RESUMEN
The aim of this study was the evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Monofloral Etna Castanea sativa Miller honeys. Escherichia coli ATCC 25,922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27,853, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29,211 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29,213 were investigated for their susceptibilities to two different honeys. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by ORAC, NO scavenger assays, FRAP and DPPH. Antioxidant activity and antibacterial properties were compared with chestnut honeys from different geographical areas and with Manuka honey. UPLC-MS/MS was used for major components characteri sation.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Fagaceae/química , Miel/análisis , Antibacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Cromatografía Liquida , Enterococcus faecalis/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Flavonoides/aislamiento & purificación , Flavonoides/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Estructura Molecular , Fenoles/aislamiento & purificación , Fenoles/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/aislamiento & purificación , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efectos de los fármacos , Sicilia , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Espectrometría de Masas en TándemRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Paenibacillus larvae is the etiological agent of American foulbrood (AFB), a widespread and severe bacterial brood disease of honey bees. The genomic characterization of P. larvae strains by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) is able to differentiate four genotypes (ERIC I, ERIC II, ERIC III, ERIC IV). The information on the presence of P. larvae ERIC genotypes worldwide is few. OBJECTIVES: We have characterized P. larvae strains isolated in Italy from AFB outbreaks to obtain information on ERIC genotypes and phenotypes of the strains circulating in the country. METHODS: A total of 117 P. larvae isolates from 115 AFB outbreaks occurring in 2008-2012 were subjected to phenotypic and genetic characterization. RESULTS: The genomic characterization allowed the identification of ERIC I and ERIC II genotypes. Examining the data of Northern and Central Italy separately it was noted that in Northern Italy most outbreaks were caused by the ERIC I genotype (78.6%), followed by the ERIC II genotype (18.6%) and by co-infections (ERIC I + ERIC II) (2.6%). In Central Italy, only outbreaks caused by the ERIC I genotype were observed. With regard to phenotypic characteristics all examined strains of ERIC II genotype fermented fructose while no strains of ERIC I genotype possessed this ability. CONCLUSION: Both P. larvae ERIC I and ERIC II genotypes were isolated from the AFB outbreaks, but ERIC II genotype was isolated only in Northern Italy. The fermentation of fructose seems to be a genotype-specific biochemical marker.