Investigation of ligament, bone, synovial and plica pathologies accompanied by common extensor tendon in patients with lateral overuse syndrome of the elbow using magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND: Tendinosis in the common extensor tendon and accompanying ligament, bone, and plica abnormalities can be observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). PURPOSE: To determine whether there is a difference between accompanying abnormalities according to the degree of common extensor tendon injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients who underwent 1.5-T MRI tests with a prediagnosis of lateral overuse syndrome were retrospectively reviewed, and 56 patients who had an injury in the common extensor tendon (CET) were included. The degree of tendon and ligament injury, muscle signal change, bone marrow signal change, presence of joint effusion, and morphological features in the presence of plica were evaluated via MRI examinations of the elbow. RESULTS: Overall, 32, 16, and eight patients had mild, moderate, and severe CET damage, respectively. As the severity of CET damage increased, the presence of joint effusion, and the presence and degree of damage to the lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) and radial collateral ligament (RCL) increased. The radiohumeral (RH) plica area was significantly larger in the group with mild CET damage. There was no statistically significant correlation between the severity of CET damage and the end of RH plica with a blind-end, coverage of one-third or more of the radius, its signal, thickness, and presence of olecranon fold. CONCLUSION: As the severity of CET injury increases, damage to the LUCL, RCL, and the presence of effusion in the joint increases. RH plica should be evaluated in terms of concomitant pathology in patients with mild CET injuries on MRI.

The Incidence of Accessory Ossicles of the Wrist: A Radiographic Study.

Objective Accessory ossicles of the wrist are generally asymptomatic and detected incidentally as radiological findings. These bones are rarely symptomatic but can produce pain in cases of impingement or direct trauma. More frequently, these bones are misinterpreted as avulsion fractures in trauma patients, which may lead to unnecessary immobilization and overtreatment. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of accessory ossicles of the wrist and also determine if the incidence is related to age, gender, or ongoing wrist pain. Materials and Methods A total of 1146 wrist radiographs were included in the study. All radiographs were analyzed for the presence of 20 different accessory ossicles of the wrist. Patients were also divided into two groups, as with and without accessory ossicle. Two groups were compared in terms of age, gender, and side. Results About 113 accessory ossicles were detected in 111 (9.7%) radiographs. The most common accessory ossicles were os triangulare and os ulnostyloideum, and the least common accessory ossicles were os gruberi and os praetrapezium. Patients who had accessory ossicle had a significantly higher age than those who did not have accessory ossicle. There was no significant difference between the patients with and without accessory ossicle in terms of gender and side. Conclusions The results of this study showed that the most common accessory ossicles in the wrist were os triangulare and os ulnostyloideum, and the incidence of accessory bones increased with age. Clinical Relevance Since accessory ossicles of the wrist can be confused with fractures in trauma patients and are frequently ignored in patients presenting with pain, it is very important to know the incidence and distribution of these ossicles. Therefore, this study is important, in that it provides potentially guiding anatomical data for clinicians in terms of diagnosis and management.

Prevalence, coincidence and distribution patterns of sesamoid bones of the hand / Patrones de prevalencia, coincidencia y distribución de los huesos sesamoideos de la mano

SUMMARY: The aim of this study is to identify the prevalence and distribution patterns of sesamoid bones at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and interphalangeal (IP) joints and to determine if there is an association between the distribution patterns and age, gender, and hand side. Patients who had a direct radiograph of the hand obtained between 2019-2020 were retrospectively evaluated. All radiographs were evaluated in terms of the prevalence, coincidence, and distribution patterns of sesamoid bones. Presence of an association between distribution patterns and age, sex and side was also assessed. A total of 1501 hand radiographs were included into the study. There were 12 different patterns of sesamoid bone distribution. The most common distribution pattern was the presence of sesamoid bone at the first MCP joint only (25.8 %). There was a positive correlation between the second and third MCP, second and fifth MCP, second and first IP, third and fourth MCP and fifth MCP and first IP joints. The pattern with a sesamoid bone at the first MCP joint only was more prevalent among males, whereas the pattern involving coincidence of sesamoid bones at the first, second, fifth MCP and first IP joints was more prevalent among females (p<0.001, p=0.031). A positive correlation was observed between age and the number of MCP joints with sesamoid bones (p<0.001). The number of MCP joints with sesamoid bones was found to be higher in females (p<0.001). This study is important in that it provided anatomical data that can be guiding for clinicians in terms of diagnosis and management of hand disorders.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la prevalencia y los patrones de distribución de los huesos sesamoideos en las articulaciones metacarpofalángicas (MCF) e interfalángicas (IF) y determinar si existe una asociación entre los patrones de distribución y la edad, el sexo y el lado de la mano; fueron evaluadas retrospectivamente radiografías de la mano obtenidas en 2019- 2020. Todas las radiografías se evaluaron en términos de prevalencia, coincidencia y patrones de distribución de los huesos sesamoideos. También se evaluó la presencia de una asociación entre los patrones de distribución y la edad, el sexo y el lado. Se incluyeron en el estudio un total de 1501 radiografías de mano. Se observaron 12 patrones diferentes de distribución de los huesos sesamoideos. El patrón de distribución más común fue la presencia de hueso sesamoideo solo en la primera articulación MCF (25,8 %). Hubo una correlación positiva entre la segunda y la tercera MCF, la segunda y la quinta MCP, la segunda y la primera IF, la tercera y cuarta MCF y la quinta MCF y las primeras articulaciones IF. El patrón con un hueso sesamoideo en la primera articulación MCF fue más prevalente entre los hombres, mientras que el patrón de coincidencia de los huesos sesamoideos en la primera, segunda, quinta articulación MCF y la primera articulación IF fue más prevalente entre las mujeres (p <0.001, p = 0,031). Se observó una correlación positiva entre la edad y el número de articulaciones MCF con huesos sesamoideos (p <0,001). El número de articulaciones MCF con huesos sesamoideos era mayor en las mujeres (p <0,001). Este estudio es importante debido a que proporcionó datos anatómicos que pueden ser una guía para los médicos en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de los trastornos de la mano.

The relationship between patellar tilt and quadriceps patellar tendon angle with anatomical variations and pathologies of the knee joint.

PURPOSE: To investigate the association between the knee joint anatomical variations and pathologies, and to describe the quadriceps patellar tendon angle (QPA). METHODS: MRIs of 406 cases with a lateral patellar tilt angle (LPT)>5° and a control group of 40 cases with an LPT<5° were retrospectively evaluated. QPA, LPT, trochlear sulcus angle (TSA), tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance (TT-TG), Insall-Salvati index (ISI), patellar tendon length (PTL), patellar height (PH), lateral trochlear inclination (LTI), trochlear facet asymmetry ratio (TFA) and trochlear depth (TD) were measured. Presence of fat-pad oedema, patellar and trochlear chondromalacia, patellar and quadriceps tendinosis and effusion were evaluated. RESULTS: The medians of TSA, PTL, ISI and TT-TG were significantly higher; LTI, TFA and TD were significantly lower in the patient group. The prevalence of SL-Hoffa, non-SL-Hoffa, suprapatellar and prefemoral fat-pad oedema, effusion and chondromalacia were significantly higher in the patient group. LPT was found to be positively correlated with TSA and TT-TG, and negatively correlated with LTI and TD. Cases with trochlear dysplasia, patellar chondromalacia and quadriceps tendinosis had significantly higher LPT. There was a positive correlation between QPA and TSA and a negative correlation between QPA and LTI. Cases with trochlear dysplasia, non-SL-Hoffa oedema, prefemoral fat-pad oedema and quadriceps tendinosis had significantly higher QPA. We found 10°

Investigation of the Relationship between Anterior Knee Pain and Chondromalacia Patellae and Patellofemoral Malalignment.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to investigate whether there is any association of anterior knee pain and knee function with chondromalacia stage and patellofemoral alignment in patients with anterior knee pain for over a month and with chondromalacia patellae (CMP) detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 38 patients who underwent a knee MRI examination and were diagnosed with chondromalacia based on the MRI. Knee MRI images were evaluated by a radiologist for chondromalacia staging. Patients were divided into two groups as early stage (stage 1-2) and advanced stage (stage 3-4) chondromalacia. Patients' demographical data (age, sex, and occupation), clinical features, physical examination findings and patellofemoral pain severity scale, kujala patellofemoral scoring system, and functional index questionnaire scores were obtained from their medical records. Trochlear sulcus angle, sulcus depth, lateral patellofemoral angle, patellar translation, and Insall-Salvati index were measured using the MRI images. RESULTS: The mean patient age was higher in the advanced stage CMP group compared to the early stage CMP group (p=0.038). There was no statistically significant difference regarding other demographical data (p>0.05). MRI measurement parameters did not show difference between the groups (p>0.05). Patients in the advanced stage CMP group had higher patellofemoral pain severity score, lower kujala patellofemoral score, and lower functional index questionnaire score compared to the early stage CMP group. The differences were statistically significant (p=0.008, p=0.012, and p=0.026, respectively). CONCLUSION: As chondromalacia stage advances, the symptom severity worsens and knee functions decline; however, MRI measurements do not show difference between early and advanced stage CMP patients.

Wassel's Type V Polydactyly with Plain Radiographic and CT Findings.

Duplication of the thumb is the most common polydactyly of the hand. Wassel's classification is frequently used to classify the polydactyly of the hand. His classification was based on the level of duplication and the number of bones in the thumb, and has seven groups (Types I-VII) according to the level of the bifurcation, except for his Type VII. The most common type is the bifurcation at the metacarpophalangeal joint (Type IV). In this paper, we report a very rare case of Type V thumb polydactyly in a 42-year-old man, who presented with swan neck deformity of the radial thumb and discuss the plain radiography and computed tomography (CT) findings. Kumar recently reported plain radiography findings in a case of bifid first metacarpal in a 13-year-old girl, who presented with swan neck deformity of the left thumb. To our knowledge, our case is the second presented case that has a swan neck deformity with bifid metacarpal.

The anatomic variations of the posterior talofibular ligament associated with os trigonum and pathologies of related structures.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to investigate the detailed anatomy of the posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) on MR images in patients with os trigonum. We also evaluated the pathological conditions of the PTFL, anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon, talus and os trigonum. METHODS: Ankle MRIs of 70 patients with os trigonum (study group) and 70 patients without it (control group) were reviewed for the anatomy of the anterior and posterior fibers of PTFL. The prevalence of PTFL and ATFL pathologies was also compared between two groups. Additionally FHL tenosynovitis and osseous pathologies were evaluated. RESULTS: The posterior fibers inserted into the lateral tubercule of the posterior process of the talus in the control group whereas if an os trigonum was present, the posterior fibers of PTFL were inserted only into the os trigonum. The origins of anterior and posterior fibers were the medial surface of the lateral malleolus and the insertion of the anterior fibers was lateral surface of the talus posterior to the lateral malleolar facet in both groups. There was a significant association between an abnormal PTFL, ATFL and the presence of os trigonum. FHL tenosynovitis was higher in the study group but it did not meet the statistical significance. The most common pathology of the talus and os trigonum was subchondral edema along the synchondrosis. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with os trigonum, the posterior fibers of the PTFL were inserted herein. In the case of an os trigonum signal alterations of ligaments were more common, which may reflect chronic instability.

Subacromial osteochondroma: A rare cause of impingement syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Subacromial impingement syndrome is one of the most common disorders of shoulder. Scapula is a very rare site for osteochondromas, and osteochondromas arising under the acromion cause impingement syndrome. PRESENTATION OF CASE: We presented 34-year old female patient with subacromial impingement syndrome secondary to osteochondroma. She had received conservative treatment several times in other clinics. The osteochondroma causing impingement was not diagnosed. Physical examination of the right shoulder revealed 90° flexion, 70° abduction, 20° external rotation and internal rotation to sacrum. X-ray, CT and MRI of the shoulder was obtained. Osteochondroma of the acromion (35×33×25mm) causing impingement was detected. The osteochondroma of acromion compressed, displaced and ruptured the supraspinatus tendon. Also an osseous prominence of glenoid was detected during shoulder arthroscopy, and it was removed arthroscopically. The giant osteochondroma of acromion could not remove arthroscopically due to the size of the lesion, and it was removed totally through a mini open approach. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of osteochondroma. DISCUSSION: Scapular, clavicular and humeral osteochondromas cause impingement syndrome. Osteochondroma should be treated with total excision. Recurrences can be seen due to insufficient removal of osteochondromas. We think that, total excision is important to prevent recurrence. Subacromial osteochondroma is a very rare cause of impingement syndrome, and if it isn't diagnosed early it limits shoulder movements, causes severe shoulder impingement and rotator cuff tear. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of subacromial osteochondroma should be considered in any patient with shoulder impingement syndrome and good functional results can be expected following total excision.

Musculoskeletal brucellosis.

Brucellosis is a zoonosis of worldwide distribution caused by small gram-negative nonencapsulated coccobacilli of the genus Brucella. It is characterized by a granulomatous reaction in the reticuloendothelial system. Because it affects several organs and tissues, it may have various clinical manifestations. Musculoskeletal involvement is one of the most common locations, and the frequency of bone and joint (osteoarticular) involvement of brucellosis varies between 10% and 85%. Osteoarticular involvement includes spondylitis, sacroiliitis, osteomyelitis, peripheral arthritis, bursitis, and tenosynovitis. The most common osteoarticular finding in children is monoarticular arthritis, mostly located in the knees and hips; whereas in adults, sacroiliitis is the most frequent. Imaging studies, including radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and bone scintigraphy, have been used for diagnosis. Radiography is limited to evaluating the focal form of spinal brucellosis and advanced disease at the joints. CT and bone scintigraphy have limited value because of their inadequate soft tissue resolution. MR imaging is the method of choice to assess the extent of disease and follow up the treatment response. However, MR imaging has a low specificity to predict the exact cause of an osteoarticular lesion, and in case of arthralgia or symptoms of osteomyelitis or spondylodiscitis, the index of suspicion should be high in regions where the disease is endemic.

Musculoskeletal hydatid disease.

Hydatid disease is an infectious disease caused by the larval stage of the parasitic tapeworm Echinococcosis granulosus. Its distribution is worldwide. Although hydatid disease can develop in almost any part of the body, it is most commonly found in the liver and lung. Musculoskeletal involvement is rare. The radiological appearance of the hydatid disease of musculoskeletal system mimics tumors and other inflammatory conditions. Therefore preoperative diagnosis of musculoskeletal hydatid disease is sometimes difficult clinically and radiologically. On radiography, different radiographic changes may occur. In cases of osteolytic and inflammatory changes, it may mimic any variant of nonspecific or specific osteomyelitis. Bone erosion and destruction may lead to almost complete osteolysis, bone may distort, and on occasion, its radiologic appearances may be confused with those of a malignant bone tumor. Computed tomography (CT) is more accurate in delineating the area of destruction. The primary role of CT and magnetic resonance imaging is in the recognition of extraosseous spread of the hydatid disease within the soft tissues. This article reviews the pathological basis and the clinical and imaging features of musculoskeletal hydatid disease.

Posterior semicircular canal dehiscence in asymptomatic ears.

CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that, in the adult population, the final diagnosis of this entity can only be made by combining imaging with clinical tests. OBJECTIVE: We developed the largest temporal bone multislice computed tomography (CT) scan study so far by including 410 cases to investigate the prevalence of posterior semicircular canal dehiscence in patients with symptoms unrelated to the inner ear. METHODS: A prospective study was performed in 410 consecutive adult individuals who underwent temporal bone multislice CT scan examinations. RESULTS: The prevalence of posterior semicircular canal dehiscence was determined to be 1.2%. No superior or lateral semicircular canal defect was detected in these five patients. All cases with posterior semicircular canal defect were male. In two cases the canal was located unilaterally, while in three cases the defects were present bilaterally. Otological examination and audiovestibular tests revealed no abnormal findings in any of the individuals.