RESUMEN
As a scanning microscope, STimulated Emission Depletion (STED) nanoscopy needs parallelization for fast wide-field imaging. Using well-designed optical lattices for depletion together with wide-field excitation and a fast camera for detection, we achieve large parallelization of STED nanoscopy. Wide field of view super-resolved images are acquired by scanning over a single unit cell of the optical lattice, which can be as small as 290 nm * 290 nm. Optical Lattice STED (OL-STED) imaging is demonstrated with a resolution down to 70 nm at 12.5 frames per second.
RESUMEN
UNLABELLED: The recombinant circumsporozoite protein (CS) based vaccine, RTS,S, confers protection against Plasmodium falciparum infection in controlled challenge trials and in field studies. The RTS,S recombinant antigen has been formulated with two adjuvant systems, AS01 and AS02, which have both been shown to induce strong specific antibody responses and CD4 T cell responses in adults. As infants and young children are particularly susceptible to malaria infection and constitute the main target population for a malaria vaccine, we have evaluated the induction of adaptive immune responses in young children living in malaria endemic regions following vaccination with RTS,S/AS01(E) and RTS,S/AS02(D). Our data show that a CS-specific memory B cell response is induced one month after the second and third vaccine dose and that CS-specific antibodies and memory B cells persist up to 12 months after the last vaccine injection. Both formulations also induced low but significant amounts of CS-specific IL-2(+) CD4(+) T cells one month after the second and third vaccine dose, upon short-term in vitro stimulation of whole blood cells with peptides covering the entire CS derived sequence in RTS,S. These results provide evidence that both RTS,S/AS01(E) and RTS,S/AS02(D) induced adaptive immune responses including antibodies, circulating memory B cells and CD4(+) T cells directed against P. falciparum CS protein. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00307021.