Test purchasing of same day and rapid online alcohol home delivery in two Australian jurisdictions.

OBJECTIVE: With same day online alcohol sales increasing, there is a need to study their regulation. Test purchasing of alcohol home delivery was conducted to measure compliance with regulations for identification checks and unattended deliveries in two Australian jurisdictions (Perth, Western Australia and Geelong, Victoria), which have differing regulations. METHOD: Alcohol orders for same day or rapid (<2 hours) delivery on Friday and Saturday nights were made by research assistants aged 18-24 years in Perth (n=34) and Geelong (n=29). An observation checklist was used to record the delivery interaction, with a specific focus on checking of photo identification at time of delivery and whether deliveries were left unattended. RESULTS: Average time from order to delivery for rapid deliveries was less than one hour in both sites (Perth = 50 minutes; Geelong = 36 minutes). More than 20% of deliveries were made without an identification check in both sites (Perth = 24%; Geelong = 21%). CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study showed alcohol can be delivered to the home within one hour, and not all deliveries include an identification check at point of delivery. These findings indicate a need for policies that empower regulators and police to undertake 'mystery shopper' monitoring to reduce potential harms and improve compliance with alcohol delivery policy.

What are the impacts of alcohol supply reduction measures on police-recorded adult domestic and family violence in the Northern Territory of Australia?

BACKGROUND: During 2017-18, the Northern Territory (NT) introduced a Banned Drinker Register (BDR) and Minimum Unit Price (MUP) NT-wide; Police Auxiliary Liquor Inspectors (PALIs) in three regional towns; and restrictions on daily purchases/opening hours (DPOH) in one regional town. The BDR is an individual-level alcohol ban; MUP is a pricing policy; and PALIs enforce bans on restricted areas at takeaway outlets. This study examines the impact of these policies on adult domestic and family violence (DFV). METHODS: We examined DFV assaults and breaches of violence orders from January 2014 - February 2020 using interrupted time series models for NT, Greater Darwin, Katherine, Tennant Creek, and Alice Springs. To account for increasing numbers of individuals on the BDR we tested two timepoints (Sept 2017, March 2018). FINDINGS: Following DPOH, assaults (78 %) and alcohol-involved assaults (92 %) decreased in Tennant Creek. After PALIs, assaults (79 %) in Tennant Creek, and breaches (39 %) and alcohol-involved breaches (58 %) in Katherine decreased. After MUP, assaults (11 %), alcohol-involved assaults (21 %) and alcohol-involved breaches (21%) decreased NT wide. After MUP/PALIs in Alice Springs, alcohol-involved assaults (33 %), breaches (42 %), and alcohol-involved breaches (57 %) decreased. BDR (Sept 2017) found increases in assaults (44 %) and alcohol-involved assaults (39 %) in Katherine and assaults (10%) and alcohol-involved assaults NT-wide (17 %). There were increases of 21 %-45 % in breaches NT-wide, in Darwin, Katherine, and Alice Springs. Following March 2018 found increases in assaults (33 %) and alcohol-involved assaults (48 %) in Katherine. There were increases - from 20 % to 56 % - in breaches in NT-wide, Katherine, and Alice Springs. CONCLUSION: PALIs and DPOH were associated with some reductions in DFV; the BDR was associated with some increases. The upward trend commences prior to the BDR, so it is also plausible that the BDR had no effect on DFV outcomes. Although MUP was associated with reductions in the NT-wide model, there were no changes in sites without cooccurring PALIs.

Impacts of Northern Territory banned drinker register on police recorded youth assault.

INTRODUCTION: In September 2017 the Northern Territory Government of Australia introduced a banned drinker register (BDR) to mitigate the high levels of alcohol-related harm within the Northern Territory. The current study aimed to examine the impact of the Northern Territory BDR on youth (aged <18 years) using police recorded assault data. METHODS: Interrupted time-series models were used to assess monthly trends in assaults and alcohol-related assaults perpetration and victimisation in the regions of Greater Darwin, Alice Springs and Katherine between January 2014 and December 2019. RESULTS: Examining the three regions combined, after the re-introduction of the BDR a significant step decrease in police recorded youth assault perpetration (ß = -1.67) and a significant step increase in police recorded youth assault victimisation (ß = 1.40) was identified. However, no significant effects were identified at the individual region level. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that restricting alcohol consumption in high-risk adults through the BDR had a limited immediate effect in police recorded youth assaults. Individual level or contextual factors may have influenced both immediate and long-term impacts of the BDR, and as such, future policy design needs to support and empower community leaders across the policy development and implementation process. A wider evaluation of the BDR currently underway may provide additional understanding behind the mechanisms that underpin alcohol-related harm in the Northern Territory.

Prevalence, Dynamics, and Prognostic Role of Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential in Patients With Breast Cancer.

PURPOSE: Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is frequent in patients with solid tumors. Prospective data about CHIP prevalence at breast cancer diagnosis and its dynamic evolution under treatment selective pressure are limited. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed targeted error-corrected sequencing on 614 samples from 380 patients with breast cancer. We investigated the dynamics of CHIP on prospectively collected paired samples from patients with early breast cancer (eBC) receiving chemotherapy (CT) or endocrine therapy (ET). We assessed the correlation of CHIP with survival in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC). We estimated the risk of progression to treatment-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MN) according to the clonal hematopoiesis risk score (CHRS). In exploratory analyses, we considered clonal hematopoiesis (CH) with variant allele fraction (VAF) ≥0.005. RESULTS: CHIP was identified in 15% of patients before treatment. Few CHIP emerged after treatment, and the risk of developing new mutations was similar for patients receiving CT versus ET (odds ratio [OR], 1.16; P = .820). However, CT increased the risk of developing new CH with VAF ≥0.005 (OR, 3.45; P = .002). Five TP53-mutant CH with VAF ≥0.005 emerged among patients receiving CT. Most patients had low risk of t-MN according to the CHRS score. CHIP did not correlate with survival in mTNBC. CONCLUSION: CHIP is frequent in patients with breast cancer. In this study, CT did not lead to emergence of new CHIP, and most patients had low risk of developing t-MN. This finding is reassuring, given long life expectancy of patients with eBC and the association of CHIP with morbidity and mortality. However, TP53-mutant CH with VAF ≥0.005 emerged with CT, which carries high risk of t-MN. Evolution of these small clones and their clinical significance warrant further investigation.

Characteristics of high- and low-risk drinkers who use online alcohol home delivery in Western Australia.

INTRODUCTION: Variation in alcohol availability is an important driver of levels of consumption and harm, with recent increases in online alcohol home delivery use expanding availability. There is limited research on the impacts of these changes and the characteristics of consumers who use alcohol home delivery. METHODS: This study presents findings from an online survey (n = 465) of Western Australian adults who had purchased alcohol for home delivery within the past 6 months. Analyses compared high-risk and low-risk drinkers on use of, and exposure to, alcohol home delivery. RESULTS: Compared to low-risk drinkers, high-risk drinkers were significantly more likely to make more frequent online purchases (odds ratio 5.42), utilise same day delivery (odds ratio 2.91) and purchase through specialised online-only retailers (odds ratio 2.69). High-risk drinkers also reported receiving deliveries while intoxicated more often (odds ratio 11.62), and ordering alcohol for delivery to continue a current drinking session (odds ratio 7.47). High-risk drinkers also received advertising for alcohol home delivery more frequently (odds ratio 1.60) than low-risk drinkers. High-risk drinkers also ordered larger quantities of alcohol than low-risk drinkers (M = 49 vs. 32 standard drinks). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study indicate that these services are popular with high-risk drinkers and potentially undermine other policy efforts to reduce drinking. Within Australia, stronger legislation (such as mandatory delay between order and delivery) and monitoring (e.g., test purchasing for compliance) are recommended.

Police-recorded adult sexual assault in the Northern Territory, Australia: Alcohol involvement and alcohol policy effects.

INTRODUCTION: Between 2017 and 2018 three major alcohol policy changes were introduced in the Northern Territory (NT): the Banned Drinker Register, an individual-level ban enforced via ID scanners at takeaway outlets; a Minimum Unit Price on alcohol; and Police Auxiliary Liquor Inspectors, who monitor takeaway outlets to prevent purchase by people who do not have a legal place to consume alcohol. We aimed to: (i) describe alcohol-involved adult sexual assault in the NT; and (ii) estimate the impacts of these alcohol policies on police-recorded adult sexual assault. METHODS: We used victim records for sexual assault where victims were aged 15 years and over. We undertook descriptive analyses for the NT from 2014 to 2020 and used interrupted time series analysis to assess policy impacts across the NT and in Greater Darwin. RESULTS: In 2020, the NT adult victimisation rate was 105 per 100,000. A large minority (40%) of adult sexual assaults involved alcohol. Interrupted time series analyses showed no effect of the Banned Drinker Register or Minimum Unit Price on sexual assault across the NT or in Greater Darwin. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The rate of adult sexual assaults in the NT is extremely high and many involve alcohol. Neither the Banned Drinker Register or Minimum Unit Price were associated with changes in police-recorded adult sexual assault in Greater Darwin or across the NT. Due to small counts, we were unable to assess policy impacts in three of the four main towns, highlighting the challenges of assessing impacts of policies on sexual assault in small population areas.

Clonal Somatic Mutations in Chronic Lung Diseases Are Associated with Reduced Lung Function.

Rationale: Constantly exposed to the external environment and mutagens such as tobacco smoke, human lungs have one of the highest somatic mutation rates among all human organs. However, the relationship of these mutations to lung disease and function is not known. Objectives: To identify the prevalence and significance of clonal somatic mutations in chronic lung diseases. Methods: We analyzed the clonal somatic mutations from 1,251 samples of normal and diseased noncancerous lung tissue RNA sequencing with paired whole-genome sequencing from the Lung Tissue Research Consortium. We examined the associations of somatic mutations with lung function, disease status, and computationally deconvoluted cell types in two of the most common diseases represented in our dataset, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; 29%) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF; 13%). Measurements and Main Results: Clonal somatic mutational burden was associated with reduced lung function in both COPD and IPF. We identified an increased prevalence of clonal somatic mutations in individuals with IPF compared with normal control subjects and individuals with COPD independent of age and smoking status. IPF clonal somatic mutations were enriched in disease-related and airway epithelial-expressed genes such as MUC5B in IPF. Patients who were MUC5B risk variant carriers had increased odds of developing somatic mutations of MUC5B that were explained by increased expression of MUC5B. Conclusions: Our identification of an increased prevalence of clonal somatic mutation in diseased lung that correlates with airway epithelial gene expression and disease severity highlights for the first time the role of somatic mutational processes in lung disease genetics.

SRCAP mutations drive clonal hematopoiesis through epigenetic and DNA repair dysregulation.

Somatic mutations accumulate in all cells with age and can confer a selective advantage, leading to clonal expansion over time. In hematopoietic cells, mutations in a subset of genes regulating DNA repair or epigenetics frequently lead to clonal hematopoiesis (CH). Here, we describe the context and mechanisms that lead to enrichment of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) with mutations in SRCAP, which encodes a chromatin remodeler that also influences DNA repair. We show that SRCAP mutations confer a selective advantage in human cells and in mice upon treatment with the anthracycline-class chemotherapeutic doxorubicin and bone marrow transplantation. Furthermore, Srcap mutations lead to a lymphoid-biased expansion, driven by loss of SRCAP-regulated H2A.Z deposition and increased DNA repair. Altogether, we demonstrate that SRCAP operates at the intersection of multiple pathways in stem and progenitor cells, offering a new perspective on the functional impact of genetic variants that promote stem cell competition in the hematopoietic system.

PPM1D modulates hematopoietic cell fitness and response to DNA damage and is a therapeutic target in myeloid malignancy.

PPM1D encodes a phosphatase that is recurrently activated across cancer, most notably in therapy-related myeloid neoplasms. However, the function of PPM1D in hematopoiesis and its contribution to tumor cell growth remain incompletely understood. Using conditional mouse models, we uncover a central role for Ppm1d in hematopoiesis and validate its potential as a therapeutic target. We find that Ppm1d regulates the competitive fitness and self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) with and without exogenous genotoxic stresses. We also show that although Ppm1d activation confers cellular resistance to cytotoxic therapy, it does so to a lesser degree than p53 loss, informing the clonal competition phenotypes often observed in human studies. Notably, loss of Ppm1d sensitizes leukemias to cytotoxic therapies in vitro and in vivo, even in the absence of a Ppm1d mutation. Vulnerability to PPM1D inhibition is observed across many cancer types and dependent on p53 activity. Importantly, organism-wide loss of Ppm1d in adult mice is well tolerated, supporting the tolerability of pharmacologically targeting PPM1D. Our data link PPM1D gain-of-function mutations to the clonal expansion of HSCs, inform human genetic observations, and support the therapeutic targeting of PPM1D in cancer.

Do relationship education programs reduce relationship aggression? A meta-analytic study.

There is an increasing focus on evaluating the effectiveness of Relationship Education (RE) programs on reducing relationship aggression. Nevertheless, there has been little by way of a systematic quantitative synthesis of research to date. The primary aim of this research was to conduct a meta-analysis into the effects of RE programs on relationship aggression and provide a comprehensive assessment as to the moderating effects of various methodological characteristics of studies. A secondary aim was to determine whether RE programs reduce negative aspects of relationship functioning that are known to exacerbate relationship aggression. Thirty-one studies (n = 25,527) were included comprising of pre-post comparison studies and control trials. Overall, RE programs were significantly associated with reductions in relationship aggression (d = 0.11, p = .001). Pre-post studies yielded a significantly larger effect size (d = 0.28, p < .001) than RCT studies (d = 0.05, p = .10). Subgroup analysis revealed that participants who reported moderate to severe relationship aggression upon RE program entry demonstrated large reductions in physical (d = 0.66, p = .01) and psychological (d = 0.85, p < .001) aggression compared to those who reported minimal to low relationship aggression on entry (physical aggression d = 0.07, p = .009; psychological aggression d = -0.04; p = .17). Amongst participants who reported moderate to severe relationship aggression, RE programs were also found to reduce controlling behavior (d = 0.20, p < .01) and conflict behavior (d = 0.40, p < .001). Findings demonstrate the emerging efficacy of RE programs for reducing relationship aggression and conflict behavior, particularly in those with a history of moderate to severe levels of relationship aggression.

UBR5 forms ligand-dependent complexes on chromatin to regulate nuclear hormone receptor stability.

Nuclear hormone receptors (NRs) are ligand-binding transcription factors that are widely targeted therapeutically. Agonist binding triggers NR activation and subsequent degradation by unknown ligand-dependent ubiquitin ligase machinery. NR degradation is critical for therapeutic efficacy in malignancies that are driven by retinoic acid and estrogen receptors. Here, we demonstrate the ubiquitin ligase UBR5 drives degradation of multiple agonist-bound NRs, including the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA), retinoid x receptor alpha (RXRA), glucocorticoid, estrogen, liver-X, progesterone, and vitamin D receptors. We present the high-resolution cryo-EMstructure of full-length human UBR5 and a negative stain model representing its interaction with RARA/RXRA. Agonist ligands induce sequential, mutually exclusive recruitment of nuclear coactivators (NCOAs) and UBR5 to chromatin to regulate transcriptional networks. Other pharmacological ligands such as selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs) degrade their receptors through differential recruitment of UBR5 or RNF111. We establish the UBR5 transcriptional regulatory hub as a common mediator and regulator of NR-induced transcription.

Clonal Hematopoiesis in Young Women Treated for Breast Cancer.

PURPOSE: Young women treated for breast cancer with cytotoxic therapies are at risk for clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), a condition in which blood cells carrying a somatic mutation associated with hematologic malignancy comprise at least 4% of the total blood system. CHIP has primarily been studied in older patient cohorts with limited clinical phenotyping. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We performed targeted sequencing on longitudinal blood samples to characterize the clonal hematopoietic landscape of 878 women treated for breast cancer enrolled in the prospective Young Women's Breast Cancer Study. RESULTS: We identified somatic driver mutations in 252 study subjects (28.7%), but only 24 (2.7%) had clones large enough to meet criteria for CHIP. The most commonly mutated genes were DNMT3A and TET2, similar to mutations observed in noncancer cohorts. At 9-year median follow-up, we found no association between the presence of a somatic blood mutation (regardless of clone size) and adverse breast cancer (distant relapse-free survival) or non-breast cancer-related outcomes in this cohort. A subset of paired blood samples obtained over 4 years showed no evidence of mutant clonal expansion, regardless of genotype. Finally, we identified a subset of patients with likely germline mutations in genes known to contribute to inherited cancer risk, such as TP53 and ATM. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that for young women with early-stage breast cancer, CHIP is uncommon after cytotoxic exposure, is unlikely to contribute to adverse outcomes over the decade-long follow-up and may not require additional monitoring if discovered incidentally.

Clonal hematopoiesis in older patients with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: The expansion of hematopoietic stem cells carrying recurrent somatic mutations, termed clonal hematopoiesis (CH), is common in elderly individuals and is associated with increased risk of myeloid malignancy and all-cause mortality. Though chemotherapy is a known risk factor for developing CH, how myelosuppressive therapies affect the short-term dynamics of CH remains incompletely understood. Most studies have been limited by retrospective design, heterogeneous patient populations, varied techniques to identifying CH, and analysis of single timepoints. METHODS: We examined serial samples from 40 older women with triple-negative or hormone receptor-positive breast cancer treated on the prospective ADjuVANt Chemotherapy in the Elderly trial to evaluate the prevalence and dynamics of CH at baseline and throughout chemotherapy (6 and 12 weeks). RESULTS: CH was detected in 44% of patients at baseline and in 53% at any timepoint. Baseline patient characteristics were not associated with CH. Over the course of treatment, mutations exhibited a variety of dynamics, including emergence, expansion, contraction, and disappearance. All mutations in TP53 (n = 3) and PPM1D (n = 4), genes that regulate the DNA damage response, either became detectable or expanded over the course of treatment. Neutropenia was more common in patients with CH, particularly when the mutations became detectable during treatment, and CH was significantly associated with cyclophosphamide dose reductions and holds (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that CH is common, dynamic, and of potential clinical significance in this population. Our results should stimulate larger efforts to understand the biological and clinical importance of CH in solid tumor malignancies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03858322). Clinical trial registration number: NCT03858322.

Description of Trends over the Week in Alcohol-Related Ambulance Attendance Data.

Alcohol harms are often determined using a proxy measure based on temporal patterns during the week when harms are most likely to occur. This study utilised coded Australian ambulance data from the Victorian arm of the National Ambulance Surveillance System (NASS) to investigate temporal patterns across the week for alcohol-related ambulance attendances in 2019. These patterns were examined by season, regionality, gender, and age group. We found clear temporal peaks: from Friday 6:00 p.m. to Saturday 3:59 a.m. for both alcohol-involved and alcohol-intoxication-related attendance, from Saturday 6:00 p.m. to Sunday 4:59 a.m. for alcohol-involved attendances, and from Saturday 5:00 p.m. to Sunday 4:49 a.m. for alcohol-intoxication-related attendances. However, these temporal trends varied across age groups. Additionally, hours during Thursday and Sunday evenings also demonstrated peaks in attendances. There were no substantive differences between genders. Younger age groups (18-24 and 25-29 years) had a peak of alcohol-related attendances from 7:00 p.m. to 7:59 a.m. on Friday and Saturday nights, whereas the peak in attendances for 50-59 and 60+ years was from 5:00 p.m. to 2:59 a.m. on Friday and Saturday nights. These findings further the understanding of the impacts of alcohol during different times throughout the week, which can guide targeted policy responses regarding alcohol use and health service capacity planning.

Do patron bans affect subsequent behaviour? An examination of pre- and post-ban offending for barring notice and prohibition order recipients in Western Australia.

INTRODUCTION: To explore whether receipt of either of two patron banning provisions currently used in Western Australia-in response to alcohol-related disorderly and anti-social behaviour-is associated with changes to subsequent offending. METHOD: Western Australia Police de-identified the offender records and associated data for 3440 individuals who had received one or more police-imposed barring notice/s between 2011 and 2020, and 319 individuals who had received one or more prohibition orders between 2013 and 2020. The number of offences recorded for each recipient before and after the first notice/order were examined to understand the potential effect of both provisions upon subsequent offending. RESULTS: The low number of repeat barring notices (5% of the total) and prohibition orders (1% of the total) points to their general success. Analysis of offending records before and after receipt/expiry of either provision indicates that both have a generally positive effect on subsequent behaviours. For all barring notice recipients, 52% recorded no further offences and for all prohibition order recipients, 58% recorded no further offences. There was a less positive effect for the sub-set of multiple ban recipients and prolific offenders. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Barring notices and prohibition orders appear to have a generally positive effect on subsequent behaviours for the majority of recipients. More targeted interventions are recommended for repeat offenders, for whom patron banning provisions have a more limited effect.

Key informant perspectives on the enforcement of police-imposed barring notices and prohibition orders in Western Australia.

INTRODUCTION: Individuals who engage in problematic behaviours within Australian night-time entertainment precincts can be banned from entering certain locations. Bans are expected to deter recipients, and prospective recipients, from further inappropriate behaviours. The collective effect is intended to reduce crime and increase community safety within entertainment precincts. This article explores key informant perspectives regarding the enforcement of two patron banning mechanisms (police barring notices and prohibition orders) used across Western Australia. METHODS: Interviews were conducted with 54 participants, including licensees, venue staff, WA Police officers, ID scanner representatives, and Registered Training Organisations. RESULTS: Few participants opposed patron banning in principle, but most identified limitations within the current operation of both provisions. Concerns were expressed about the effectiveness of enforcement, linked to questions about the way in which banned patron information is currently shared and the practicalities of identifying recipients of bans. Suggestions included improved data-sharing protocols and the wider use of ID scanners. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: With improvements to operational processes-particularly more effective sharing of banned patron data, and consideration of networked ID scanners-there is clear potential to improve the enforcement and increase the effectiveness of police barring notices and prohibition orders. This study is part of a wider project which has examined the use and effects of patron banning in WA. Additional findings are presented in further papers.

Audio-based Deep Learning Algorithm to Identify Alcohol Inebriation (ADLAIA).

BACKGROUND: Acute alcohol intoxication impairs cognitive and psychomotor abilities leading to various public health hazards such as road traffic accidents and alcohol-related violence. Intoxicated individuals are usually identified by measuring their blood alcohol concentration (BAC) using breathalyzers that are expensive and labor intensive. In this paper, we developed the Audio-based Deep Learning Algorithm to Identify Alcohol Inebriation (ADLAIA) that can instantly predict an individual's intoxication status based on a 12-s recording of their speech. METHODS: ADLAIA was trained on a publicly available German Alcohol Language Corpus that comprises a total of 12,360 audio clips of inebriated and sober speakers (total of 162, aged 21-64, 47.7% female). ADLAIA's performance was determined by computing the unweighted average recall (UAR) and accuracy of inebriation prediction. RESULTS: ADLAIA was able to identify inebriated speakers - with a BAC of 0.05% or higher - with an UAR of 68.09% and accuracy of 67.67%. ADLAIA had a higher performance (UAR of 75.7%) in identifying intoxicated speakers (BAC > 0.12%). CONCLUSION: Being able to identify intoxicated individuals solely based on their speech, ADLAIA could be integrated into mobile applications and used in environments (such as bars, sports stadiums) to get instantaneous results about inebriation status of individuals.

Key informant perspectives on 3 am last drinks legislation in Queensland, Australia.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to explore key informant attitudes towards the 'Last Drinks at 3am' legislation in Safe Night Precincts in Queensland, Australia. METHOD: Sixty-six interviews were conducted with a range of stakeholders including licensees, law enforcement and frontline health professionals. Interviews were semi-structured and analysed using thematic analysis. Key informants responded to questions regarding their experiences of, and opinions about, the last drinks legislation. RESULTS: Key informants reported a range of experiences around the impact of last drinks restrictions, including reduced staffing costs and patron-related problems within licensed venues. While some venues reported that their businesses lost money, others reported no change in income or that they changed their business model to compensate. Law enforcement and health professionals reported a range of benefits including reduced alcohol-related anti-social behaviour, drunkenness and injury. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of key informants reported that the last drinks legislation reduced harm, while having minimal detrimental impact on business.