Blood and milk oxidative status after administration of different antioxidants during early postpartum in dairy cows.

This paper describes serum and milk oxidative profiles during early postpartum (10th-16th day) of dairy cows, after three different treatments: ß-carotene and α-tocopherol (Dalmavital®, Fatro, Italy) (VAE Group); L-carnitine, d, L-acetylmethionine, cyanocobalamin (Adiuxan®, Ceva Vetem, Italy) (LCAR Group) and Dalmavital®+Adiuxan® (VAE/LCAR Group). Antioxidant administrations resulted in a general reduction in ROS concentrations which decreased more after a single drug administration (VAE and LCAR Groups) vitamin A and E serum levels increased in the three treated groups compared to control one (p < 0.05). Milk lipoperoxide content was statistically lower in treated cows than in control ones, whereas, as to vitamins, only vitamin E increased in all the treated groups compared to control. Taken together, the results of this study confirm the efficacy of antioxidant administration in the early postpartum of dairy cows and suggest that an excess in antioxidant administration may result, paradoxically, in an increase in ROS generation.

Evaluation of blood and milk oxidative status during early postpartum of dairy cows.

In dairy cows, the intensity of metabolic activity, associated with the negative energy balance (NEBAL), is responsible for an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, subsequently, for the development of the condition of oxidative stress, which may overwhelm the antioxidant potential of the bovine maternal organism, making it prone to the development of many puerperal dysfunctions, as well as to an alteration of colostrum and milk quality. Given these premises, the aims of this study are to evaluate serum and milk concentrations of ROS and lipoperoxides, vitamins A and E, on the 10th, 12th, 14th and 16th day postpartum of dairy cows, a particularly critical period during which the NEBAL reaches its nadir, and to compare the trends of these parameters in two different bovine breeds. The study was performed in pluriparous Italian Friesian and Brown dairy cows. On the 10th day postpartum, all cows underwent a clinical examination to exclude the presence of alterations; furthermore, on the same day, a milk sample was collected from each cow, in order to perform the somatic cell count (SCC; (CE) N. 853/2004) and to establish which of them had an SCC ≤400,000/ml or >400,000/ml. In this study, among the 110 cows that were initially selected, the evaluation of these parameters allowed the inclusion of 80 animals, which were divided into four groups of 20 subjects each: Group F and F1: Italian Friesian healthy cows, with SCC ≤400,000/ml and >400,000/ml, respectively; Group B and B1: Italian Brown healthy cows, with SCC ≤400,000/ml and >400,000/ml, respectively. On the 10th, 12th, 14th and 16th day postpartum, peripheral blood and milk samples were collected. The results obtained show that in group B1 there were higher concentrations of ROS and milk antioxidants compared with Friesian group cows. This datum let us suppose that even in the presence of higher ROS concentrations the antioxidant status found in group B1 seems to be able to counteract the oxidative damage, which is more likely to develop in these cows.

The impact of oxytocin on the hemodynamic features of the milk vein in dairy cows: a Color Doppler investigation.

This manuscript investigates, by Color Doppler ultrasonography, the basal hemodynamic features of the left cranial epigastric vein (milk vein) of 210 Holstein-Friesian cows, throughout lactation. Blood velocity, diameter, blood flow of the milk vein (before and after milking) and milk production detected in cows administered oxytocin were compared with the same parameters found in untreated cows. Blood velocity tended to decrease throughout lactation as did milk production, whereas both diameters and blood flows tended to increase towards the end of the study. All the four parameters showed higher values in the treated cows than in the untreated ones. This study provides a detailed picture of the hemodynamic features of the milk vein of the dairy cows throughout lactation and suggest that oxytocin may exert a vasodilatory effect, in vivo, at least on the cranial epigastric vein of the dairy cow.

The pharmacological pathways of GnRH mediating the inhibition of mammary tumours: implications in humans and domestic animals.

The Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) exists in two isoforms, GnRH-I and GnRH-II, in most vertebrates, including humans. Both of these isoforms and their respective receptors have been found in many healthy and pathologic extra nervous system tissues, such as cells found in cancers of the reproductive systems and, in particular, in breast cancer. GnRH analogues are used as therapeutic agents in the case of sex-hormone-dependent tumours. Besides acting as suppressors of steroidogenesis, GnRH analogues seem to interfere with mitogenic signal transduction pathways, thus behaving as negative regulators of tumour growth and progression. GnRH analogues counteract the proliferating effects of both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin like growth factor (IGF-I); additionally, it affects the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and modulates the activity of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)/plasminogen activator inhibitory (PAI) system, which is involved in the process of metastasis. In addition, GnRH analogues decrease the expression of many growth factors involved in the development of human uterine myomas (as well as endometriotic tissue), such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is deeply implied in the angiogenesis of many benign and malignant tumours, including breast cancer. Angiogenesis is one of the primary processes leading to the progression and metastasis of breast cancer cells, and a key therapeutic goal in the fight against tumours is the blocking of new vessel sprouts. Given these premises, this review provides an update on the background of anti-neoplastic properties of GnRH analogues..

In vivo and in vitro studies of the role of the adrenergic system and follicular wall contractility in the pathogenesis and resolution of bovine follicular cysts.

Bovine follicular cysts (FCs) are a common cause of economic loss in modern dairy herds. Their aetiopathogenesis is not completely understood, even though an inadequate hypothalamic release of GnRH at the time of ovulation is considered to be their main cause. Much evidence, however, suggests a role for adrenergic innervation in ovarian functions, such as follicular development, steroid hormone secretion, and follicular contractility, the latter being an event important for ovulation. Moreover, in humans, polycystic ovary syndrome, a disease very similar to bovine follicular cysts, is characterised by increased density of adrenergic nerves. Given these premises, the aim of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness and mode of action of a novel strategy for the treatment of bovine follicular cysts. In the in vivo experiment, 170 Friesian cows diagnosed with follicular cysts were assigned to four groups (groups A, B, C, and D) to assess the effects of epidural administration of a ß-adrenergic antagonist (carazolol) alone or in combination with a GnRH analogue (lecirelin). The four groups underwent the following treatments: Group A was administered lecirelin in combination with carazolol; Group B was administered carazolol; Group C was administered lecirelin; and Group D was administered only normal saline solution. In the in vitro experiment, strips of the walls of cystic follicles recovered post-mortem were suspended in an organ bath, connected to an isometric force transducer and exposed to increasing doses of epinephrine or to the same treatment after exposure to carazolol for 15 min (n = 10). The amplitude and frequency of the contractile activity were recorded. None of the control cows was observed in oestrus or was submitted to AI. The combination of lecirelin and carazolol induced a significant increase in the number of cows in oestrus (88%) compared to lecirelin alone or to carazolol alone (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). The combination of lecirelin and carazolol and lecirelin alone were significantly more efficacious than carazolol alone (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). In the in vitro experiment, epinephrine increased the amplitude of the contractions of the strips in a dose-dependent manner. This response was significantly enhanced in strips pre-treated with carazolol. The treatments had no effect on the frequency of contractions. In conclusion, our work demonstrates that the epidural administration of a GnRH analogue and a ß-adrenergic blocker is an effective means of treating cows with cystic ovarian disease. Moreover, it confirms, from a clinical point of view, that alterations of the adrenergic system and of the contractility of the follicular wall can be considered aetiopathogenic factors involved in the development of FCs. The results of this study lay the basis for a new therapeutic approach to FCs.

Renin and ovarian vascularization in cows with follicular cysts after epidural administration of a GnRH analogue.

The ovarian renin-angiotensin system may play an important role in follicular growth and maturation, as well as in the process of ovulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of administration of a GnRH analogue to cows with ovarian follicular cysts on plasma renin concentrations and ovarian vascularization. This study was performed with 60 Friesian cows, which were diagnosed with follicular cysts, and randomly allocated into two groups: group A (treatment; n=30) received 2ml of lecirelin (Dalmarelin((R)) - Fatro), per head via sacro-coccygeal epidural, and group B (control; n=30) received 2ml saline solution (0.9% NaCl) per head by the same route. Blood samples were immediately collected prior to administration (T0) and then 24h (T1), 48h (T2) and 8 days (T3) after administration of the treatment, for both groups. Ovarian vascularization was evaluated utilizing Power Doppler on these same days in 10 animals from each group. The number of pixels detected by Power Doppler was used as an indicator of the degree of vascularization. Plasma renin concentrations remained relatively constant for the control (group B) animals, but increased as the sampling period progressed (NS) for the treated cows (group A). Similarly, there were no changes in ovarian vascularization (number of pixels) for the control cows, but vascularization increased throughout the sampling period in the treated animals. The number of pixels associated with cysts was significantly higher for treated compared to control cows at 24h after treatment (P<0.001). The epidural administration of a GnRH analogue was determined to be a highly effective therapy for follicular cysts (regression occurred in 82% of treated cows within 8+/-2 days after treatment, but in none of the control cows), which also enhanced ovarian vascularization.

Effects of rosiglitazone, a PPAR-gamma agonist, on the contractility of bovine uterus in vitro.

Rosiglitazone is a drug used in human medicine for treating type II diabetes mellitus. It activates Peroxisome Proliferators-Activated Receptors gamma (PPAR-gamma), which regulate energetic metabolism. We aimed to evaluate the effects of rosiglitazone on bovine myometrial contractility in vitro. Myometrial strips were collected from uteri of cows in estrus, diestrus, and pregnancy. Contractions were recorded using an isometric force transducer. After the equilibration period, rosiglitazone (1 x 10(-6)) was added to the bath. Its effects on the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous contractions were evaluated. Data were analyzed using an ANOVA and Student's t-test and were considered significant at P < 0.05. Rosiglitazone increased the mean amplitude during estrus (P < 0.01), diestrus (P < 0.05), and pregnancy (P < 0.01); the frequency of contractions in both pregnancy (P < 0.05) and diestrus (P < 0.05) increased as well. These effects are likely due, in our opinion, to an increase in intracellular calcium concentrations, as well as enhanced uptake of glucose from the Krebs' solution. The differences observed according in the different phases are ascribable to the different hormonal milieu. Our study indicates that rosiglitazone affects bovine myometrial contractility. It may be considered a starting point for further studies on the application of this drug in veterinary obstetrics.

The effect of calcium-naloxone treatment on blood calcium, beta-endorphin, and acetylcholine in milk fever.

Milk fever is a postpartum syndrome of cows characterized by acute hypocalcemia, which reduces the release of acetylcholine (ACH), inducing flaccid paralysis and recumbency. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of calcium (Ca2+) combined with naloxone (Nx, an opioid antagonist; Ca2+-Nx) on plasma concentrations of ACH, beta-endorphin (betaE), and Ca2+ just before treatment (T0) and at 15, 30, and 90 min after treatment (T15, T30, and T90, respectively). Thirty cows were divided into 3 groups of 10 cows each. In group A1, cows affected by milk fever were treated (i.v.) with a combination of 0.2 mL/kg of body weight (BW) of Ca2+ borogluconate (20%) and 0.01 mg/kg of BW of Nx hydrochloride dihydrate. In group A2, cows affected by milk fever were treated (i.v.) with 2 mL/kg of BW of Ca2+ borogluconate (20%). In group C, healthy cows were treated (i.v.) with a combination of 0.2 mL/kg of BW of Ca2+ borogluconate (20%) and 0.01 mg/kg of BW of Nx hydrochloride dihydrate. Cows underwent treatments within 24 h of calving. Blood samples were collected at T0 and at T15, T30, and T90 for quantitative determination of ACH, betaE, and Ca2+. The cows in groups A1 and A2 recovered within a mean of 20 +/- 10 min, although 4 cows in group A2 underwent a relapse. Blood Ca2+ concentrations in group C increased slightly at T30 and at T90 (T30: 8.8 +/- 0.6 mg/dL; T90: 8.7 +/- 0.6 mg/dL) after treatment, whereas the response in groups affected by milk fever was similar, even though Ca2+ concentrations showed a sharp increase (A1: 8.9 +/- 0.8 mg/dL; A2: 6.0 +/- 0.7 mg/dL), particularly at T15 in group A1. Concentrations of betaE showed a similar pattern in groups A1 and C, with an increase at T15 (A1: 8.2 +/- 1.0 ng/mL; C: 2.7 +/- 0.4 ng/mL) and a subsequent decrease until T90 (A1: 1.4 +/- 0.3 ng/mL; C: 1.4 +/- 0.4 ng/mL), whereas betaE remained constant throughout in group A2. Concentrations of ACH in group A1 decreased significantly between T0 and T15, T30, and T90 (T0: 7.2 +/- 1.1 nmol/L; T15: 4.2 +/- 1.2 nmol/L; T30: 2.9 +/- 0.8 nmol/L; T90: 3.1 +/- 0.3 nmol/L), whereas in group A2, it did not change. In group C, concentrations of ACH decreased at T15 and increased again at T30 (T15: 1.1 +/- 0.3 nmol/L; T30: 3.2 +/- 0.7 nmol/L). Our results suggest that administration of Ca2+-Nx, which restored the physiological Ca2+ concentrations, might have an effect on nicotinic receptors by restoring the normal neuromuscular transmission at the motor endplate.

Influence of antibiotic therapy on serum levels of reactive oxygen species in ovariectomized bitches.

This study was conducted on 60 ovariectomized bitches. The objectives were to measure the mean reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations before, during and after surgery, and to investigate the effect of the administration of five different antibiotic treatments: amoxicillin, benzylpenicillin/dihydrostreptomycin, sulfametazine/sulfamerazine/sulfathiazole, enrofloxacin, lincomycin/spectinomycin. The first value recorded represented the mean ROS concentration in anestral bitches and constitutes a reference level with which to compare the subsequent measurements. After premedication, induction of anesthesia and during maintenance and surgery, ROS serum concentrations showed constant values until the end of surgery. After surgery and during antibiotic administration, an increase in ROS concentration occurred, which differed among the five groups in relation to the antibiotics employed. The lowest increases occurred in the groups treated with the combination of lincomycin/spectinomycin, and with amoxicillin; whereas the highest increases were detected in the group treated with enrofloxacin. The three other antibiotics showed an intermediate level of influence on oxidative status.

Intra-vesicle administration of D-cloprostenol for induction of abortion in mid-gestation bitches.

This study evaluated a new method for mid-gestation termination in the bitch, which consisted of ultrasound-guided administration of a single dose of d-cloprostenol, a PGF(2alpha) analogue, into a single gestational sac. Effects on serum progesterone concentration (P(4)) were also investigated. The study was performed between days 28 and 35 of gestation on 15 privately owned crossbred bitches, randomly divided into two groups: group A comprised 10 bitches treated with 15 microg per head d-cloprostenol diluted in 0.8 ml sterile saline (final volume 1 ml); group B comprised 5 bitches treated with 1 ml of sterile saline solution (0.9% NaCl), administered in the same way. In all bitches of group A, fetal death was successfully induced within 5 days (mean: 3.1 days, S.D. 1.2) with no clinical or behavioural complications. Mild adverse effects were observed in two bitches, each weighing less than 10 kg, including salivation, defecation and hyperventilation, which disappeared within 15 min. None of the subjects in group B aborted within 10 days post-treatment. In group A, P(4) declined 2.8 days before pregnancy termination to a mean value below 30 nmol/l (S.D. 2.9 nmol/l). However, two bitches showed a higher concentration of P(4) throughout the sampling period. Our study demonstrates that intra-vesicle administration of a single low dose of D-cloprostenol is an effective and safe technique for induction of abortion, which offers an additional option for termination of unwanted pregnancy in the mid-gestation bitch.

Plasma homocysteine levels in cycling, pregnant, and spayed bitches.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological range of homocysteine (Hcy) exhibited by bitches during the follicular (pro-oestrus), luteal (dioestrus) and anoestrus phases of cycling animals, and in pregnant and spayed bitches. The lowest concentrations of Hcy were observed during dioestrus (3.2+/-1.27micromol/L) and in pregnant bitches (3.9+/-1.72micromol/L), and the highest concentrations during anoestrus (7.8+/-0.6micromol/L) and in spayed bitches (12.1+/-5.16micromol/L).

Concentrations of free radicals and beta-endorphins in repeat breeder cows.

Repeat breeding (RB) is one of the major problems that affect the reproductive efficiency and economy of milk production in dairy animals. So far, the etiopathogenesis of this pathology has not been defined completely. Stress has been hypothesized to be a cause of impaired reproductive efficiency. Stress may cause an overproduction of beta-endorphins and free radicals; in particular, reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this work is to determine the concentrations of these substances in RB cows and to evaluate the correlation with the serum level of progesterone. The study was performed on 60 dairy cows: 26 RB and 34 control cows. Blood samples were collected on day 12 and day 16, after artificial insemination (AI) in all subjects, in order to assess the concentrations of progesterone, free radicals and beta-endorphins. The stressors, free radicals and beta-endorphins, that we considered, were higher in repeat breeders (day 12, 93.32(+/-1.91) UCarr and 0.50(+/-0.03) ng/ml; day 16, 94.42(+/-1.91) UCarr and 0.61(+/-0.03) ng/ml), with a lower level of progesterone, which probably is responsible for failure to conceive. The stress factors (free radicals and beta-endorphins) may actually enhance each other and induce an inhibition of progesterone synthesis in repeat breeders.

Reversal of cachexia in patients treated with potent antiretroviral therapy.

The introduction of HAART has changed the nutritional status of HIV patients. In the pre-protease inhibitor (PI) era, more than 60% of HIV-positive persons presented with protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and vitamin and mineral deficit. This caused progressive physical-metabolic wasting (wasting syndrome/cachexia) and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and drug toxicity. PEM was a concurrent cause in 80% of deaths attributed to AIDS. Since 1996, the year in which PIs were introduced, the number of patients dying as a result of AIDS has decreased by two thirds, and cachexia is no longer the AIDS terminal phase in developed countries. But different patterns of nutritional status changes have appeared in association with the use of newer anti-HIV therapies and with longer survival of HIV-infected patients. A new clinical and laboratory syndrome--lipodystrophy syndrome--now affects patients receiving PI-based therapy. This syndrome consists of changes in body shape that are caused by an abnormal redistribution of fat. Fat accumulates in the abdominal area (truncal and visceral obesity), in the axillary pads (bilateral symmetric lipomatosis), and in the dorsocervical pads ("buffalo hump," "bull neck") but decreases in the legs, arms, and nasolabial and cheek pads (peripheral lipodystrophy). Hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance are also frequently present (metabolic syndrome X). Pathogenic mechanisms of lipid and fat tissue disturbances are discussed in this article, and the clinical approach to patient management and therapeutic options for lipodystrophy and lipid dysmetabolism is evaluated.

Influence of short-chain fatty acids produced by anaerobic bacteria on procoagulant activity produced by Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis-stimulated leucocytes: possible role in intra-abdominal abscess formation.

The effect of selected short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced by anaerobic bacteria on the production in vitro of procoagulant activity (PCA) by human mononuclear cells stimulated by either Escherichia coli or Bacteroides fragilis which are common pathogens in intra-abdominal infections was investigated. In particular, acetic, propionic, succinic, butyric, and isobutyric acids were evaluated. Acetic, butyric, and isobutyric acids were able to inhibit significantly the production of PCA by bacteria-stimulated mononuclear cells. Since the production of PCA leads to the deposition of fibrin which is considered critical to the establishment of intra-abdominal abscesses, the inhibitory effect exerted by SCFA present in the inflammatory environment might play an important modulating role in the development of abscesses complicating intra-abdominal infections.

Binding and receptors for human albumin polymers and IgM/HBs circulating complex in HBsAg chronic carriers.

Binding activity for polymerized human serum albumin (pHSA-binding), studied in passive haemoagglutination, receptors for polymerized human serum albumin (pHSA-receptors), studied in ELISA, as well as the circulating IgM/HBs complex were tested in 71 chronic carriers of HBsAg with and without liver pathology. We found that 73.2% of the sera were reactive for pHSA-binding while 45% were reactive for pHSA-receptors and 42.2% for the circulating IgM/HBs complex. The distribution and mode of association of these 3 markers showed a close correlation with the e-antigen in circulation (HBeAg) and with liver disease (p less than 0.05). We further observed that pHSA-binding can be present in the absence of pHSA-receptors, suggesting the possible existence of further reactants in the serum-pHSA reaction. We did not observe any correlations between the circulating IgM/HBs complexes, pHSA-binding and pHSA-receptors. Blocking experiments, in fact, confirmed the non-involvement of polymerized human serum albumin in the formation of the circulating IgM/HBs complex. Elution experiments showed that, in addition to HBsAg, class-G immunoglobulins are also directly involved in the serum-pHSA reaction.