particularly in the Energy and the Cognition subdomains. Differences between patients with generalized anxiety and mood disorders were small. The former, however, did not differ from normal controls in several subdomains, whereas patients with mood disorders did.

La retroalimentación biológica para la rehabilitación neuromuscular en un caso de cuadripesia por traumatismo raquimedular / Biological feedback in neuromuscular rehabilitation for a case of quadraparesis due to a spine cord traumatism

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo principal al desarrollar movimientos funcionales en miembros superiores para un paciente cuadriparético con perdida de la motricidad por debajo del nivel C-4 y pérdida de sensibilidad por debajo del nivel T-4. Se trabajó con base en la biorretroalimentación electromiográfica (EMG) y termográfica con los módulos respectivos del laboratorio de Biorretroalimentación (BIOLAB). A través de retroalimentación visual y auditiva se buscó generar en el paciente estrategias para lograr el control voluntario de la actividad mioelectrica y el control voluntario de la temperatura. Se plantearon cinco experimentos con diseños de investigación diferentes para el trabajo sobre las zonas deltoides i bíceps en el brazo derecho y bíceps en el brazo izquierdo. Los resultados fueron significativos en el trabajo electromiográfico; sin embargo en los resultados para el control voluntario de la temperatura no se presentaron grandes diferencias con respecto a la línea base.