Identification of RIPK3 Type II Inhibitors Using High-Throughput Mechanistic Studies in Hit Triage.

Necroptosis has been implicated in a variety of disease states, and RIPK3 is one of the kinases identified to play a critical role in this signaling pathway. In an effort to identify RIPK3 kinase inhibitors with a novel profile, mechanistic studies were incorporated at the hit triage stage. Utilization of these assays enabled identification of a Type II DFG-out inhibitor for RIPK3, which was confirmed by protein crystallography. Structure-based drug design on the inhibitors targeting this previously unreported conformation enabled an enhancement in selectivity against key off-target kinases.

Identification of N-Methyl Nicotinamide and N-Methyl Pyridazine-3-Carboxamide Pseudokinase Domain Ligands as Highly Selective Allosteric Inhibitors of Tyrosine Kinase 2 (TYK2).

As a member of the Janus (JAK) family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, TYK2 plays an important role in mediating the signaling of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-12, IL-23, and type 1 interferons. The nicotinamide 4, identified by a SPA-based high-throughput screen targeting the TYK2 pseudokinase domain, potently inhibits IL-23 and IFNα signaling in cellular assays. The described work details the optimization of this poorly selective hit (4) to potent and selective molecules such as 47 and 48. The discoveries described herein were critical to the eventual identification of the clinical TYK2 JH2 inhibitor (see following report in this issue). Compound 48 provided robust inhibition in a mouse IL-12-induced IFNγ pharmacodynamic model as well as efficacy in an IL-23 and IL-12-dependent mouse colitis model. These results demonstrate the ability of TYK2 JH2 domain binders to provide a highly selective alternative to conventional TYK2 orthosteric inhibitors.

Discovery of a JAK1/3 Inhibitor and Use of a Prodrug To Demonstrate Efficacy in a Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

The four members of the Janus family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases play a significant role in immune function. The JAK family kinase inhibitor, tofacitinib 1, has been approved in the United States for use in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. A number of JAK inhibitors with a variety of JAK family selectivity profiles are currently in clinical trials. Our goal was to identify inhibitors that were functionally selective for JAK1 and JAK3. Compound 22 was prepared with the desired functional selectivity profile, but it suffered from poor absorption related to physical properties. Use of the phosphate prodrug 32 enabled progression to a murine collagen induced arthritis (CIA) model. The demonstration of a robust efficacy in the CIA model suggests that use of phosphate prodrugs may resolve issues with progressing this chemotype for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as RA.

Organic chemistry. Practical olefin hydroamination with nitroarenes.

The synthesis and functionalization of amines are fundamentally important in a vast range of chemical contexts. We present an amine synthesis that repurposes two simple feedstock building blocks: olefins and nitro(hetero)arenes. Using readily available reactants in an operationally simple procedure, the protocol smoothly yields secondary amines in a formal olefin hydroamination. Because of the presumed radical nature of the process, hindered amines can easily be accessed in a highly chemoselective transformation. A screen of more than 100 substrate combinations showcases tolerance of numerous unprotected functional groups such as alcohols, amines, and even boronic acids. This process is orthogonal to other aryl amine syntheses, such as the Buchwald-Hartwig, Ullmann, and classical amine-carbonyl reductive aminations, as it tolerates aryl halides and carbonyl compounds.

Discovery of GS-9669, a thumb site II non-nucleoside inhibitor of NS5B for the treatment of genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C infection.

Investigation of thiophene-2-carboxylic acid HCV NS5B site II inhibitors, guided by measurement of cell culture medium binding, revealed the structure-activity relationships for intrinsic cellular potency. The pharmacokinetic profile was enhanced through incorporation of heterocyclic ethers on the N-alkyl substituent. Hydroxyl groups were incorporated to modulate protein binding. Intrinsic potency was further improved through enantiospecific introduction of an olefin in the N-acyl motif, resulting in the discovery of the phase 2 clinical candidate GS-9669. The unexpected activity of this compound against the clinically relevant NS5B M423T mutant, relative to the wild type, was shown to arise from both the N-alkyl substituent and the N-acyl group.

Preclinical characterization of GS-9669, a thumb site II inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase.

GS-9669 is a highly optimized thumb site II nonnucleoside inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA polymerase, with a binding affinity of 1.35 nM for the genotype (GT) 1b protein. It is a selective inhibitor of HCV RNA replication, with a mean 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) of ≤ 11 nM in genotype 1 and 5 replicon assays, but lacks useful activity against genotypes 2 to 4. The M423T mutation is readily generated clinically upon monotherapy with the thumb site II inhibitors filibuvir and lomibuvir, and it is notable that GS-9669 exhibited only a 3-fold loss in potency against this variant in the genotype 1b replicon. Rather than M423T, resistance predominantly tracks to residues R422K and L419M and residue I482L in GT 1b and 1a replicons, respectively. GS-9669 exhibited at least additive activity in combination with agents encompassing four other direct modes of action (NS3 protease, NS5A, NS5B via an alternative allosteric binding site, and NS5B nucleotide) as well as with alpha interferon or ribavirin in replicon assays. It exhibited high metabolic stability in in vitro human liver microsomal assays, which, in combination with its pharmacokinetic profiles in rat, dog, and two monkey species, is predictive of good human pharmacokinetics. GS-9669 is well suited for combination with other orally active, direct-acting antiviral agents in the treatment of genotype 1 chronic HCV infection. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration number NCT01431898.).

Discovery of GS-9256: a novel phosphinic acid derived inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease with potent clinical activity.

A potent and novel class of phosphinic acid derived product-like inhibitors of the HCV NS3/4A protease was discovered previously. Modification of the phosphinic acid and quinoline heterocycle led to GS-9256 with potent cell-based activity and favorable pharmacokinetic parameters. Based on these attributes, GS-9256 was advanced to human clinical trial as a treatment for chronic infection with genotype 1 HCV.

Novel, potent, and orally bioavailable phosphinic acid inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease.

A potent and novel class of product-like inhibitors of the HCV NS3 protease was discovered by employing a phosphinic acid as a carboxylate isostere. The replicon activity and pharmacokinetic profile of this series of compounds was optimized by exploring the substitution of the phosphinic acid, as well as conformationally constraining these compounds through macrocyclization. The syntheses and preliminary biological evaluation of these phosphinic acids is described.

Optimization of Pharmacokinetics through Manipulation of Physicochemical Properties in a Series of HCV Inhibitors.

A novel series of HCV replication inhibitors based on a pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine core were optimized for pharmacokinetics (PK) in rats. Several associations between physicochemical properties and PK were identified and exploited to guide the design of compounds. In addition, a simple new metric that may aid in the prediction of bioavailability for compounds with higher polar surface area is described (3*HBD-cLogP).

Use of benzofuran for concomitant protection of aldehyde and phenol groups in the preparation of mycophenolic acid analogues.

The use of a benzofuran to mask phenol and arylacetaldehyde moieties simultaneously in the synthesis of analogues of mycophenolic acid (MPA) was explored. Benzofuran 4 provided a stable and easily handled intermediate for the preparation of unnatural derivatives at the C-6 position of MPA. Preparation of the highly potent 6-ethyl MPA analogue 2 was accomplished via aldehyde 2c through this facile route with high-yielding steps and crystalline intermediates.