Superficial skin temperature recovery of distal limbs of thoroughbred racehorses after training in a racetrack in different seasons.

In the present study we aimed to investigate superficial skin temperature of racehorses' distal limbs after training in a racetrack. Male and female Thoroughbred racehorses were investigated in summer, after light training, and in the winter, after light and intense training. Horses were exercised (Exercise group, EG) under trainers' protocol while others were maintained inside their stalls (Control group, CG). Thermographic images were obtained from the front (fetlock, cannon, and carpus) and hindlimbs (fetlock, cannon, and tarsus), before exercise and 45, 60, 120 and 180 min after exercising. Images were analyzed using the Flir Tools® program. Temperatures of different moments of each group were compared using Anova for repeated measures and each moment of EG versus CG using Student t test. Horses of the CG maintained steady temperature in the winter, but in summer temperature increased at M45 until M180 (P < 0,01). EG increased temperatures after exercises that remained higher than M0 even at 180 min post-exercise (P < 0,0001), for most of the regions in winter and summer. EG temperatures were higher than CG at most of the time points after exercise. There was positive correlation between all regions' temperature and the atmospheric temperature for the CG during the summer (P = 0,003, r2 = 0,9622), observed for the front fetlock and carpal regions for the EG (P = 0.035, r2 = 0,8166). This pilot study demonstrates that, after race exercising under natural conditions skin temperature might take more than 180 min to return to basal values.

Exhaled breath condensate analysis in horses: A scoping review.

Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection is a non-invasive sampling method that provides valuable information regarding the health status of the respiratory system by measuring inflammatory mediators, such as pH, hydrogen peroxide, and leukotriene B4. This scoping review aimed to provide an update on the collection and analysis of EBC in horses. A systematic search of three electronic databases, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, identified 40,978 articles, of which 1590 duplicates were excluded. Moreover, 39,388 articles were excluded because of irrelevance to this review, such as studies on other species, studies on respiratory exhalation, reviews, and theses. Finally, we evaluated 14 articles in this review. Our review revealed significant differences in the collection, storage, and processing of EBC samples, emphasizing the need for standardizing the technique and using specific equipment to improve the interpretation of the results.

Weight loss modifies lipid peroxidation and symmetric dimethylarginine levels in obese dogs.

In obese dogs, oxidative stress is associated with inflammatory processes and systemic endocrine imbalances. Monitoring oxidative status is an early and valuable means of obesity control as it is a marker of weight loss, which leads to a reduction in oxidative status or injury potential. The objective of this study was to investgate the changes in the concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) in obese female dogs subjected to an 8-week weight-loss program. We included obese female dogs without comorbidities and with body condition scores (BCS) of 8 and 9 out of 9. In addition to TBARS and SDMA assessments, laboratory tests of blood and urine (blood count; levels of serum biochemistry; albumin, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, urea, triglycerides, cholesterol, and glucose; urinalysis; and albuminuria), systolic blood pressure, and hormone concentrations (insulin, cortisol, and free thyroxine) were carried out before and after the weight-loss program. All the obese dogs presented high TBARS levels. After the program, the dogs showed significant reductions in TBARS (P = 0.005) and SDMA (P = 0.0013). In conclusion, obese female dogs were prone to lipid peroxidation and the TBARS and SDMA levels decreased after the 8-week weight-loss program.

Chez les chiens obèses, le stress oxydatif est associé à des processus inflammatoires et à des déséquilibres endocriniens systémiques. La surveillance de l'état oxydatif est un moyen précoce et précieux de contrôle de l'obésité car il s'agit d'un marqueur de perte de poids, ce qui entraîne une réduction de l'état oxydatif ou du potentiel de blessure. L'objectif de cette étude était d'étudier les modifications des concentrations de substances réactives à l'acide thiobarbiturique (TBARS) et de diméthylarginine symétrique (SDMA) chez des chiennes obèses soumises à un programme d'amaigrissement de huit semaines. Nous avons inclus des chiennes obèses sans comorbidités et avec des scores d'état corporel (BCS) de 8 et 9 sur 9. En plus des évaluations TBARS et SDMA, des tests de laboratoire sur le sang et l'urine (numération sanguine; niveaux de biochimie sérique; albumine, alanine aminotransférase, phosphatase alcaline, créatinine, urée, triglycérides, cholestérol et glucose; analyse d'urine; et albuminurie), la pression artérielle systolique et les concentrations hormonales (insuline, cortisol et thyroxine libre) ont été effectuées avant et après le programme de perte de poids. Tous les chiens obèses présentaient des niveaux élevés de TBARS. Après le programme, les chiens ont montré des réductions significatives de TBARS (P = 0,005) et de SDMA (P = 0,0013). En conclusion, les chiennes obèses étaient sujettes à la peroxydation lipidique et les niveaux de TBARS et de SDMA ont diminué après le programme de perte de poids de huit semaines.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).

Management of Airway Remodeling in a Mouse Model of Allergic Airways Inflammation Using Extracellular Vesicles from Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Abstract: Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease affecting 300 million people worldwide. It results in several structural changes in the airways, which are minimally accessible in clinical practice. Cell therapy using mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is a promising strategy for treating asthma due to the paracrine activity of MSCs, which influences tissue regeneration and modulates the immune response. Studies using extracellular vesicles (EV) released by MSCs have demonstrated their regenerative properties in animal models. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of EVs isolated from human bone marrow MSCs (hBM-MSCs) to control lung tissue remodeling in ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma in Balb/c mice. We isolated hBM-MSCs from a single donor, expanded and characterized them, and then isolated EVs. Asthma was induced in 43 male Balb/c mice, divided into four groups: control, asthmatic (AS), asthmatic plus systemic EVs (EV-S), and asthmatic plus intratracheal EVs (EV-IT). Upon completion of asthma induction, animals were treated with EVs either locally (EV-IT) or intravenously (EV-S). Seven days after, we performed bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and the total nuclear cells were counted. The animals were euthanized, and the lungs were collected for histopathological analysis of the airways. The EV-S group showed improvement in only the total BAL cell count compared with the AS group, while the EV-IT group showed significant improvement in almost all evaluated criteria. Therefore, we demonstrate that the local application of EVs derived from hBM-MSCs may be a potential treatment in controlling asthma.

Quality control and immunomodulatory potential for clinical-grade equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and conditioned medium.

This study aimed to assess the safety and reproducibility of cell therapy for its use in clinical practice. We performed immunophenotypic characterization of equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMMSCs) by flow cytometry using CD90, CD19, CD14, CD105, CD45, and HLA-DR markers (n = 4); GTG banding cytogenetic analysis (n = 3); and microbiological quality control (n = 4). The immunomodulatory potentials of BMMSCs (n = 4) and its conditioned medium (CM, n = 3) were investigated by in vitro lymphocyte inhibition assay using phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). BMMSCs populations isolated from all animals showed high expression of CD90 and CD105, and low expression of CD19, CD4, CD45, and HLA-DR. Of the 60 metaphases analyzed, 5% presented aneuploidy on random chromosomes and no contamination was found based on microbiological analyses. Both treatments significantly inhibited lymphocyte proliferation (> 50%), compared with PHA-stimulated PBMCs (p < 0.0001). These promising results for BMMSCs and CM justify their potential as a therapeutic approach for inflammatory diseases. The techniques used in this study were effective in assessing the quality and determining the minimum criteria for the clinical use of BMMSCs in veterinary medicine.

Lung Tissue Damage Associated with Allergic Asthma in BALB/c Mice Could Be Controlled with a Single Injection of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Human Bone Marrow up to 14 d After Transplantation.

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) research has demonstrated the potential of these cells to modulate lung inflammatory processes and tissue repair; however, the underlying mechanisms and treatment durability remain unknown. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of human bone marrow-derived MSCs in the inflammatory process and pulmonary remodeling of asthmatic BALB/c mice up to 14 d after transplantation. Our study used ovalbumin to induce allergic asthma in male BALB/c mice. MSCs were injected intratracheally in the asthma groups. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected, and cytology was performed to measure the total protein, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and proinflammatory (IL-5, IL-13, and IL-17A) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) interleukin (IL) levels. The lungs were removed for the histopathological evaluation. On day zero, the eosinophil and lymphochte percentages, total protein concentrations, and IL-13 and IL-17A levels in the BALF were significantly increased in the asthma group, proving the efficacy of the experimental model of allergic asthma. On day 7, the MSC-treated group exhibited significant reductions in the eosinophil, lymphocyte, total protein, H2O2, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-17A levels in the BALF, while the IL-10 levels were significantly increased. On day 14, the total cell numbers and lymphocyte, total protein, IL-13, and IL-17A levels in the BALF in the MSC-treated group were significantly decreased. A significant decrease in airway remodeling was observed on days 7 and 14 in almost all bronchioles, which showed reduced inflammatory infiltration, collagen deposition, muscle and epithelial thickening, and mucus production. These results demonstrate that treatment with a single injection of MSCs reduces the pathophysiological events occurring in an experimental model of allergic asthma by controlling the inflammatory process up to 14 d after transplantation.

PAF increases phagocytic capacity and superoxide anion production in equine alveolar macrophages and blood neutrophils.

Phagocytosis exerted by alveolar macrophages and neutrophils is crucial in the clearance of exogenous particles deposited in the airways. Therefore, substances that activate these phagocytes in the airways can exert important effects on the particle clearance rate. PAF, particularly, was proved to be a potent activator of several immune cells and was shown to be present in the equine lower airways in specific conditions, such as after exercise. The present study aimed to investigate if PAF is able to increase the phagocytic capacity and the production of superoxide anion in equine alveolar macrophage and blood neutrophils. The results show that PAF increased these parameters in both phagocytes even in concentrations as low as 0.1 and 1.0 nM. On that ground, the present work suggests that PAF is involved in the process of particle clearance in equine lower airways.

Espasmo de coronária por uso de cocaína / Espasm of coronary induced by cocaine use

Relato de um caso de espasmo de coronária induzido por cacaína, em paciente jovem com coronárias normais

Verapamil na crise hipertensiva / Verapamil in hypertensive crisis

Foram estudados 125 casos de crise hipertensiva, medicados com verapamil na dose de 5 a 10 mg por via venosa ou por infusäo gota a agota na dose de 25 mg durante 15 minutos. Todos os casos foram controlados através de monitorizaçäo da presäo arterial e freqüencia cardíaca e ECG nos tempos 0 (zero), 1,2,5,10,15,30,45 e60 minutos. Os resultados mostraram boa resposta anti-hipertensiva com iníco aos dois minutos e efeitos marcante entre 10 e 15 minutos, permanecendo até 60 minutos ou mais. Houve efeitos colaterais discretos de caráter transitório, sem repercussäo desfavorável